Chapter 7, Section 1

Transcription

1 Chapter 7

2 Chapter 7, Section 1

3 The New Capital City Jefferson was first President inaugurated in DC City designed by Pierre-Charles L Enfant City remained under construction for many years City grew slowly around the government

4 Thomas Jefferson Liked to dress more informally, like a common man Favored French culture Opposed slavery, but didn t see how it could be abolished

5 Jefferson s Presidency Tried to unite people across parties Pursued a moderate course to encourage Federalists to switch parties Wanted to avoid industrialization and urbanization Wanted nation based on agriculture Wanted very limited central government Cut military and spending to eliminate debt Secretary of Treasurer Gallatin introduced modern budgeting to government Alien and Sedition Acts were not renewed Excise tax on whiskey was repealed

6 Barbary Pirates Barbary States of North Africa sent out pirates to attack ships Kidnapped ships and held them for ransom

7 Chapter 7, Section 2

8 The Mississippi River Westerners depended on access to Mississippi for trade and survival Jefferson wanted to encourage expansion of farm land in the west

9 Napoleon s Dream Napoleon takes Louisiana back from Spain Made Americans worried France began to charge Americans for passing through New Orleans Jefferson warned France that the US would ally with England if France denied access to New Orleans Jefferson sent Monroe to France to buy New Orleans

10 Haiti upsets Napoleon s plan Haitians revolt against France during French Revolution Led by Toussaint L Ouverture Haitians fight off French armies Napoleon believed he needed Haiti to control Louisiana

11 Haiti upsets Napoleon s plan Since Napoleon lost Haiti, he decided to sell Louisiana Monroe and Livingston were not authorized to make purchase Decided to buy it anyway for $15 million Some believed land was worthless

12 Jefferson s constitutional dilemma Constitution does not say if Congress can buy land Jefferson believed that Congress can only do what is said in Constitution (strict construction) Jefferson decided to support the purchase anyway

13 Louisiana Purchase Louisiana doubled the size of the United States Guaranteed access to Mississippi Allowed for expansion of states across the continent 13 new states would be made from the territory

14 Lewis and Clark Expedition (Corps of Discovery) led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to find all water route to Pacific, study Indian tribes, nature and the environment York and Sacajawea helped the expedition

15 Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark left spring 1804 arrived at Pacific December 1805 US claimed Oregon Expedition gave details of what was in Louisiana

16 Zebulon Pike Went west from Mississippi to Rocky Mountains then into Spanish territory Pike told US about Spanish military strength in New Spain

17 Federalist Protest Federalists feared new western states would favor farmers and debtors and hurt commercial and banking interests of east Some New Englanders wanted to secede and have Aaron Burr as their President

18 Hamilton Burr Duel Hamilton opposed Burr s attempts to be elected governor of NY Burr killed Hamilton in a duel on July 11, 1804

19 Burr Conspiracy Burr went west to gain control over a territory that he could lead Went to England and Spain for support Governor James Wilkinson of Louisiana turned Burr in as a traitor Aaron Burr

20 Burr Conspiracy Burr was acquitted of treason Chief Justice Marshall limited definition of treason to only people who make war against the US Limits governments ability to use treason accusations against political opponents Courthouse of Trial Chief Justice Marshall Verdict sheet

21 Chapter 7, Section 3

22 Midnight Judges Federalists tried to keep control of judicial branch by appointing many judges just before Adams left office

23 Political Patronage Jefferson wanted to fill positions from people in his party Did not deliver notices of appointment after he was sworn in

24 Political Patronage Patronage is practice of appointing loyal party members as a reward and to build party strength

25 Marbury v. Madison (1803) Marbury was a midnight judge who did not receive his commission Sued Secretary of State Madison to force delivery of commission

26 Marbury v. Madison (1803) Chief Justice Marshall Used case to establish power of Supreme Court Ruled section of Judiciary Act was unconstitutional

27 Marbury v. Madison (1803) Chief Justice Marshall Established the precedent of judicial review Supreme Court has authority to review acts of Congress and declare unconstitutional Jefferson challenges Judiciary Democrat-Republicans feared lifetime appointments of judges would lead to judges ignoring will of people Democrat-Republicans tried to impeach several judges

28 Impeachment of Samuel Chase Was acquitted because Congress ruled that an official can only be impeached for treason, bribery or other high crimes or misdemeanors Made sure that impeachment could not be used as a political tool to get rid of judges

29 Trouble on the Seas Chapter 7, Section 4

30 War between Britain and France Both countries try to stop trade Stop and attack American ships US had made money trading with both sides and Europe as a neutral

31 Impressment of sailors British sailors became naturalized Americans for better pay, food and treatment British would board American ships and force American sailors into British navy US claimed more than 6,000 Americans had been taken by 1812

32 Chesapeake Affair British ship Leopoard fired at American ship Chesapeake, boarded ship and took 4 American sailors Jefferson demanded apology for Chesapeake incident British apologized, but kept right to search and impressment of sailors

33 Embargo Act of 1807 US too weak to fight either France or England Embargo Act passed to stop American trade with Europe US hoped it would force France and England to change policies

34 Embargo Act of 1807 Hurt American economy more than France or England Westerners wanted US to go to war with England

35 Embargo Repealed Embargo hurt Democrat-Republican political power March 1809 Act was repealed replaced by Nonintercourse Act forbade trade only with England and France until they respect US neutrality

36 Chapter 8

37 War of 1812 Chapter 8, Section 1

38 James Madison Kept notes of Constitutional Convention Adviser to George Washington Helped build Democrat-Republican party with Thomas Jefferson

39 Elected President 1808 Macon s Bill No. 2 Nonintercourse Act expired in 1810 Bill allowed President to cut off trade with either Britain or France if the other lifted trade restrictions Napoleon agrees to lift restrictions Madison forbid trade with Britain, allows with France

40 War Hawks Typically were new members of government from South and West Very Nationalistic Favored military response over diplomacy Favored lots of cheap land easier to farm with Believed Indian resistance was led by Britain and Spain

41 Tecumseh US government bought land, then forced Indians off land Led to fights between whites and Indians

42 Tecumseh led Shawnee resistance to white settlement in Northwest Territory Offered to join Americans against British if US give back Shawnee land, US said no

43 Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison defeated Indians in a battle at Tippecanoe and burned Tecumseh s village Attack led to general war between Indians and Americans British gave Indians weapons and support Led to War Hawks call for war against Britain and to take Canada

44 War of 1812 Sectional differences about war East didn t want war because it would hurt trade South and West supported President Madison declares war June 1, 1812 Fought because of British impressments, blockades and inciting Indians Expected a quick war

45 Avoidable War British economy was beginning to suffer from the American boycott and Napoleon s blockade of Britain America declared war when Britain was finally ready to repeal Orders of Council US thought war would be short US had bigger population than Canada Britain was fighting France Britain was stronger than US thought Canadian army same size as American British Naval forces significantly stronger

46 Beginning of War US lost battles at Chicago and Detroit ended hopes of taking Canada William Henry Harrison wins at Thames River in Ontario and kills Tecumseh

47 Beginning of War Naval Battles Constitution (Old Ironsides), Wasp and United States beat several British ships Oliver Hazard Perry fought battles on Lake Erie We have met the enemy and they are ours

48 Privateers American privateers attacked and raided British merchant ships from all across Atlantic Napoleon was defeated in Russia then forced into exile Britain is now able to focus on US August 24, 1814 British capture Washington DC and set it on fire

49 Star Spangled Banner British were stopped on their attack on Baltimore British navy bombed Fort McHenry in Chesapeake Bay Led to Star Spangled Banner being written by Francis Scott Key

50 Andrew Jackson Won several victories in the West taking Alabama and Spanish East Florida Defeated British army at New Orleans battle lasted from December 23, 1814 to January

51 Treaty of Ghent Britain was ready for peace after losing at Lake Champlain, and running out of money fighting Napoleon and US Treaty signed December 24, 1814, but US did not hear until February 1815

52 Treaty of Ghent Terms of the treaty Return to the conditions before the war Issues were not resolved, but US and Britain could work peacefully together now

53 Opposition in New England to the war Every state north of Maryland voted against Madison and war in 1812 States did not provide money to support war effort Militias were not sent outside of their states Trade had fallen to 10% of what it was before the war

54 Hartford Convention 5 New England states proposed if federal government behaved unconstitutionally, states should take power Wanted to limit power of South and West Opposition to War killed the Federalist party

55 Chapter 8,Section 2

56 American System Made by Madison and Henry Clay Build up the military Money for defense, navy, standing army Improve Infrastructure Build canals, and roads makes easier for South and West to get products to market

57 Protective Tariff Help manufacturing helps Northeast Re-establish the national bank stable currency helps trade Assumption of state debts

58 Tariff of 1816 Manufacturing increased during war to replace products that were no longer being sold by Britain After war, Britain flood America with cheap goods to ruin American manufacturers

59 Tariff of 1816 Manufacturing increased during war to replace products that were no longer being sold by Britain Second Bank of United States First bank had expired leaving no central bank Led to economic difficulties Second Bank was chartered to stabilize economy

60 Calhoun s Bonus Bill Lack of roads and canals made transport of goods difficult Calhoun argued needed better transportation to unite the nation and avoid disunion

61 Bonus Bill Bill by Calhoun to fund internal improvements in US Madison vetoed the bill Effect of Madison Veto of Bonus Bill Sections would not support American System Increased sectional differences North had money to build roads and canals, South did not Led to all trade going towards northern cities, south had increased dependence on agriculture and slavery

62 Era of Good Feelings James Monroe elected president 1816 Only Democratic-Republican party because Federalists disappeared after opposition to war National politics disappeared, people focused on sectional issues

63 Economic sectionalism East Depend on trade, and industry South Depend on large plantations of cash crop

64 Rush-Bagot Agreement US and Britain agree not to put military on border between Canada and US US and Britain agree on 49th parallel as border between US and Canada

65 Spain Cedes Florida Andrew Jackson was assigned to stop Indian attacks Jackson led raids into Florida and conquered it Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 Spain agreed to sell Florida to US for $5 million Established border between Louisiana Territory and New Spain

66 John Marshall s Decisions Martin v. Hunter s Lessee (1816) Supreme Court had right to review decisions of state courts that dealt with Constitutional questions Establishes Supreme Court as superior to state courts Dartmouth College Case (1819) Said states could not interfere with contracts Allowed for the development of corporations

67 John Marshall s Decisions McCulloch v Maryland (1819) No state has right to interfere with national institutions Federal laws are supreme law of land and states could not prevent growth of national government Gibbons v Ogden (1824) Allowed government to regulate interstate commerce Led to regulation of telephone, telegraph, oil companies etc.

68 Chapter 8 Section 3

69 Chapter 8 Sections 4 and 5

70 Independence Movements in Latin America Many new countries were formed from Spanish colonies America feared European nations trying to control Latin America

71 Monroe Doctrine Western Hemisphere is not open to European colonization European involvement would be seen as attack on US US will not get involved in Europe Was only followed because Britain supported it

72 American Nationalism Sense of pride in America and our history develops National symbols, myths and values are created

73 Heroes of American Revolution Gilbert Stuart painted portraits of American heroes John Trumbull painted scenes of American Revolution Helped make legends of founding fathers

74 National Education Public education needed for democracy Develop patriotism and prepare citizens to govern Noah Webster wrote first American dictionary