STATION 1 FEDERALIST ERA The Constitution established a system of government known as federalism. Federalism is when the people give some power to

Transcription

1 STATION 1 FEDERALIST ERA The Constitution established a system of government known as federalism. Federalism is when the people give some power to the national government, some power to the state governments, and keep some powers for themselves. Powers given to the national government are described in the Constitution and some examples include the power to create post offices, control interstate trade, declare and conduct war, and create a national currency. Powers given to the state governments are listed in the state constitutions and some examples include the power to control trade within the state, establish public schools, create motor vehicle laws, and control marriage and divorce laws. Powers kept by the people include the right to choose a religion, select careers, choose friends, raise a family, and travel.

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3 PAGE 3 There were many challenges facing the new country. Many Americans disagreed about how to deal with those challenges. In Washington s cabinet, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson often disagreed as well. These disagreements led to the forming of two political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

4 PAGE 4 One challenge was deciding where the power should be, with the national government or the state governments. Hamilton and the Federalists wanted a strong national government. They wanted a broad view of the meaning of the Constitution that would give more power to the national government. Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans wanted stronger state governments so that the national government wouldn t become too powerful and threaten the rights of Americans. They wanted a narrow view of the meaning of the Constitution so that the power of the national government would be limited.

5 PAGE 5 Another challenge was dealing with the debt from the American Revolution that the state governments and the national government had. Hamilton and the Federalists wanted to have the national government pay off all the war debt for the states. They also wanted to create a national bank called the Bank of the United States that would issue a single type of money for all the states to use. Referring to the Necessary and Proper Clause, they said that the bank was necessary to help the government deal with taxes, money, and debt. Jefferson and the Democratic- Republicans said that creating this bank was not in keeping with a narrow interpretation of the Constitution and should not be allowed.

6 PAGE 6 Another challenge was how to interact with foreign countries. Hamilton and the Federalists believed the U.S. should have a close relationship with England since many Americans were of English descent. Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans wanted a close relationship with the French since France had supported the U.S. during the American Revolution. This became a bigger issue when England and France went to war against each other and the U.S. needed to decide who to support and with whom to continue trade.

7 PAGE 7 President Washington needed advisors to help him run the new country, so Congress created four departments within the executive branch. The leaders of those departments served as his advisors. These advisors are also known as the cabinet.

8 PAGE 8 Department Handles Leader State Other countries Thomas Jefferson Treasury Financial issues Alexander Hamilton War Military defense Henry Knox Justice Legal advice Edmund Randolph

9 PAGE 9 The First Two Political Parties Federalists Leader: Alexander Hamilton Wanted: Strong national government Broad interpretation of the Constitution National bank British alliance Emphasis on manufacturing Protective tariffs (taxes) Democratic-Republicans Leader: Thomas Jefferson Wanted: Strong state governments Narrow interpretation of the Constitution State banks French alliance Emphasis on agriculture Free trade STATION 2 FEDERALIST ERA

10 GEORGE WASINGTON Precedents are things that are said or done that serve as examples for others to follow in the future. As first president of the U.S., George Washington knew that he would be setting precedents for future presidents that would determine the future of the country and the government. PAGE 11

11 Precedent #1 Washington believed that getting involved in the affairs of other countries would be harmful to the U.S. This belief led him to declare the Proclamation of Neutrality, which stated that the U.S. would remain neutral and not get involved in the war between England and France. Washington said the U.S. should avoid all foreign entanglements.

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15 Precedent #2 Washington warned against forming political parties. He believed they would divide the country and cause people to think about what was best for them, not the country as a whole. PAGE 15

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17 Precedent #3 Washington only served two terms as president because he believed that was the most a person should serve. This was to make sure that no one person gained too much power. PAGE 17

18 Precedent #4 Washington was the first to use force to enforce the law. Hamilton asked Congress to put a tax on all whiskey made and sold in the U.S. as a way to raise money to pay off the war debt. Farmers didn t like having to pay a tax on the whiskey they produced from their corn. In Pennsylvania, farmers refused to pay the tax, and attacked, tarred, and feathered tax collectors. Washington responded to this challenge to the national government s authority by leading over 13,000 soldiers to Pennsylvania to put down the revolt. The farmers fled rather than fight. This became known as the Whiskey Rebellion and showed that armed rebellion was not acceptable.

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20 STATION 3 FEDERALIST ERA JOHN ADAMS In the 1796 presidential election, John Adams, a Federalist, received the most electoral votes and became president. At that time, the person with the second highest number of electoral votes became the vice-president. Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, received the second most votes and became the vice-president. That meant that the government had a Federalist president and Democratic- Republican vice president, which made it more difficult to run the government.

21 PAGE 20 In the late 1700 s, the French and British were at war. The French were worried that the U.S was helping the British in the war against France so they captured U.S. ships that were heading to England. In 1797, President Adams sent ambassadors to France to address the issue of the French attacking U.S. ships. Agents of the French government demanded that the U.S. pay a bribe of $250,000 and lend France several million dollars. The U.S. refused. When Americans heard about the bribe attempt, they called for war against France. This became known as the XYZ Affair, named after the three French agents who d suggested the bribe.

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23 PAGE 22 To avoid war, Adams sent new ambassadors to France to meet with Napoleon Bonaparte, the leader of France. Napoleon agreed to stop capturing American ships so that France would be able to focus on fighting the war with England. A peace treaty was signed between the U.S. and France in 1799.

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25 PAGE 24 These events led many Americans to become more suspicious of aliens. Aliens are immigrants who have not become citizens of the country in which they live. The government passed laws called the Alien and Sedition Acts which allowed the president to put aliens in prison and send them out of the U.S. if he thought they were dangerous. Sedition refers to activities that weaken the government. The laws limited free speech and made it a crime to write or say anything insulting about the president, Congress, and the government in general. These laws were later determined to be unconstitutional.

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28 STATION 4 WASHINGTON, D.C. Southern states wanted to change the location of the nation s capital. Many Southerners thought that having the capital in New York gave the Northern states too much influence over national policy. Also, Southern states weren t happy with Alexander Hamilton s plan to have the national government repay each state s debt from the American Revolution. The Southern states had less war debt than the northern states and felt they weren t getting as much benefit with Hamilton s plan. So a compromise was reached. Northern members of Congress agreed to move the capital to the south and in exchange, the South agreed to Hamilton s plan to have the government repay debt the states American Revolution war debt.

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30 PAGE 29 In 1791, the national capital was moved to Philadelphia for 10 years while the permanent capital was being built. Washington chose a place on the Potomac River that included part of Maryland and Virginia. The land was made up of swamps and farms and would eventually become the city of Washington D.C.

31 PAGE 30 Benjamin Banneker was born to a free African American family in rural Maryland. He attended a Quaker school but was mostly self-educated. When he was young, he would take apart his father s farm tools and then reassemble then so they would work better. His grandmother taught him to read. He was an outstanding scientist, mathematician, and surveyor. He was appointed by Thomas Jefferson to work as a surveyor for the new capital.

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34 PAGE 33 President Washington had appointed a French architect, Major L Enfant, to draw up plans for the new capital. After working on the plans for some time, L Enfant was fired and took all his maps and plans back to France. The plans for the city would have been gone forever except for the memory of Benjamin Banneker, who redrew all the maps from memory.

35 PAGE 34 George Washington was plagued by illness throughout his life. He was officially reprimanded for being away from his military duties so often during the French and Indian War. During his lifetime, he suffered from smallpox, pneumonia, malaria, pleurisy, dysentery, rheumatism, and influenza, as well as back pains, dental problems, and recurring fevers. By the time Washington was 29, he had survived four serious illnesses, any of which could have proven fatal. He was a big man and possessed incredible physical strength, which was probably what kept him alive. During the American Revolution, he had an attack of malaria and pneumonia. Ironically, he died of a sore throat. Even though he was plagued by illness, Washington had enough strength to become the Father of Our Country.

36 STATION #5 LOUISIANA PURCHASE In the 1800 s, thousands of settlers moved westward across the Appalachian Mountains into areas long inhabited by Native Americans. Some of these areas became U.S. states. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio had become states by 1803.

37 PAGE 36 There was activity further west, too. In 1800, France and Spain were negotiating for ownership of the Louisiana Territory, which was the vast region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. Also, along the Pacific coast in Oregon Territory, Spain, Russia, England and the United States were establishing settlements.

38 PAGE 37 As the number of westerners grew, so did their political power. An important issue for many settlers was the use of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. The Mississippi River served as a major transportation route for people and goods. It was less expensive and faster to load goods onto an ocean-going ship on the east coast, sail down the eastern coast to New Orleans, off load the goods onto a river boat, and sail up the Mississippi River rather than transport goods by wagon across the Appalachian Mountains.

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41 PAGE 40 Ownership of New Orleans had alternated between France and Spain for several decades. In 1802, just before turning the Louisiana Territory over to France, Spain closed New Orleans to U.S. ships. Westerners called for war against Spain and France since the closing of New Orleans cut off their main transportation route. To avoid war, President Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France. He received a surprising offer back. Napoleon, the leader of France, offered to sell New Orleans and the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States.

42 PAGE 41 Napoleon had three reasons for making the offer. First, France was at war with England and needed soldiers to fight the war. In order to hold on to the Louisiana Territory, French soldiers would have to be stationed there. Second, there had been a slave revolt on the French island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean and France needed to send soldiers there to put down the revolt. Sending soldiers to the Louisiana Territory would have stretched the army too thin. Third, wars are expensive, so selling the Louisiana Territory would give France some much needed money.

43 PAGE 42 Jefferson wanted to accept the offer; however, the Constitution said nothing about a president s right to buy land for the country. This troubled Jefferson because he believed in the strict interpretation of the Constitution. But he also believed in a nation of independent farmers, and that required land. So, on April 30, 1803, the Louisiana Purchase was approved for 15 million dollars which gave the United States the port of New Orleans, the Louisiana Territory and doubled the size of the country.

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45 STATION 6 LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION Jefferson planned an expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory in order to learn about what he d purchased for the U.S. The expedition into the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory was led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The trip became known as the Lewis and Clark Expedition and lasted from 1804 to 1806.

46 PAGE 45 Jefferson set four goals for the expedition: 1: find the headwaters of the Missouri River 2: find an all-water route across the continent 3: establish good relations with Native Americans 4: write accounts of the plants, animals, and landscapes

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50 PAGE 49 In 1806, another expedition, led by Zebulon Pike, was sent to explore the southern portion of the Louisiana Territory. Pike s mission was to find the headwaters of the Arkansas and Red Rivers. During the expedition, they crossed into Spanish Territory and were arrested by Spanish troops. Spanish officials released them in They returned with important descriptions of the Great Plains and the valley of the Rio Grande.

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54 STATION 7 THE WAR OF 1812 Foreign Policy: the way a country deals with other countries Isolationism: a foreign policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries When Thomas Jefferson became president, England and France were at war. The U.S. wanted to remain isolationist and not get involved in the war. This was not easy to do for three reasons.

55 PAGE 54 First, the U.S. couldn t remain isolationist because it had made the Louisiana Purchase. Now Americans were moving westward and coming into contact with people from other countries, which meant the governments needed to be in contact as well in order to help settle problems.

56 PAGE 55 Second, once a country starts trading with another country, the government cares about what s going on in that country and gets involved in that country s affairs in order to protect trade. The U.S. couldn t remain isolationist because thousands of American merchant ships traded with the English and French. America s economy depended on trading its excess food and raw materials to Europe. America s raw materials were vital to the war efforts of both England and France, which led both countries to try to stop the other from getting those raw materials. They didn t want America providing their enemy with food and supplies. This put America in a difficult position. England and France also used their navies to board American ships in order to seize war materials bound for enemy ports.

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58 PAGE 57 Third, the U.S. had little control over the actions of other countries. This meant that even though the U.S. might want to be isolationist, it would need to react to the actions of other countries. The British were interfering with U.S. ships through the impressment of American sailors. Impressment was the kidnapping of American sailors to work on British ships. Between 1803 and 1812, over 6,000 U.S. sailors were impressed by the British. The British claimed they were only taking British citizens from the ships; however, many U.S. citizens were taken. Since the British had the largest navy in the world and they were at war with France, they needed a steady supply of sailors. Few men enlisted in the British navy, and many deserted, because of the horrible conditions on British ships. Discipline was harsh, punishments were

59 brutal, food was maggot-filled, quarters were cramped, and the pay was $7 per month.

60 PAGE 59 In response to these issues, President Jefferson asked Congress to pass the Embargo Act of This law stopped all foreign trade. Without U.S. trade, it was believed that England and France would suffer economically and would agree to end impressment and interference with U.S. ships. This policy was a disaster because it was more harmful to Americans than anyone else. Farmers were unable to sell their surplus food which caused them to lose money and over 30,000 merchants were put out of work.

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63 PAGE 62 In 1809, James Madison became president of the U.S. and he reopened trade with all countries except England and France. He said trade with those countries would begin again when they agreed to respect U.S. ships. This policy was not effective either.

64 PAGE 63 The Americans were also angry with the British because it was believed that the British were pushing Native Americans to fight against the westward expansion of American settlements and also supplying the Native Americans with weapons. The British did this as a way to keep friendly relations with Native Americans. Tecumseh was a Shawnee chief who wanted to stop the loss of land to the white Americans. He believed that the Native Americans were losing land because they were not united, with each tribe making its own treaties with the U.S. He tried to organize the Native Americans tribes to work together to fight the Americans.

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66 PAGE 65 Many Americans, who were already angry with the British for interfering with shipping and impressing sailors, were even angrier about the Native Americans allying themselves with the British. Many called for war and became known as war hawks. They thought that winning a war against the British would stop shipping interference, impressments, aid to the Native Americans, and would allow the Americans to take over Canada. On June 18, 1812, Congress declared war on the British.

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68 STATION 8 THE WAR OF 1812 England was already at war with France in 1812 and did not want to fight a war against the U.S. at the same time. British leaders announced that they would stop interfering with U.S. shipping and stop the impressment of U.S. sailors. In the 4-6 weeks it took that news to make its way to the U.S. by ship, the U.S. had already declared war.

69 The British Army The French Army Crossed in the mail! No more impressment of sailors! We declare war on England! We will stop impressment of sailors! We don t want war!

70 PAGE 69 At the beginning of the war, the U.S. army was weak. It had less than 7,000 men who were poorly trained and poorly equipped. They were led by officers with little experience.

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72 PAGE 71 The U.S. navy was small, with only 16 ships, compared with England s 1,017 ships. The U.S. naval officers, however, had gained experience fighting pirates overseas and the ships were the fastest afloat.

73 PAGE 72 The War of 1812 had two main phases. The first phase lasted from During this phase, the British focused most of their attention on their war with France. The second phase lasted from During this phase, the British turned their attention to the war with the U.S. since they had defeated the French in The British Army The French Army

74 PAGE 73 During the first phase of the war, the British partially blockaded the American coast. There were several naval battles won by the Americans, which boosted their confidence.

75 PAGE 74 The war in Europe ended in April of After that, the British concentrated on defeating the U.S. They attacked the U.S. in three areas.

76 PAGE 75 One area the British attacked was Washington D.C. They believed that if they were able to defeat the country s capital, the war would be won. They marched into Washington D.C. and burned several buildings, including the President s Mansion. James Madison and his wife Dolley were about to have dinner when they were warned of the attack. Before escaping, Dolley Madison saved many valuable items from being destroyed in the fire. After the war, the President s Mansion was whitewashed to cover the soot from the fire. It was then that the name was changed to the White House.

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78 PAGE 77 The British then marched on to attack Fort McHenry at Baltimore. Francis Scott Key, an American, was on a British ship in the Baltimore Harbor working out the release of an American Prisoner. He was trapped on the ship overnight while the British bombarded Fort McHenry. It wasn t clear which side won the battle until the morning light. It was then that he saw the American flag still flying over the fort, indicating that the Americans had won. He was inspired to write the poem The Star Spangled Banner. The words were later put to the tune of a popular English drinking song and, in 1931, became our official national anthem.

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80 STATION 9 WAR OF 1812 The second area the British chose to attack was in the northeast. They sent forces through Canada in an attempt to push south and cut off the northeastern states, with their factories that supplied weapons and ammunition, from the rest of the U.S. By September 1814, the plan had failed.

81 PAGE 80 The third area the British chose to attack was New Orleans. If the British were able to take over New Orleans, they would cut off access to the Mississippi River, the main transportation route in that section of the country. U.S. General Andrew Jackson put together an army to defend New Orleans. The battle lasted one hour. At the end of the battle, 2,000 British soldiers had died and 71 U.S. soldiers had died. The Battle of New Orleans made Andrew Jackson a war hero.

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83 PAGE 82 The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 was called the Treaty of Ghent. Peace treaties are named after the place they are signed and this treaty was signed in Ghent, Belgium. The Treaty of Ghent been signed December 24, 1814, two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, News of the treaty that ended the war didn t reach New Orleans until after the battle because of the slow speed of mail.

84 Peace treaty signed on December 24, 1814 Battle of New Orleans fought January 8, 1815

85 PAGE 84 The Treaty of Ghent showed that the war had no clear winner. Neither side won territory, nor had the border and trade disputes been resolved. The war did, however, have four important consequences. First, the heroism of Americans increased patriotism across the country. Second, the war weakened the Native Americans, who had sided with the British. This made westward expansion easier for Americans. Third, because the war had interrupted trade, Americans were forced to begin manufacturing many of the goods they would normally have gotten from England. This encouraged the growth of U.S. manufacturing. Finally, the U.S. proved it could defend itself against the strongest military power of the time, which increased the respect the U.S. received from other countries.

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88 STATION 10 THE MONROE DOCTRINE President Vice President Years In Office George Washington John Adams John Adams Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson James Madison Aaron Burr George Clinton George Clinton Elbridge Gerry James Monroe Daniel Tompkins

89 PAGE 88 doctrine: a formally stated government policy Monroe Doctrine: an American foreign policy that warned European countries not to interfere in North and South America By the early 1820s, most of the Spanish colonies in North and South America had declared independence. The circumstances surrounding these struggles for independence

90 reminded many U.S. leaders of the American Revolution. As a result, the U.S. supported these revolutions. PAGE 89 U.S. President James Monroe feared that rival European countries might try to take control of the newly independent countries in North and South America. Monroe had a dilemma. On one hand, the U.S. was friendly with European powers and didn t want to be involved in wars with them. On the other hand, the U.S. supported the newly independent countries in North and South America and didn t want any European nation to try to take back its colonies.

91 On December 2, 1823, President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine and delivered it as part of his annual State of the Union Address speech to Congress. PAGE 90 The Monroe Doctrine had four main points. Point #1 The United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations. Point #2 The United States would recognize, and not interfere with, European colonies that already existed in North and

92 South America. PAGE 91 Point #3 The Western Hemisphere (North and South America) was to be off-limits to future colonization by any foreign power. Point #4 The United States would consider any European nation s attempt to colonize or interfere with nations in North and South America as a hostile act since it would be a serious threat to the peace and stability of the United States.

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96 PAGE 94 In 1844, when our town was being formed, it was originally going to be named Johnson. This was after Richard Johnson, the soldier who killed Tecumseh in battle during the War of In the end, it was decided to use the name Jackson, after Andrew Jackson, a hero of the War of 1812 who went on to become the 7 th U.S. president. Jackson was the 3 rd most popular town name in the U.S.

97 PAGE 95 John Adams, the second president of the U.S., and Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the U.S., both died on the same day. It happened to be July 4, 1826, which was the 50 th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

98 PAGE 96 James Monroe, the 5 th president of the U.S., died on July 4, 1831, which was the 55 th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

99 XYZ Affair (on my youtube) USA State and Federal Powers (on my youtube) Whiskey Rebellion (on my youtube) Station 10: Brain Pop: Political Party Origins (4:00)

100 Lewis and Clark Rap (on my youtube) (3:33) ndex=11 Star Spangled Banner (on my youtube) (1:32) After as a class Alexander Hamilton vs Thomas Jefferson Flocabulary (on my youtube) (4:27) HsKJHWP