Hungary. Basic facts The development of the quality of democracy in Hungary. The overall quality of democracy
|
|
- Corey Rice
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Hungary Basic facts 2007 Population GDP p.c. (US$) Human development rank 43 Age of democracy in years (Polity) 17 Type of democracy Electoral system Party system Parliamentary Mixed: single-member constituencies: two rounds of voting are normally held. Territorial constituencies: proportional representation in a single ballot, unless voter participation falls below 50%. Parties polling less than 5% of the popular vote do not gain a parliamentary seat through this system. Multi-party system The development of the quality of democracy in Hungary The overall quality of democracy Hungary s democratic quality shows an interesting evolution over time. Starting its transition from an authoritarian to a democratic regime at the beginning of the 1990s, the country s quality of democracy increased rapidly beyond the mean of all 30 countries studied in the Democracy Barometer until This was followed by a downturn, which brought the democratic quality of Hungary down to just below the average standard before rising again to its 1992 level in In the 21 st century, however, Hungary s quality of democracy seems to have been continually declining once more. The following discussion 1
2 of the three democratic principles and their constituent functions will shed light on the reasons for these developments. Freedom As the graph shows, Hungary scored exceptionally well with regard to the principle freedom in all years studied. Up to 1998, the country actually ranked among the top five performing countries in terms of this principle and despite its young democratic tradition even best in However, although it always exceeded the mean of all countries, freedom was gradually decreasing after This trend seems to be attributable to the function rule of law, whose graph exhibits a similar, continuous downturn beginning in the early 1990s. Starting from a relatively high but compared to other countries mediocre level of 71 scale points in 1990, Hungary s rule of law increasingly fell behind and ended up at 61 scale points in This development can be explained by a constantly dwindling independence and impartiality of the legal system, accompanied by a sinking degree of public confidence in the judiciary. This could be related to the generally considered slow and inefficient legal system as well as poor standards of the public defender system (HRR, all years). In addition, the judiciary has been criticised for treating members of the Roma minority unequally before the law (HRR, all years). The reason for the generally strong performance of freedom obviously is the function individual liberties, which is fulfilled to very high degrees throughout the 18 years analysed. For the most part, this function constantly scored between 90 and 94 scale points. This is a reflection of high values with regard to almost all aspects of this function. If anything, some room for progress exists with regard to the effective freedom of movement as well as the practice of political terror and torture by the authorities. However, two temporary dips of individual liberties in 1993 and 2001 stand out, both of which are caused by reported incidents of torture and especially restrictions of religious freedom in these years. The first of 2
3 these might be related to a 1993 reform proposal giving courts the right to prohibit churches or religious groups to register whose principles are in conflict with mainstream values (HRR 1993). In 2001, another legal reform initiated by the government wanted to further impose restrictions regarding which religious groups could register as churches and thus receive tax breaks and other benefits (HRR 2001). Although this plan was rejected by the parliament, the government s mere intention probably resulted in the downturn of the freedom of religion indicator. Moreover, the number of reported cases of ill-treatment and physical abuse of members of the Roma minority as well as immigrants and asylum-seekers by the security forces was especially high in the respective two years (AI 1994; 2002; HRW 1994; 2002). Similar to the rule of law, the public sphere declined slowly but steadily as of the mid-1990s. However, the function also increased sharply between 1990 and 1992 so that the score at the beginning and the end of the period under study are almost the same. Moreover, despite the seemingly moderate performance of 43 to 52 scale points, Hungary belongs to the countries with the highest degree of fulfilment of the public sphere within the Democracy Barometer sample. This is mostly owed to the full and unlimited constitutional guarantee of the basic freedoms of expression, i.e. the freedom of association, assembly, speech and the press. The observed improvement of the function in the early 1990s is related to an increasing neutrality and ideological balance of the press system as a result of the lifting of state control over media operations and the liberalisation of the press market in light of the democratic transition. The slight downtrend in all the following years, however, can primarily be attributed to a sinking density of trade union membership. Control The control principle slightly scored above average in the first five years of observation but fell considerably below the mean of all 30 countries, in By 1999, the principle had caught up with and almost 3
4 reached the overall mean again. Control more or less remained constant thereafter even though a marginal regression brought it back to the average level in the later These developments are closely mirrored in the function competition, where they are primarily related to election results. For example, the sharp drop from 1993 to 1995 is a consequence of the electoral victory of the Hungarian Socialist Party in 1994 which succeeded in growing from the fourth largest to the strongest party, leaving its competitors far behind, and in gaining an absolute majority in the parliament. Accordingly, the competitiveness and closeness of the elections decreased in Hungary. In terms of the relative seat difference between the largest and the second largest party, Hungary actually received the minimum value of 0 within the Democracy Barometer country sample between 1995 and Competition improved following the 1998 elections, in which the Hungarian Civic Union stepped up as the Socialists main challenger and even exceeded their seat share, thus establishing an approximate balance between the two parties. In the 2002 elections, they could expand their joint vote and seat shares (the Hungarian Civic Union in coalition with the Hungarian Democratic Forum) at the expense of smaller parties, which not only led to lower competitiveness due to a larger concentration of votes and seats but also a lower openness of the elections because of the decreasing number of parties with a significant impact. The 2006 elections, finally, somewhat improved this latter situation. The function mutual constraints scored comparatively low in the country. Whereas the formal checks between the executive and legislative branches as well as judicial review are well institutionalised in Hungary, the degree of federalism is very low, explaining this pattern together with the absence of bicameralism. In addition, election results slightly affected mutual constraints as well, again particularly after the ones of 1994 and After those elections, we observe a small decrease of this function. While the ratio of opposition and executive forces had been quite balanced before 1994, it sharply shifted in favour of the government after the already mentioned overwhelming victory of the Socialist Party, which assumed power for the next four years. The same applies for the 1998 elections (see the discussion above). All of the other factors determining mutual constraints did not vary much over time. The last of the three control functions, governmental capability, fluctuated considerably over time. The increase between 1994 and 1995 is related to the indicators measuring the stability of the government. While the executive had changed in 1994, the Socialist government under Prime Minister Gyula Horn remained largely stable during the whole following legislative term. By contrast, the repeated change of government in 1998 accounts for another temporary dip in governmental capability. Moreover, the decline in the function between 1999 and 2002 can be attributed to a sinking independence of the public service from political and of the government from religious pressure groups on the one hand. This might be due to reports that the larger religious organisations were treated favourably by state regulations and received more government benefits, as already discussed with regard to individual liberties. Moreover, 4
5 in 2002 religious affairs were transferred from the Ministry of Cultural Heritage to the Office of the Prime Minister (HRR 2002). On the other hand, the stability of the new government inaugurated after the 2002 elections was considerably lower than the previous one s since the prime minister changed halfway into the legislative period. As of 2002, the function governmental capability experienced several ups and downs, combined with an overall downtrend. The former can be explained by repeated cabinet reshuffles, such as the one just mentioned, whereas deteriorating assessments of bureaucratic quality and of the effective implementation of government decisions are responsible for the latter. Equality Quite obviously, the principle equality represents the so-called weakest link of Hungary s quality of democracy. Despite considerable variation and especially the impressive progress that was made in the first three years studied, equality performed below average during most of the period of analysis, which is reflected in the seemingly mediocre to low degrees of fulfilment of the principle s constituent functions. Moreover, a rapid and continuous decline of equality is visible after the turn of the century. The function transparency most notably accounts for the huge leap forward of equality. Both the introduction of more or less unrestricted and efficient freedom of information legislation in 1992 (extended to ICT solutions in a 2005 Act) and the abolition of severe legal as well as political restrictions of media freedom in the course of the Hungarian democratic transition lifted transparency from 4 to 65 scale points. However, increasing corruption and more importantly relapses in terms of media freedom, especially regarding political interferences, brought transparency down again in This is most likely related to the prevalence of a pro-government bias in the news content of state broadcasters, which had a monopoly in Hungary during that time and whose budget was controlled by the prime minister, during the election campaign (HRR 1994). Moreover, 129 journalists were dismissed from the official radio 5
6 station in March 1994, allegedly for political reasons (HRW 1995). After these teething troubles of the young democracy, political interferences into media news production were waning, of course also due to the on-going revision of the media market and the state broadcaster s organisational structure. At the same time, the government s willingness to openly communicate steadily improved. All of this caused a continuous rise of transparency up to its highest level in The last of the factors mentioned, however, is also responsible for the renewed downtrend in the ensuing years. As of 2002, the function s score remained stable on a level of more or less 60 scale points. The function participation experienced a sharp, though less pronounced growth in the first two years of the study as well. This can be explained by a popular initiative that Hungarian citizens voted on in 1990 regarding the question of whether the president of the republic should be elected by the people (C2D). Turnout in this vote was only 13.9 per cent, which dragged the indicator measuring the participation rate in elections and direct democratic ballots down significantly in the respective year. After 1997, participation was continuously declining from 51 to 24 scale points in These developments strongly affected the aggregate principle s score. Some of the decrease in participation can again be attributed to the turnout indicator being dampened by low engagement in direct democratic votes. In 1997 it was the referendum on Hungary s accession to the NATO. Since electoral turnout was considerably lower in the 1998 elections compared to 1994 as well. Popular votes which were not met with much enthusiasm among Hungarians also took place in 2003 and In addition, alternative forms of participation, i.e. demonstrations and petitions, were less frequented in the new millennium and the disproportionality of voters in terms of gender, age, income and education grew stronger after This might be related to a simultaneous decrease in the share of registered voters compared to the voting age population. Finally, the reason for the temporary and moderate peak of the participation function in 2005 is once more variation in some of the discussed indicators. Representation, the third of the equality functions, does not exhibit as dramatic changes as its two counterparts. Nevertheless, fluctuations over time can be observed. Similarly to the function transparency, representation took a turn for the worse in the mid-nineties, but had recovered by Both trends were caused by the Gallagher index (gallagindex), which measures the congruence of vote and seat share distributions. Due to Hungary s complex electoral system, respective distortions are not uncommon but played particularly strongly in the country s second legislative period under the new democratic regime. In addition, a sharply growing share of women in government after the 1998 election contributed to the reconstitution of representation. The same factor, however, is responsible for the function s moderate decline until
7 The democracy profile of Hungary Legend: (Principles and Functions) Principle: Freedom: RL (Rule of Law), IL (Individual Liberties), PS (Public Sphere). Control: GC (Governmental Capability), MC (Mutual Constraints), CO (Competition). Equality: TR (Transparency), PAR (Participation), REP (Representation). The spider charts above give insight into the democratic profile of Hungary by showing the scores of the nine functions in comparison to the mean scores of all 30 countries in the sample at three different points in time. They confirm what has already been found in the preceding discussion of the three principles. Hungary seems to perform best with regard to the freedom functions since in all three years individual liberties and the public sphere exceeded the average of all countries while the rule of law scored about or slightly below average. By contrast, all of the equality functions lagged behind the overall mean in Hungary regardless of the year studied even though impressive progress was made in terms of transparency. Thus, in sum, Hungary might be considered a rather libertarian than egalitarian democracy. As for the principle control, finally, the corresponding functions mostly scored about or slightly above average. 7
Mixed system: Proportional representation. Single majority system for 5 single-member constituencies (two cantons, three half-cantons).
Switzerland Basic facts 2007 Population 7 551 117 GDP p.c. (US$) 57 490 Human development rank 9 Age of democracy in years (Polity) 159 Type of democracy Electoral system Party system Parliamentary Mixed
More informationUnit 1 Introduction to Comparative Politics Test Multiple Choice 2 pts each
Unit 1 Introduction to Comparative Politics Test Multiple Choice 2 pts each 1. Which of the following is NOT considered to be an aspect of globalization? A. Increased speed and magnitude of cross-border
More informationSlovakia: Record holder in the lowest turnout
Slovakia: Record holder in the lowest turnout Peter Spáč 30 May 2014 On May 24, the election to European Parliament (EP) was held in Slovakia. This election was the third since the country s entry to the
More informationReading the local runes:
Reading the local runes: What the 2011 council elections suggest for the next general election By Paul Hunter Reading the local runes: What the 2011 council elections suggest for the next general election
More informationMinnesota Public Radio News and Humphrey Institute Poll. Backlash Gives Franken Slight Edge, Coleman Lifted by Centrism and Faith Vote
Minnesota Public Radio News and Humphrey Institute Poll Backlash Gives Franken Slight Edge, Coleman Lifted by Centrism and Faith Vote Report prepared by the Center for the Study of Politics and Governance
More informationIowa Voting Series, Paper 4: An Examination of Iowa Turnout Statistics Since 2000 by Party and Age Group
Department of Political Science Publications 3-1-2014 Iowa Voting Series, Paper 4: An Examination of Iowa Turnout Statistics Since 2000 by Party and Age Group Timothy M. Hagle University of Iowa 2014 Timothy
More informationPerceptions of the European Parliament in Hungary
Directorate-General for Communication Directorate for Relations with Citizens Public Opinion Monitoring Unit For the attention of the European Parliament s DG Communication Public Opinion Monitoring Unit
More informationPopular Attitudes toward Democracy in Senegal: A Summary of Afrobarometer Indicators,
Popular Attitudes toward Democracy in Senegal: A Summary of Afrobarometer Indicators, 2002-2008 4 May 2009 Senegal is one of the few African states that has never experienced a cout d état, and it long
More informationREFORM OF THE HUNGARIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM
REFORM OF THE HUNGARIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM April 2017 www.nezopontintezet.hu +36 1 269 1843 info@nezopontintezet.hu REFORM OF THE HUNGARIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM April 2017 1 CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF MEMBERS OF
More informationPublic Opinion Towards Defence and Foreign Affairs: Results from the ANU Poll
Public Opinion Towards Defence and Foreign Affairs: Results from the ANU Poll Professor Ian McAllister Research School of Social Sciences ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences Report No 4 April 2009
More informationNATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT ROMANIA. Atlantic Ocean. North Sea. Mediterranean Sea. Baltic Sea.
Atlantic Ocean Baltic Sea North Sea Bay of Biscay NATIONAL INTEGRITY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT ROMANIA Black Sea Mediterranean Sea www.transparency.org.ro With financial support from the Prevention of and Fight
More informationFOR RELEASE APRIL 26, 2018
FOR RELEASE APRIL 26, 2018 FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: Carroll Doherty, Director of Political Research Jocelyn Kiley, Associate Director, Research Bridget Johnson, Communications Associate 202.419.4372
More informationHow s Life in Hungary?
How s Life in Hungary? November 2017 Relative to other OECD countries, Hungary has a mixed performance across the different well-being dimensions. It has one of the lowest levels of household net adjusted
More informationpoll Public Opinion Towards Defence Foreign Affairs Results from the ANU Poll REPORT 4
poll Public Opinion Towards Defence Foreign Affairs Results from the ANU Poll REPORT 4 April 09 poll Public Opinion Towards Defence Foreign Affairs Results from the ANU Poll Professor Ian McAllister Research
More informationINDICATOR FRAMEWORK ON CULTURE AND DEMOCRACY (IFCD) CODEBOOK V2.0
INDICATOR FRAMEWORK ON CULTURE AND DEMOCRACY (IFCD) CODEBOOK V2.0 December 2017 Author: Hertie School of Governance This document has been prepared by the Hertie School of Governance as part of the Indicator
More informationThe 2014 Election in Aiken County: The Sales Tax Proposal for Public Schools
The 2014 Election in Aiken County: The Sales Tax Proposal for Public Schools A Public Service Report The USC Aiken Social Science and Business Research Lab Robert E. Botsch, Director All conclusions in
More informationVoting and Non-Voting in Christchurch City
Voting and Non-Voting in Christchurch City Territorial local Authority and District Health Board Elections October 2001 Voting and Non-Voting in Christchurch City An analysis of a survey on voter attitudes
More informationANNUAL SURVEY REPORT: BELARUS
ANNUAL SURVEY REPORT: BELARUS 2 nd Wave (Spring 2017) OPEN Neighbourhood Communicating for a stronger partnership: connecting with citizens across the Eastern Neighbourhood June 2017 1/44 TABLE OF CONTENTS
More informationBritain s Population Exceptionalism within the European Union
Britain s Population Exceptionalism within the European Union Introduction The United Kingdom s rate of population growth far exceeds that of most other European countries. This is particularly problematic
More informationThe purpose of the electoral reform
In July 2013 it seems we have come to the end of a three-year process of electoral reform, but slight modifications may yet follow. Since the three new laws regulating Parliamentary elections (CCIII/2011
More informationNotes to Editors. Detailed Findings
Notes to Editors Detailed Findings Public opinion in Russia relative to public opinion in Europe and the US seems to be polarizing. Americans and Europeans have both grown more negative toward Russia,
More informationHow s Life in Austria?
How s Life in Austria? November 2017 Austria performs close to the OECD average in many well-being dimensions, and exceeds it in several cases. For example, in 2015, household net adjusted disposable income
More informationJust over half of respondents (52%) say Afghanistan is moving in the right direction, up from 46% in It
A F G H A N I S TA N I N 2 0 12 Afghanistan in 2012 5 1 Executive Summary 1.1 Key Findings Just over half of respondents (52%) say Afghanistan is moving in the right direction, up from 46% in 2011. It
More informationWomen in the Middle East and North Africa:
Women in the Middle East and North Africa: A Divide between Rights and Roles October 2018 Michael Robbins Princeton University and University of Michigan Kathrin Thomas Princeton University Women in the
More informationCivil and Political Rights
DESIRED OUTCOMES All people enjoy civil and political rights. Mechanisms to regulate and arbitrate people s rights in respect of each other are trustworthy. Civil and Political Rights INTRODUCTION The
More informationInternational Perspective on Representation Japan s August 2009 Parliamentary Elections By Pauline Lejeune with Rob Richie
International Perspective on Representation Japan s August 2009 Parliamentary Elections By Pauline Lejeune with Rob Richie The Japanese parliamentary elections in August 30, 2009 marked a turning point
More informationCOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXTS: ANNIE E. CASEY FOUNDATION CITIES
ANNIE E. CASEY FOUNDATION MAKING CONNECTIONS INITIATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXTS: ANNIE E. CASEY FOUNDATION CITIES G. Thomas Kingsley and Kathryn L.S. Pettit December 2003 THE URBAN
More informationChapter One: people & demographics
Chapter One: people & demographics The composition of Alberta s population is the foundation for its post-secondary enrolment growth. The population s demographic profile determines the pressure points
More informationThe 2017 Norwegian election
West European Politics ISSN: 0140-2382 (Print) 1743-9655 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fwep20 The 2017 Norwegian election Bernt Aardal & Johannes Bergh To cite this article:
More informationSurvey of Jordanian Public Opinion. National Poll #15 May 22-25, 2017
Survey of Jordanian Public Opinion National Poll #15 May 22-25, 2017 Detailed Methodology This survey was designed, coordinated and analyzed by Middle East Marketing and Research Consultants on behalf
More informationEUROBAROMETER 71 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION SPRING
Standard Eurobarometer European Commission EUROBAROMETER 71 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION SPRING 2009 Standard Eurobarometer 71 / SPRING 2009 TNS Opinion & Social Standard Eurobarometer NATIONAL
More informationAs you may have heard, there has been some discussion about possibly changing Canada's electoral system. We want to ask people their views on this.
Ballot Testing and Voting System Survey [Screen for PC-only won't work on mobile] [Intro Screen] As you may have heard, there has been some discussion about possibly changing Canada's electoral system.
More informationItaly s average level of current well-being: Comparative strengths and weaknesses
How s Life in Italy? November 2017 Relative to other OECD countries, Italy s average performance across the different well-being dimensions is mixed. The employment rate, about 57% in 2016, was among the
More informationThe labor market in Japan,
DAIJI KAWAGUCHI University of Tokyo, Japan, and IZA, Germany HIROAKI MORI Hitotsubashi University, Japan The labor market in Japan, Despite a plummeting working-age population, Japan has sustained its
More informationA A P I D ATA Asian American Voter Survey. Sponsored by Civic Leadership USA
A A P I D ATA 2018 Asian American Voter Survey Sponsored by Civic Leadership USA In partnership with Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance AFL-CIO (APALA), and Asian Americans Advancing Justice AAJC CONTENTS
More informationGender quotas in Slovenia: A short analysis of failures and hopes
Gender quotas in Slovenia: A short analysis of failures and hopes Milica G. Antić Maruša Gortnar Department of Sociology University of Ljubljana Slovenia milica.antic-gaber@guest.arnes.si Gender quotas
More informationHealth Care Speech Brings Small Rebound for Democrats and Serious Problems for Republicans
Date: September 23, 2009 To: From: Friends of Democracy Corps and Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research Stanley B. Greenberg, James Carville, Jesse Contario and Kate Monninger Health Care Speech Brings Small
More informationIIRC Stakeholder Feedback Survey
IIRC Stakeholder Feedback Survey The Survey Summary of approach The IIRC Stakeholder Feedback Survey was sent on 25 May 2016 to around 10,000 stakeholders taken from the IIRC s central database. It was
More informationFriends of Democracy Corps and Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research. Stan Greenberg and James Carville, Democracy Corps
Date: January 13, 2009 To: From: Friends of Democracy Corps and Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research Stan Greenberg and James Carville, Democracy Corps Anna Greenberg and John Brach, Greenberg Quinlan Rosner
More informationBCGEU surveyed its own members on electoral reform. They reported widespread disaffection with the current provincial electoral system.
BCGEU SUBMISSION ON THE ELECTORAL REFORM REFERENDUM OF 2018 February, 2018 The BCGEU applauds our government s commitment to allowing British Columbians a direct say in how they vote. As one of the largest
More informationElections and referendums
Caramani (ed.) Comparative Politics Section III: Structures and institutions Chapter 10: Elections and referendums by Michael Gallagher (1/1) Elections and referendums are the two main voting opportunities
More informationIELTS Writing Task 1. Task 1 Temporal Graphs
Level 4 IELTS Writing Task 1 Task 1 Temporal Graphs Task 1 on the IELTS exam requires you to transfer information from a chart into a written report. You need to be able to give a clear interpretation
More informationSTATEMENT OF THE NDI PRE-ELECTION DELEGATION TO YEMEN S SEPTEMBER 2006 PRESIDENTIAL AND LOCAL COUNCIL ELECTIONS. Sana a, Yemen, August 16, 2006
STATEMENT OF THE NDI PRE-ELECTION DELEGATION TO YEMEN S SEPTEMBER 2006 PRESIDENTIAL AND LOCAL COUNCIL ELECTIONS I. Introduction Sana a, Yemen, August 16, 2006 This statement has been prepared by the National
More informationForty Years of LCMS District Statistics Based on Lutheran Annual data for years
Forty Years of LCMS District Statistics Based on Lutheran Annual data for years 197-211 Prepared By LCMS Research Services March 25, 213 Forty Years of LCMS Statistics Preliminary Material Overview of
More informationBBC BBC World Service Long-Term Tracking
In total 28,619 citizens in 27 countries, were interviewed face-to-face, or by telephone December 2, 2010 and February 4, 2011. Countries were rated by half samples in all countries polled. Polling was
More informationPatrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA. Ben Zipperer University of Massachusetts, Amherst
THE STATE OF THE UNIONS IN 2013 A PROFILE OF UNION MEMBERSHIP IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA AND THE NATION 1 Patrick Adler and Chris Tilly Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UCLA Ben Zipperer
More informationHow s Life in Canada?
How s Life in Canada? November 2017 Canada typically performs above the OECD average level across most of the different well-indicators shown below. It falls within the top tier of OECD countries on household
More informationPartisan Advantage and Competitiveness in Illinois Redistricting
Partisan Advantage and Competitiveness in Illinois Redistricting An Updated and Expanded Look By: Cynthia Canary & Kent Redfield June 2015 Using data from the 2014 legislative elections and digging deeper
More informationHow s Life in Iceland?
How s Life in Iceland? November 2017 In general, Iceland performs well across the different well-being dimensions relative to other OECD countries. 86% of the Icelandic population aged 15-64 was in employment
More informationHow s Life in Portugal?
How s Life in Portugal? November 2017 Relative to other OECD countries, Portugal has a mixed performance across the different well-being dimensions. For example, it is in the bottom third of the OECD in
More informationHow s Life in Australia?
How s Life in Australia? November 2017 In general, Australia performs well across the different well-being dimensions relative to other OECD countries. Air quality is among the best in the OECD, and average
More informationThe Centre for European and Asian Studies
The Centre for European and Asian Studies REPORT 2/2007 ISSN 1500-2683 The Norwegian local election of 2007 Nick Sitter A publication from: Centre for European and Asian Studies at BI Norwegian Business
More informationThe United Kingdom in the European context top-line reflections from the European Social Survey
The United Kingdom in the European context top-line reflections from the European Social Survey Rory Fitzgerald and Elissa Sibley 1 With the forthcoming referendum on Britain s membership of the European
More informationGenerally well-administered elections demonstrate significant progress
European Union Election Observation Mission Tripartite Elections 28 September 2006 PRELIMINARY STATEMENT Generally well-administered elections demonstrate significant progress Lusaka, 30 September 2006
More informationHow s Life in Mexico?
How s Life in Mexico? November 2017 Relative to other OECD countries, Mexico has a mixed performance across the different well-being dimensions. At 61% in 2016, Mexico s employment rate was below the OECD
More informationHow s Life in Ireland?
How s Life in Ireland? November 2017 Relative to other OECD countries, Ireland s performance across the different well-being dimensions is mixed. While Ireland s average household net adjusted disposable
More information2016 Nova Scotia Culture Index
2016 Nova Scotia Culture Index Final Report Prepared for: Communications Nova Scotia and Department of Communities, Culture and Heritage March 2016 www.cra.ca 1-888-414-1336 Table of Contents Page Introduction...
More informationASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOREIGN WORKERS IN MALTA
ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOREIGN WORKERS IN MALTA Article published in the Quarterly Review 2016:1, pp. 39-44 BOX 3: ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FOREIGN WORKERS IN MALTA 1 Between the late
More informationEUROBAROMETER 62 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Standard Eurobarometer European Commission EUROBAROMETER 62 PUBLIC OPINION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AUTUMN 2004 Standard Eurobarometer 62 / Autumn 2004 TNS Opinion & Social NATIONAL REPORT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
More information2011 National Opinion Poll: Canadian Views on Asia
2011 National Opinion Poll: Canadian Views on Asia Table of Contents Methodology Key Findings Section 1: Canadians Mental Maps Section 2: Views of Canada-Asia Economic Relations Section 3: Perceptions
More information8. Perceptions of Business Environment and Crime Trends
8. Perceptions of Business Environment and Crime Trends All respondents were asked their opinion about several potential obstacles, including regulatory controls, to doing good business in the mainland.
More informationINDICATOR FRAMEWORK ON CULTURE AND DEMOCRACY POLICY MAKER S GUIDEBOOK APPENDIX: DETAILED INFORMATION ON COMPONENTS AND INDICATORS
INDICATOR FRAMEWORK ON CULTURE AND DEMOCRACY POLICY MAKER S GUIDEBOOK APPENDIX: DETAILED INFORMATION ON COMPONENTS AND INDICATORS December 2017 Author: Hertie School of Governance This document has been
More informationIowa Voting Series, Paper 6: An Examination of Iowa Absentee Voting Since 2000
Department of Political Science Publications 5-1-2014 Iowa Voting Series, Paper 6: An Examination of Iowa Absentee Voting Since 2000 Timothy M. Hagle University of Iowa 2014 Timothy M. Hagle Comments This
More informationSurvey sample: 1,013 respondents Survey period: Commissioned by: Eesti Pank Estonia pst. 13, Tallinn Conducted by: Saar Poll
Survey sample:,0 respondents Survey period:. - 8.. 00 Commissioned by: Eesti Pank Estonia pst., Tallinn 9 Conducted by: Saar Poll OÜ Veetorni, Tallinn 9 CHANGEOVER TO THE EURO / December 00 CONTENTS. Main
More informationYoung Voters in the 2010 Elections
Young Voters in the 2010 Elections By CIRCLE Staff November 9, 2010 This CIRCLE fact sheet summarizes important findings from the 2010 National House Exit Polls conducted by Edison Research. The respondents
More informationTHE DEMOCRACY BAROMETER: ISRAEL S DEMOCRACY IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
THE DEMOCRACY BAROMETER: ISRAEL S DEMOCRACY IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Maoz Rosenthal Ph.D. Herzliya Conference Political Indicators Interdisciplinary Center(IDC) Herzliya DEMOCRACY BAROMETER Time series
More informationTHE YEAR IN REVIEW: PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH S APPROVAL RATINGS IN 2005
CBS NEWS POLL SUMMARY December 28, 2005 THE YEAR IN REVIEW: PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH S APPROVAL RATINGS IN 2005 President Bush experienced a loss of public confidence on many key fronts in 2005, according
More informationGreenberg Quinlan Rosner/Democracy Corps
Greenberg Quinlan Rosner/Democracy Corps Report on the Obama Generation Republicans on the Precipice of Becoming Irrelevant: Obama and Republicans Square off Among Younger People www.greenbergresearch.com
More informationResults of survey of civil society organizations
Results of survey of civil society organizations Preparation for the 2012 Quadrennial Comprehensive Policy Review of Operational Activities for Development of the United Nations System Department of Economic
More informationElectoral Reform: Key Federal Policy Recommendations. Researched and written by CFUW National Office & CFUW Leaside East York and Etobicoke JULY 2016
Electoral Reform: Key Federal Policy Recommendations Researched and written by CFUW National Office & CFUW Leaside East York and Etobicoke JULY 2016 Page 1 About CFUW CFUW is a non-partisan, voluntary,
More informationHIGHLIGHTS. There is a clear trend in the OECD area towards. which is reflected in the economic and innovative performance of certain OECD countries.
HIGHLIGHTS The ability to create, distribute and exploit knowledge is increasingly central to competitive advantage, wealth creation and better standards of living. The STI Scoreboard 2001 presents the
More informationThe Cook Political Report / LSU Manship School Midterm Election Poll
The Cook Political Report / LSU Manship School Midterm Election Poll The Cook Political Report-LSU Manship School poll, a national survey with an oversample of voters in the most competitive U.S. House
More informationCARLETON ECONOMIC PAPERS
CEP 17-06 In Defense of Majoritarianism Stanley L. Winer March 2017 CARLETON ECONOMIC PAPERS Department of Economics 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 In Defense of Majoritarianism
More informationAlbanian Elections Observatory Brief
Albanian Elections Observatory Brief Issue No 1_April 19, 2013 Introduction: Albanian Politics Today Albania is a parliamentary democracy with the executive power controlled by the Prime Minister, who
More informationEconomic and Social Council
United Nations E/CN.15/2014/5 Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 12 February 2014 Original: English Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Twenty-third session Vienna, 12-16 April
More informationA COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE
A COMPARISON OF ARIZONA TO NATIONS OF COMPARABLE SIZE A Report from the Office of the University Economist July 2009 Dennis Hoffman, Ph.D. Professor of Economics, University Economist, and Director, L.
More informationHow s Life in France?
How s Life in France? November 2017 Relative to other OECD countries, France s average performance across the different well-being dimensions is mixed. While household net adjusted disposable income stands
More informationYouth, Democracy, and Politics: Hungary
Youth, Democracy, and Politics: Hungary Survey results NDI Youth Research Project March 2018 In cooperation with Political Capital RESEARCH METHODOLOGY SAMPLE DESIGN The sample is statistically representative
More informationVancouver Police Community Policing Assessment Report Residential Survey Results NRG Research Group
Vancouver Police Community Policing Assessment Report Residential Survey Results 2017 NRG Research Group www.nrgresearchgroup.com April 2, 2018 1 Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 B. SURVEY
More informationHow s Life in the United Kingdom?
How s Life in the United Kingdom? November 2017 On average, the United Kingdom performs well across a number of well-being indicators relative to other OECD countries. At 74% in 2016, the employment rate
More informationScottish Government Yearbook 1987 LABOUR PREDOMINANCE REASSERTED: THE REGIONAL ELECTIONS OF John Bochel & David Denver
LABOUR PREDOMINANCE REASSERTED: THE REGIONAL ELECTIONS OF 1986 John Bochel & David Denver There can be little doubt that the most significant development in Scottish Regional elections since the formation
More informationHow s Life in Finland?
How s Life in Finland? November 2017 In general, Finland performs well across the different well-being dimensions relative to other OECD countries. Despite levels of household net adjusted disposable income
More informationIn Defense of Majoritarianism
Carleton University, Ottawa March 2-4, 2017 In Defense of Majoritarianism Stanley L. Winer, Carleton University Conference Sponsor(s): Faculty of Public Affairs Partners: Presenting sponsor: Version /
More informationAssessing the impact of the Sentencing Council s Fraud, Bribery and Money Laundering Definitive Guideline
Assessing the impact of the Sentencing Council s Fraud, Bribery and Money Laundering Definitive Guideline Summary Analysis was undertaken to assess the impact on sentence outcomes of the Sentencing Council
More informationPublic Attitudes Survey Bulletin
An Garda Síochána Public Attitudes Survey Bulletin 2017 Research conducted by This bulletin presents key findings from the first quarter of the Public Attitudes Survey conducted between January and March
More informationThe Battleground: Democratic Perspective September 7 th, 2016
The Battleground: Democratic Perspective September 7 th, 2016 Democratic Strategic Analysis: By Celinda Lake, Daniel Gotoff, and Corey Teter As we enter the home stretch of the 2016 cycle, the political
More informationOPEN NEIGHBOURHOOD. Communicating for a stronger partnership: connecting with citizens across the Southern Neighbourhood
OPEN NEIGHBOURHOOD Communicating for a stronger partnership: connecting with citizens across the Southern Neighbourhood OPINION POLL SECOND WAVE REPORT Spring 2017 A project implemented by a consortium
More informationElectoral Reform Questionnaire Field Dates: October 12-18, 2016
1 Electoral Reform Questionnaire Field Dates: October 12-18, 2016 Note: The questions below were part of a more extensive survey. 1. A [ALTERNATE WITH B HALF-SAMPLE EACH] All things considered, would you
More informationFairbank, Maslin, Maullin & Associates
!! Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin & Associates Opinion Research & Public Policy Analysis TO: FROM: Interested Parties David Metz Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin & Associates Lori Weigel Public Opinion Strategies
More informationTHE 2015 REFERENDUM IN POLAND. Maciej Hartliński Institute of Political Science University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
East European Quarterly Vol. 43, No. 2-3, pp. 235-242, June-September 2015 Central European University 2015 ISSN: 0012-8449 (print) 2469-4827 (online) THE 2015 REFERENDUM IN POLAND Maciej Hartliński Institute
More informationStudies in Applied Economics
SAE./No.95/December 2017 Studies in Applied Economics AN EXAMINATION OF THE FORMER CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMIES 25 YEARS AFTER THE FALL OF COMMUNISM By James D. Gwartney and Hugo Montesinos Johns Hopkins
More informationPublic Attitudes Survey Bulletin
An Garda Síochána Public Attitudes Survey Bulletin 218 Research conducted by This bulletin presents high level findings from the second quarter of the Public Attitudes Survey conducted between April and
More informationAfrica Integrity Indicators Country Findings
Integrity Indicators Country Findings Who is Global Integrity? Global Integrity supports progress toward open and accountable governance in countries and communities around the world. We focus on generating
More informationCitizen Opinion Survey
Citizen Opinion Survey EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Conducted for Sarasota County Dr. Susan A. MacManus Department of Government and International Affairs University of South Florida Tampa, Florida EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
More informationElection Observation Mission Slovak Republic September 1998
PA THE ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY ODIHR COUNCIL OF EUROPE PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY CONSEIL DE L'EUROPE ASSEMBLÉE PARLEMENTAIRE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Election
More informationPENNSYLVANIA: UNCERTAIN DEM EDGE IN CD07
Please attribute this information to: Monmouth University Poll West Long Branch, NJ 07764 www.monmouth.edu/polling Follow on Twitter: @MonmouthPoll Released: Thursday, September 13, Contact: PATRICK MURRAY
More informationHow s Life in Sweden?
How s Life in Sweden? November 2017 On average, Sweden performs very well across the different well-being dimensions relative to other OECD countries. In 2016, the employment rate was one of the highest
More informationPublic Attitudes Survey Bulletin
An Garda Síochána Public Attitudes Survey Bulletin 218 Research conducted by This bulletin presents high level findings from the third quarter of the Public Attitudes Survey conducted between July and
More informationANNUAL SURVEY REPORT: REGIONAL OVERVIEW
ANNUAL SURVEY REPORT: REGIONAL OVERVIEW 2nd Wave (Spring 2017) OPEN Neighbourhood Communicating for a stronger partnership: connecting with citizens across the Eastern Neighbourhood June 2017 TABLE OF
More informationElectoral Reform Proposal
Electoral Reform Proposal By Daniel Grice, JD, U of Manitoba 2013. Co-Author of Establishing a Legal Framework for E-voting 1, with Dr. Bryan Schwartz of the University of Manitoba and published by Elections
More information