British Imperialism,

Transcription

1 British Imperialism, RJ. Cain and A.G. Hopkins ^ ^345134^ Second Edition An imprint of Pearson Education Harlow, England London New York Reading, Massachusetts San Francisco Toronto Don Mills, Ontario Sydney Tokyo - Singapore Hong Kong Seoul Taipei Cape Town - Madrid Mexico City Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan

2 Contents List of Tables and Maps Extracts from Reviews Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Note on Sources Acknowledgements Abbreviations xi xiii xvii xix xxi xxii xxiii Foreword The Continuing Debate on Empire 1 PART ONE: Introduction, The Problem and the Context 23 The historiographical setting 24 The argument 34 Gentility and the market 38 The evolution of the gentlemanly order 43 The manufacturing interest 50 The terms of the trade: expansion and imperialism 53 Ideology and methodology 57 Conclusion Prospective: Aristocracy, Finance and Empire, Historiographical perspectives 62 The financial revolution: private interests and public virtues 66 The evolution of the military-fiscal state 76 Exporting the Revolution Settlement 87 Conclusion 100

3 British Imperialism, PART TWO: The Gentlemanly Order, 'Something Peculiar to England': The Service Sector, Wealth and Power, Economic growth 107 Agricultural decline 109 Industry after The service sector 112 The new gendemanly capitalists 114 The City of London and gentlemanly capitalism 121 Industry, provincialism and power 127 Gentlemanly capitalism and politics 129 Appendix One: Economic interests and occupations of Members of Parliament, vi 4. Gentlemanly Capitalism and Economic Policy: City, Government and the 'National Interest', Gladstonian finance 135 Gladstonianism, the Bank of England and the gold standard 137 The City of London and the national interest 141 The Baring Crisis and its resolution 145 Industry and economic policy 148 City and government in the nineteenth century 'The Great Emporium': Foreign Trade and Invisible Earnings, Commodity trade and foreign competition 151 Trade in services 158 Foreign investments 161 Commerce, finance and free trade Two Nations? Foreign Investment and the Domestic Economy, The City and foreign investment 167 Foreign investment and industry 174 Foreign investment and economic growth 178 Foreign investment and gendemanly capitalism Challenging Cosmopolitanism: The Tariff Problem and Imperial Unity, Free trade and empire unity 185 Chamberlain and protectionism 190 Industry, the City and free trade 194 Cosmopolitanism and industrial decline 199 Appendix Two: Manufacturing interests in Parliament,

4 Contents PART THREE: The Wider World, 'An Extension of the Old Society': Britain and the Colonies of Settlement, The international economy and the new world 205 Political liberty and financial dependence 209 Australasia 216 Canadian unity and British finance 228 Britain and the white empire after Calling the New World into Existence: South America, A continental perspective 245 Argentina 252 Brazil 260 Chile 267 The spread of informal influence 'Meeting her Obligations to her English Creditors': India, Interpretations of the imperial purpose 275 Prelude, The extension of the gentlemanly order 284 Financial imperatives and British rule 'The Imperious and Irresistible Necessity': Britain and the Partition of Africa, Britain's first development plan for Africa 305 The occupation of Egypt 312 Crisis and war in South Africa 318 Selective acquisitions: tropical Africa 327 From partition to paramountcy 'We Offer Ourselves as Supporters': The Ottoman Empire and Persia, The Ottoman Empire: from free trade to foreign management 342 Persia: financial diplomacy with limited finance 351 Management without development 'Maintaining the Credit-Worthiness of the Chinese Government': China, Experiments with informal influence, The scramble for China, The new financial empire 377

5 British Imperialism, PART FOUR: Redividing the World Britain, Germany and 'Imperialist' War, The economics of foreign policy 383 Marxist theory and World War I 386 Anglo-German rivalry and its effects Retrospect: PART FIVE: The Empire in the Twentieth Century The Imperialist Dynamic: From World War I to Decolonisation 405 PART SIX: The Gentlemanly Order, 'The Power of Constant Renewal': Services, Finance and the Gentlemanly Elite, Manufacturing, services and the south-east 411 Finance and industry after Wealth and power between the wars Industry, the City and the Decline of the International Economy, Commodity trade 428 The City and invisibles Upholding Gentlemanly Values: The American Challenge, Industry, the state, and war, The impact of the United States 449 The return to gold 453 The financial crisis, 'A Latter-Day Expression of Financial Imperialism': The Origins of the Sterling Area, Financial crisis and economic orthodoxy 464 Financial imperialism without gold 470 The coming of the Pax Americana 478 PART SEVEN: The Wider World, Maintaining Financial Discipline: The Dominions, The Australian debt crisis 494 Disciplining the Afrikaner 505 viii

6 Contents New Zealand breaks the shackles 511 Canada and sterling 514 Imperial preference and British finance 'A New Era of Colonial Ambitions': South America, A continental perspective 522 Argentina 527 Brazil 533 Chile 538 Debt-collecting and control in South America 'Financial Stability and Good Government': India, Patterns of trade and investment 543 The gentlemen of the Raj 546 The impact of World War I 548 The attempt to return to normality: the 1920s 551 Economic crisis and political advance: the 1930s 554 War, finance and independence 559 Holding India to the Empire 'Playing the Game' in Tropical Africa, Trade, finance and economic policy: an overview 567 Trusteeship and the trustees 570. World War I in tropical Africa 573 Development and control in the 1920s 575 Imposing and reappraising orthodoxy: the 1930s 583 Colonial rule with limited supplies of capital 'The Only Great Undeveloped Market in the World': China, Trade and finance: an overview 594 Strategy and strategists 596 Revolution, war and war-lords, Maintaining British influence: the 1920s 600 Forging a new partnership: the 1930s 606 Towards Safeguarding British interests in an age of revolution 614 PART EIGHT: Losing an Empire and Finding a Role, The City, the Sterling Area and Decolonisation 619 The survival of the gendemanly order 620 International economic policy, ix

7 British Imperialism, The empire in war and reconstruction 627 The Sterling Area: the final phase, Global economic change and the end of empire 635 Epilogue: the City in the post-imperial world Conclusion: Bases of the analysis 645 The historical argument 648 The wider context 655 Afterword Empires and Globalization 661 The history of globalization 662 From proto-globalization to modern globalization 668 The era of post-colonial globalization 678 Maps 683 Index 706