WAR OF WORDS AM) IDEOLOGY

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1 NATO and tho Warsaw Pact EMPHASIS OX - "SKTTINC THli; STACK" I. Analyze how the war ended off in the European "fheatre >^ ^ummauze. elements of the Yalta Confe rence and list the Allied leaders in attendance [discuss the purpose Marshall flan and "fruman [doctrine in regards to the C J v 5 v 5 - K - 2 /\nalijzc how the war ended off in the pacific HThcatre ^ Summarize the elements of the f otsdam [declaration and list the /AiHi^d leaders in attendance C^iscuss the purpose of "Article^" in regards to Japan and how it helped their economt^budgct. 5. E_><amine the purpose and function of international organizations and alliances such as: ^ The United Nations (The U N ) ^ The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( N A T O ) ^^ The Warsaw fact +. [^escribe how the term "^3L'pcr f owers" relate to the (_Jnitcd ^tates (l 9"^^) and the Soviet (Jniori (1 9+9) in relation to their procession development production- of nuclear weapons. ^. What is the "Iron Curtain"? WAR OF WORDS AM) IDEOLOGY THE UNITED STATES - S - THE SOVIET UNION USA USSR ALLIES TO ENEMIES FRIENDS TO FOES

2 Winston Churchill gove this speech ot Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri 1946, after receiving on honorary degree. He introduced the phrose "Iron Curtain" to describe the division between Western powers and the area controlled by the Soviet Union. As such the speech marks the onset of the Cold War. "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warxiw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia: all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow'... " Twice the United States has had to send several millions of its young men across the A tiantic to figh t the wars. But now we all can find any nation, wherever it may dwell, between dusk and dawn. Surely we should work with conscious purpose for a grand pacification of Europe within the structure of the United Nations and in accordance with our Charter". In this famous address to Congress, President Trumon stressed the duty of the United States to combot totolitarian regimes worldwide. His March 12, 1947, speech specificolly called for $400 million in aid to be delivered to Greece and Turkey, both of which he suspected were threatened by possible communist insurrections. Congiress responded to Truman's appeal by allocating both the requested financial aid and U.S. troops to administer the postwar reconstruction. "The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread andgrow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive... The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms...if we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own nation.'

3 Tlili: 0L» WAR E = MC MA^IL\liAX PROJECT at Los Alomos, New Mexico OAK RIlMiK, TKXiMiSSlili Albert Einstein Enrico Fermi Robert Oppenhimer lllimty TEST IIIUOSIIIMA 0 NAGASAKI I HAVK BlU^OMH DEATH, THE DESTUOYUR OF MOULDS

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11 Above all, [the government]... will have to take the control of industry and of all branches of production out of the hands of... competing individuals, and instead institute a system as a whole, that is for the common account [good], according to a common plan, and with the participation of all members of society. It will... abolish [eliminate] competition.... Private property must therefore be abolished. Friedrich Engels, Principles of Communism Who controls the means of production and all property in a communist system? [i] What happens to competition in a commimist system? [i] masses of laborers... crowded into factories. They are slaves of the machine and the manufacturer Instead of rising as industry progresses, diey sink deeper and deeper into poverty... ^ Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto )/ According to Marx and Engels, what was the effect of the capitalist factory system? [i] I Andrei, his wife, his father, and [his] elder son all have to work on the collective farmlands... He is not stupid and sees that almost all the produce ends up in the hands of the Government. The local Communist party boss is always coming back... for more and more. Andrei and his family know ahead of time that they are going to get [a] very small return for working on the collectivized fields. Naturally this conditions [changes] their attitudes. They are constantly on a sort of slow-down strike... y T. P. Whitney, 'The Russian Peasant Wars on the Kremlin," 1954 / ^ 0 Why are Andrei and his family slowing down the pace of their work? [i] T 1

12 Capitalists are rich people who own factories and have lots of money and workers... A factory can belong to one person in Capitalism but in [Communism] it belongs to the government.... I am for the idea of [Communism]. It seems to me that you have more of an opportunity to hve well. You won't lose your job in [Communism]... I've heard about the unemployment problem in America. People can't find any kind of job... That's the way we heard about it that [in] the West, unemployment, everything there is bad, a real mess. ^ J Describe the speaker's point of view about capitalism. [i] "Katia," a 16-year-old ninth grader from Moscow, 1980's Wealth brings with it its own checks and balances. The basis of [a capitahst] economy is noninterference [by the government]. The only safe rule is foimd in the selfadjusting meter of demand and supply. Open the doors of opportunity to talent and virtue and they will do themselves justice, and property will not be in bad hands. In a fi-ee and just commonwealth [society], property rushes from the idle [non-woridng] and imbecile [fool] to the industrious [hard working], brave and persevering [dedicated]. / ^Adapted from Ralph Waldo Emerson According to the author, why is capitalism successfiil? [i] \

13 Stalin's first Five-Year Plan, adopted by the party in 1928, called for rapid industrialization of the economy, with an emphasis on heavy industry. It set goals that were unrealistic a 250 percent increase in overall industrial development and a 330 percent expansion in heavy industry alone. All industry and services were nationalized, managers were given predetermined output quotas by central planners, and trade unions were converted into mechanisms for increasing worker productivity.... the Socialist way... is to set up collective farms and state farms which leads to the joining together of the small peasant farms into large collective farms, technically and scientifically equipped, and to the squeezing out of the capitaust elements firom agriculture.... What was Stalin's economic policy toward industry? [i] What was Stalin's economic poficy toward agriculture? [i] The [communist] worker's standard of hving is raised by several benefits the government provides. He receives free medical care. He does not have to worry about being unemployed. Old and disabled people receive social insurance.... The government also provides nurseries and kindergartens for the children of working mothers.... Harry Schwartz, The New York Times, 1952 Based on this document, identify two ways that the worker's standard of living is improved in a communist economy. [2]. ^

14 ...Stalin came to power after Lenin's death in 1924, inheriting a government that was still struggling to control an unwieldy empire. The new premier [leader] soon turned his attention toward Ukraine, the largest and most troublesome of the non-russian Soviet republics. The Ukrainians were a fiercely independent people, given to ignoring directives from Moscow and stubbornly maintaining their indixddualistic, agrarian way of life. That independent spirit made tliem a problem. At a time when Stalin wanted to build a strong industrial base, they clung to their rural peasant traditions. At a time when he wanted to abolish private ownership of land, they refused to surrender their farms. In short, the Ukrainians had become a threat to the revolution... / Source: Linda Jacobs Aitman, Genocide: The Systematic Killing of a People. Enslow Publisliers ^ What was one way in which the Ukrainian people were a threat to Stalin's power according to Linda Jacobs Aitman? [l] _ 1 1 In 1929, Stalin's policy of all-out collectivization had disastrous effects on agricultural productivity. He increased the amount of grain to be exported from Ukraine. This action resulted in famine among the Ukrainian peasants and resistance among the landowners. Addendum to the minutes of [December 6, 1932] Politburo [meeting] No. 93. The Council of People's Commissars and tlie Central Committee resolve: To place the following villages on the black Hst for overt disruption of the grain collection plan and for maucious sabotage, organized by kulak [wealthy Ukrainian farmers] and counterrevolutionary elements:... The following measures should be undertaken with respect to these villages: 1. Immediate cessation [stoppage] of delivery of goods, complete suspension of cooperative and state trade in the villages, and removal of all available goods from cooperative and state stores... The Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee call upon all collective and private farmers who are honest and dedicated to Soxdet rule to organize all their efforts for a merciless struggle against kulaks and their accomplices in order to: defeat in their villages the kulak sabotage of grain collection; fulfill honestly and conscientiously their grain collection obligations to the Soviet authorities; and strengthen collective farms. CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S COMMISSARS OF THE UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC V. CHUBAR. SECRETARY OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY (BOLSHEVIK) OF UKRAINE S. KOSIOR. 6 December Source: Soviet Archives Exhibit, Library of Congress (adapted) According to this document, what was one action the So\d.et government proposed to enforce its policies of collectivization and grain quotas? [l]

15 This is an excerpt from a speech given by Dr Oleh W. Gerus in 2001 at the unveiling of a monument in Manitoba, Canada, to the victims of the famine-genocide in Ukraine....What have been the historical consequences of the Great Famine-Genocide? By ravaging the country side, the famine not only destroyed millions of innocent human beings estimates range from 4 to 10 million but also retarded [slowed] by generations the natural evolution [development] of Ukrainian nationhood. The traditional Ukrainian values of hope, individualism and hard work disappeared. Fear, apathy and alcoholism became the hallmarks of the collective farm. Cities of Ukraine remained bastions [strongholds] of Russification. In general, the traumatized survivors found themselves voiceless cogs in the huge bureaucratic machine that the Soviet Union had become... Source: Dr Oleh W. Gerus, "The Great Ukrainian Famine-Genocide," Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies, University of Manitoba, August 4, 2001 (adapted) What were two consequences of the great famine-genocide in Ukraine according to Oleh W. Gerus? [2]. 1 Free Enterprise Five Year Plan Is capitahsm or communism associated with these 1930s Five-Year Plans? [1] }g Which system does the cartoon suggest is more successful at meeting the agricultural needs of people? [1] 1