Rural Politics in India
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1 Rural Politics in India Political Stratification and Governance in West Bengal D a y a b a t i R o y
2 Cambridge House, 4381/4 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi , India Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. Information on this title: / This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2014 Printed in India A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Raya, Dayabati. Rural politics in India : political stratification and governance in West Bengal /. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Examines the everyday politics of rural India and tries to validate the analytical frameworks available for studying the social and political phenomena -- Provided by publisher. ISBN (hardback) 1. West Bengal (India)--Politics and government. 2. Rural development--india--west Bengal. I. Title. JQ379.5.A58R dc ISBN Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
3 Contents List of Tables List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements v vii ix 1. Introduction Land, Development and Politics in West Bengal Changing Landscape of Two Villages in West Bengal Seeing the State and Governance in the Grassroots Party and Politics at the Margin A Narrative of Peasant Resistance: Land, Party and the State Caste and Power in Rural Context Women and Caste: In Struggle and in Governance Conclusion: A New Kind of Peasant Mobilization? 235 Glossary 255 References 259 Index 269
4
5 List of Tables 2.1 Pattern of Landholding Distribution According to Size Class ( ) Pattern of Landholding Distribution According to Size Class ( ) Rate of Growth of Foodgrain Production ( ) Percentage of SCs STs among the Pattadars and Bargadars Percentage of Gram Panchayat Seats According to Landholding Size Class Percentage of Women and SCs STs among Total Gram Panchayat Seats Percentage of Gram Panchayats with Women and SCs STs Pradhans Number and Percentage of Gram Panchayat Seats Won Uncontested Distribution of Households According to Social Groups Distribution of Households According to Different Landholding Class (caste and religion wise) Percentage of Households Belonging to Different Social Groups in Each Landholding Size Class Average Village Agricultural Land in the Hands of Different Social Groups Distribution and Percentage of Households as Per Landholding Size Classes in Different Social Groups Distribution and Percentage of Households in Each Social Group According to their Primary Occupation 60
6 vi List of Tables 3.7 Distribution of Households in Each Social Group According to their Secondary Occupation Distribution of Households According to Different Castes Distribution of Households According to Different Landholding Classes (caste wise) Percentage of Households in Different Landholding Classes (caste wise) Average Village Agricultural Landholding in the Hands of Different Social Groups Caste-wise Distribution and Percentage of Households (land size wise) Caste-wise Distribution and Percentage of Sharecroppers 71
7 List of Abbreviations ABPTA AIKS APL BDO BJP BPL CPI CPI(M) DM DVC DYFI EAA FB GC GoWB ha HYV ICDS IRDP JDP km LRA MLA MTA NGOs NREGA NREP NSSO OBC PRIs RSP All Bengal Primary Teachers Association All India Krishak Sabha Above the Poverty Line Block Development Office Bharatiya Janata Party Below the Poverty Line Communist Party of India Communist Party of India (Marxist) District Magistrate Damodar Valley Corporation Democratic Youth Federation of India Estate Acquisition Act Forward Block General Caste Government of West Bengal Hectare High-yielding Variety Integrated Child Development Scheme Integrated Rural Development Programme Jharkhand Disam Party Kilometres Land Reform Act Member of Legislative Assembly Mother Teacher Association Non-governmental Organizations National Rural Employment Guarantee Act National Rural Employment Programme National Sample Survey Office Other Backward Castes Panchayati Raj Institutions Revolutionary Socialist Party
8 viii List of Abbreviations SALC SC SCP SDP SEZs SHG SIPRD SSA ST STWs SUCI TMC TSP UC UEE VDC VEC WEMs WIDER Save Agricultural Land Committee Scheduled Caste Special Component Programme State Domestic Product Special Economic Zones Self Help Group State Institute of Panchayats and Rural Development Sarva Siksha Abhiyan Scheduled Tribe Shallow Tube Wells Socialist Unity Centre of India Trinamul Congress Tribal Sub-plan Utilization Certificate Universal Elementary Education Village Development Committee Village Education Committee Water-extracting Machines World Institute for Development of Economics and Research
9 Acknowledgements A keen interest in the changing contours of the rural society of West Bengal during the last couple of decades led me to pursue this research project. To Prof. Partha Chatterjee, I owe my academic debts; I am extremely grateful to him for intellectual inspiration and for taking out time to discuss and shape my research questions. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Gautam Bhadra, Prof. Manabi Majumdar, late Dr Anjan Ghosh and Partha Sarathi Banerjee for their useful suggestions and comments at the preparatory stage of my research. The intellectual motivation of Prof. Manabi Majumdar has enabled me to continue this research with great enthusiasm. She has meticulously gone through various drafts of the manuscript and always insisted on lucidity and clarity; I am indebted to her for her critical comments. My deep gratitude and thanks to Dr Surajit C. Mukhopadhyay who encouraged me to be mindful of alternative perspectives and instilled a rigour that helped me to develop a balanced approach to issues. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to two anonymous reviewers for their critical comments and suggestions on the initial draft of my manuscript and Prof. Pradip Kumar Dutta, Prof. Ranabir Samaddar, Dr Ravinder Kaur and Dr Peter B. Andersen for providing valuable feedback. The Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta (CSSSC) was kind enough to grant me the ICSSR Doctoral Fellowship and the faculty members of the CSSSC and the Department of Sociology, the University of Burdwan provided insightful comments at my seminar presentations in these two institutions. Many thanks to the Department of International Development Studies, Roskilde University, Denmark for awarding me the Guest PhD Fellowship and enabling me to exchange my ideas and research findings with the faculty and students. My heartfelt thanks to Prof. Pamela Price and Prof. Arild E. Ruud of the University of Oslo, Norway for inviting me to present my research papers in an International Workshop and in an International Conference, held in Oslo and Trondheim, respectively. The postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark helped me complete
10 Acknowledgements x major revisions to this manuscript. The Asian Dynamics Initiative (ADI) of the University of Copenhagen was generous enough to grant me a travel fund to revisit my field site in 2010 for preparing my manuscript. The editorial team of the Cambridge University Press was prompt and professional in their support to the publication process. Many friends and colleagues supported me and provided critical advice at different stages of research. I am indebted to Partha Sarathi Banerjee for his generous help in several ways to write this book. My parents, Krishna Roy and Biman Behari Roy, were the continuous source of inspiration and encouragement that has enabled me to complete this book. Above all, I express my deep sense of gratitude to those individuals who speak through the pages of this book in their own voices. They are not just the subjects of my observation but the ones who have shaped my understanding of rural India, through their wit and wisdom, generously giving me their time on numerous occasions.
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