Chapter 27: The Cold War

Transcription

1 Chapter 27: The Cold War

2 Origins of the Cold War

3 The Costs of World War 2 Human Costs 600,000 Americans die in the fighting in Europe and the Pacific 800,000 wounded Monetary Costs $330 billion (10x what WWI cost) Federal spending increased 1000% between 1939 and 1945 National debt rises to $250 billion, 5x debt of 1941

4 Postwar prosperity The United States did not fully demobilize after the war. The economy boomed as we spent on colossal military projects: 1. Korean War 2. Defense spending 3. Aerospace industry 4. Technological research American Defense Budget [ ]

5 Superpower Tensions The U.S. had waited until 1933, to recognize the U.S.S.R. The U.S. and Britain had delayed to open up a second front during World War II The U.S. and Britain had frozen the Soviets out of developing the atomic bomb The U.S and Britain had disagreed with the Soviets about how Eastern Europe should be governed after the war. Stalin wanted a buffer zone!

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7 Israel and the Middle East Israel is recognized on May 14, 1948, despite heavy Arab opposition and despite the fact that those same Arabs controlled the oil supplies in the Middle East.

8 Allied Occupation of Germany America knew that an economically healthy Germany was indispensable to the recovery of all of Europe, but Russia, fearing another blitzkrieg, wanted huge reparations from Germany.

9 War Crimes Germany- The Nuremberg Trials of punished 22 top culprits of the Holocaust. Tokyo- 39 imperial officers were prosecuted for human rights abuses and causing the war. Both trials had lesser courts that prosecuted and imprisoned lesser offenders. What is shocking about Nuremberg is the ordinariness of the defendants: men who may be good fathers, kind to animals, even unassuming--yet committed unspeakable crimes. -Douglas O. Linder

10 Reconstruction in Asia- American Occupation of Japan General Douglas MacArthur headed reconstruction/occupation in Japan. Americanized ideas were adopted such as: democratic elections; basic civil liberties; unionization of labor; land reform; and the Japanese Constitution itself, particularly Article 9 outlawing war and guarding against remilitarization.

11 Collapse of the Peace

12 Germany was divided into four occupied zones controlled by the Allied Powers.

13 In March 1948 the U.S.S.R. choked off all air and railway access to Berlin- trying to starve the Allies out. However, the Allies organized the massive Berlin Airlift to feed the people of Berlin, and in May 1949, the Soviets stopped their blockade of Berlin.

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15 In 1948, after the Berlin Crisis started, the U.S. joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which considered an attack on one NATO member an attack on all. 1. In response, the U.S.S.R. formed its own alliance system: the Warsaw Pact. 2. NATO s membership grew to fourteen with the 1952 admissions of Greece and Turkey, and now represents 28 nations.

16 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) United States Belgium Britain Canada Denmark France Iceland Italy Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Portugal 1952: Greece & Turkey 1955: West Germany 1982: Spain 1999: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland 2004: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia 2009: Albania & Croatia

17 Warsaw Pact (1955) U. S. S. R. Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Disbanded in 1991

18 United Nations U.S., U.S.S.R., Britain, China propose the U.N. in a meeting in 1944 Congress immediately accepts the idea of the U.N., unlike the League of Nations after WWI Delegates from 50 nations meet in San Francisco for eight weeks, draft the U.N. Charter U.S. joins on October 24, 1945

19 Churchill, no longer prime minister of England responded to Soviet aggression with the "Iron Curtain" speech in March 1946, declaring that the USSR's intended to control E. European and expand power throughout the world.

20 The Cold War Solidifies Truman soon adopted the containment policy, crafted by Soviet specialist George F. Kennan, which stated that firm containment of Soviet expansion would halt Communist power.

21 Truman Doctrine $400 million to help Greece and Turkey from falling into communist power. The doctrine said that the U.S. would aid any power fighting Communist aggression, an idea later criticized because the U.S. would often give money to dictators fighting communism.

22 Marshall Plan Implemented by Truman, it was a recovery effort that helped Western Europe recover in less than a decade. 1. This helped in the forming of the European Community (EC). 2. The plan sent $12.5 billion over four years to 16 cooperating nations to aid in recovery

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24 America Reacts The 1947 National Security Act created the Department of Defense. - Started construction on Pentagon - Secretary of Defense position - Formed the National Security Council (NSC) - And the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

25 Arms Race September of Truman announced that the Soviets had exploded their first atomic bomb The U.S. exploded the hydrogen bomb and the Soviets followed suit a year later This starts the escalating arms race of the Cold War.

26 Fear of Nuclear War Growing fear of nuclear capabilities leads to social anxiety about the Soviets using a bomb on the U.S. We start Civil Defense patrols, build underground bomb shelters, and teach children to Duck and Cover

27 American Society and Politics after the War

28 Domestic Affairs after the War Inflation shot up with the release of price controls, while the GNP sank, and labor strikes swept the nation. In retaliation, Congress passed the Taft- Hartley Act, which outlawed closed shops (closed to non-union members), made unions liable for damages from strikes, and required that union leaders take non-communist oaths. It was the opposite of the Wagner Act of the New Deal, and was a strike against labor unions.

29 U.S. Veterans Congress passed the Servicemen s Readjustment Act of 1944, better known as the GI Bill of Rights 1. Helps G.I.'s get college education. 2. Pays for continued medical care. 3. Provides low cost mortgages.

30 Women in the workforce after the War Women left the workforce in large numbers. About 1/3 of women wanted to keep working their same jobs but were excluded from industrial jobs because they were needed by returning GI s. Some shifted to jobs in other areas of the economy.

31 Civil Rights Truman was defeated by Congress (his Dixiecrat opponents) on every Civil Rights measure he proposed.

32 Civil Rights On the issue of racial discrimination, Truman managed to begin dismantling segregation within the armed forces. October 29, 1947: The President's Committee on Civil Rights issues its landmark report, To Secure These Rights. The report condemns segregation wherever it exists and criticizes specifically segregation in the armed forces. The report recommends legislation and administrative action "to end immediately all discrimination and segregation based on race, color, creed or national origin in...all branches of the Armed Services."

33 Election of 1948 Republicans nominated Thomas E. Dewey to the 1948 ticket, while Democrats were forced to choose Truman again when warhero Dwight D. Eisenhower refused to be chosen. Truman s nomination split the Democratic Party, as Southern Dems ( Dixiecrats ) nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of SC on a State s Rights Party ticket.

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35 With the Democrats totally disorganized, Dewey seemed destined for a super-easy victory Truman won, getting 303 electoral votes to Dewey s 189. And to make things better, the Democrats won control of Congress again. Truman received critical support from farmers, workers, and African- Americans.

36 Truman Dewey Thurmond % - 45% - 2.4%

37 At home, Truman outlined a sweeping Fair Deal program, which called for improved housing, full employment, a higher minimum wage, better farm price supports, a new Tennessee Valley Authority, and an extension of Social Security. 1. He did raise the minimum wage 2. Provide public housing in the Housing Act of Expanded old-age insurance to more beneficiaries with the Social Security Act of 1950.

38 He had opponents in both the Democratic and Republican Parties and much of the Fair Deal was rejected.

39 Korean War

40 Revolution in Asia In China the communist forces, led by Mao Zedong, defeated the nationalist forces, led by Chiang Kai-shek, who then fled to the island of Formosa (Taiwan) in Critics accused Truman of not supporting the nationalists enough and allowing the most populous nation in the world to fall to Communism.

41 The Korean War: A Police Action ( ) When Russian and American forces withdrew from Korea they left the place full of weapons and with rival regimes (communist North and democratic South). North Koreans were well-supplied militarily by the Soviets. In contrast, the U.S. had not built up the South Korean army nearly as much. Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee

42 On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces suddenly invaded South Korean, taking the South Koreans by surprise and pushing them dangerously south toward Pusan.

43 Truman sprang to action, and ordered U.S. military spending to be quadrupled, as desired by the National Security Council Memorandum Number 68, or NSC-682. Truman also used a Soviet absence from the U.N. to label North Korea as an aggressor and send U.N. troops to fight against the aggressors. Empty seat at the Security Council for the Soviet Representative.

44 He also ordered General MacArthur s Japan-based troops to Korea, without a Congressional declaration of war, he called it a police action

45 General MacArthur landed a brilliant invasion behind enemy forces at Inchon on September 15, 1950, and drove the North Koreans back across the 38th parallel, towards China and the Yalu River. An overconfident MacArthur boasted that he d have the boys home by Christmas, but in Nov 1950, Chinese volunteers flooded across the border and pushed the South Koreans back to the 38th parallel.

46 The Shifting Map of Korea [ ]

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48 "We've been using more of a roundish one" MacArthur and Defense Secretary George Marshall provided conflicting testimonies to Congress. MacArthur continued to propose more aggressive tactics against communist China. Marshall argued that MacArthur's tactics would draw the United States into a third world war.

49 MacArthur wanted to blockade China and bomb Manchuria, but Truman didn t want to enlarge the war. MacArthur began to publicly criticize Truman and spoke of using atomic weapons. Harry had no choice but to remove him from command on grounds of insubordination. MacArthur returned to cheers while Truman was scorned as a pig, an imbecile, an appeaser to communist Russia and China, and a Judas.

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51 In July 1951, truce discussions began but immediately snagged over the issue of prisoner exchange. Talks dragged on for two more years as men continued to die. A war of attrition, U.S firepower pitted against Chinese manpower, ended with a cease fire in 1953.

52 Consequences of the Korean War: U.S. military and South Korean armies have manned a fortified cease fire line to this date (2016). Korea was devastated by the war. Millions of lives were lost. Unification of Korea was postponed indefinitely. U.S. changed its policy towards Vietnam, beginning to give aid to the French.

53 The Domino Theory If one country falls to communism, it is likely that its neighbors will too.

54 Crusade against Subversion

55 2 nd Red Scare Truman signs Executive Order 9835 in a Federal employee loyalty program. An anti-communist witch hunt was in full force by the Loyalty Review Boards, which investigated more than 3 million federal employees Resignations and firings. The attorney general also drew up a list of 90 organizations that were potentially not loyal to the U.S., and none was given the opportunity to defend itself.

56 Truman vetoed the McCarran Internal Security Bill, which would ve let the president arrest and detain suspicious people during an internal security emergency. Membership lists and financial statements were required from communist organizations. The president was given broad powers to detain potential enemies. Truman said the bill was "the greatest danger to freedom of speech, press, and assembly since the Alien and Sedition Laws of 1798 but it was passed over his veto.

57 The House of Representatives had, in 1938 established the House Un- American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) to investigate subversion 1948, committee member Richard M. Nixon prosecuted Alger Hiss, accused of disloyalty by Whittaker Chambers, a confessed Soviet spy. Hiss sued Chambers for libel, but was himself convicted of perjury in 1950 Democrats, many of whom supported Hiss, were seen as soft on communism More hearings result

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59 In 1949, 11 communists were brought to a New York jury for violating the Smith Act of 1940, which had been the first peacetime anti-sedition law since They were convicted, sent to prison, and their conviction was upheld by the 1951 case Dennis v. United States. Dennis did not have a right under the 1 st Amendment to exercise free speech if it was part of a conspiracy to overthrow the government.

60 In February 1950, Joseph R. McCarthy burst upon the scene, charging that there were 205 communists in the State Department. He couldn t prove it, and many American began to fear that this red chase was going too far; after all, how could there be freedom of speech if saying communist ideas got one arrested?

61 McCarthy s Evidence?

62 The Rosenberg Trial In 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were brought to trial, convicted, and executed of selling nuclear secrets to the Russians. 1. Their sensational trial, the widespread protests of their execution, and the sympathy for their two children began to sober American zeal for red hunting.

63 The couple were the only two American civilians to be executed for espionage-related activity during the Cold War. In imposing the death penalty, Judge Kaufman noted that he held them responsible not only for espionage but also for the deaths of the Korean War: I consider your crime worse than murder...i believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-Bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason.

64 Army- McCarthy McCarthy finally went too far in the 1954 Army-McCarthy hearings, which were among the first to be televised nationally. In the course of testimony McCarthy submitted evidence that was identified as fraudulent

65 March 7, 1954: Relax He Hasn t Got To You Yet Washington Post

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