Manifest Destiny and Enlarging the Nation State Ante Bellum

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1 Name: Class Period: Manifest Destiny and Enlarging the Nation State Ante Bellum APUSH Guide for American Pageant chapter 17 and AMSCO chapter 12 Directions Print document and take notes in the spaces provided. Read through the guide before you begin reading the chapter. This step will help you focus on the most significant ideas and information as you read. This guide can earn bonus points PLUS the right to correct a quiz for ½ points back. AMSCO: begin reading on page 221 Pageant: begin on page 370 Goals: Was Manifest Destiny about creating an Empire for Liberty or and Empire for Slavery? How and why did the United States expand? Identify events within the expansion theme that also relate to sectionalism theme. Highlight Cues The idea of manifest destiny fueled the continued American expansion westward. Americans from the time of the Puritans spoke of America as a community with a divine mission and in the 1830s this notion of God s Plan developed into Manifest Destiny. Political leaders and Protestant missionary organizations fervently supported expansion. In 1845 Democratic newspaperman John O Sullivan wrote that the most critical need for America was the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. Americans began settling Oregon in the 1830s, travelling 6 months along the Oregon Trail to the Willamette Valley. In 1842, Ohio Valley settlers got Oregon Fever as stories of fur trading wealth and a mild climate circulated. Missionaries went to convert Native Americans, and by 1845 there were around 5,000 Americans living there. Britain controlled part of Oregon, and Americans cried Fifty-four or Fight in hopes of acquiring the entire area. It was not until Mr. Manifest Destiny himself entered the Oval Office, James K. Polk, that destiny helped the nation reach sea to shining sea. This included war. The Mexican-American War and all its territorial gains and slavery consequences pushed the country closer to Civil War. Ralph Waldo Emerson s words, Mexico will poison us. Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina said, Mexico is to us the forbidden fruit the penalty of eating it would be to subject our institutions to political death. Therefore one could say that the Civil War began in 1846.Do you agree? The President before Polk, Tyler, delayed expansion. Then Polk only served one term (by choice). In the election of 1848, Zachary Taylor won, mainly because he became a war hero during the Mexican-American War. He never talked about slavery during the campaign. The Free-Soil party (abolitionists) nominated Martin Van Buren, but he only won 10% of the vote. Before Polk: John Tyler Too Tyler: A President Without a Party: What were the issues? Why was he without a party? Whig/ Clay Proposal Tyler s Action Reaction of the Whigs End the independent treasury system Fiscal Bank Fiscal Institution Tariff Redrafted Tariff

2 Explain how and why the United States expanded during the Era of Manifest Destiny. Maine What were the causes and effects of the Aroostook War: Texas Explain how Texas entered the union: John O Sullivan, Annexation, It is now time for the opposition to the Annexation of Texas to cease, all further agitation of the waters of bitterness and strife, at least in connection with this question, --even though it may perhaps be required of us as a necessary condition of the freedom of our institutions, that we must live on for ever in a state of un-pausing struggle and excitement upon some subject of party division or other. But, in regard to Texas, enough has now been given to party. It is time for the common duty of Patriotism to the Country to succeed;--or if this claim will not be recognized, it is at least time for common sense to acquiesce with decent grace in the inevitable and the irrevocable. Texas is now ours. Already, before these words are written, her Convention has undoubtedly ratified the acceptance, by her Congress, of our proffered invitation into the Union; and made the requisite changes in her already republican form of constitution to adapt it to its future federal relations. Her star and her stripe may already be said to have taken their place in the glorious blazon of our common nationality; and the sweep of our eagle's wing already includes within its circuit the wide extent of her fair and fertile land. She is no longer to us a mere geographical space--a certain combination of coast, plain, mountain, valley, forest and stream. She is no longer to us a mere country on the map. Why, were other reasoning wanting, in favor of now elevating this question of the reception of Texas into the Union, out of the lower region of our past party dissensions, up to its proper level of a high and broad nationality, it surely is to be found, found abundantly, in the manner in which other nations have undertaken to intrude themselves into it, between us and the proper parties to the case, in a spirit of hostile interference against us, for the avowed object of thwarting our policy and hampering our power, limiting our greatness and checking the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. What is significant about this excerpt? What are the most powerful words? What significance does Texas have in American expansion?

3 Oregon Polk When and how did Spain and Russia give up its claims to Oregon? What made British claims to Oregon strong? What are examples of American exploration and occupation? What was the reason for joint occupation? Election of 1844 was significant, in terms of Manifest Destiny, because: What is significant about the Liberty Party? What was the result of the election of 1844, and how did Tyler respond? How did Mexico respond? Explain how Polk reached his goals: o lower Tariff of 1842 Walker Tariff of 1846: o restoration of the independent treasury Song Title: James K. Polk In 1844, the Democrats w ere split The three nominees for the presidential candidate Were Martin Van Buren, a former president and an abolitionist James Buchanan, a moderate Louis Cass, a general and expansionist From Nashville came a dark horse riding up He w as James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump Austere, sev ere, he held few people dear His oratory filled his foes w ith fear The factions soon agreed He's just the man w e need To bring about v ictory Fulfill our manifest destiny And annex the land the Mex icans command And w hen the v otes were cast the w inner was Mister James K. Polk, Napoleon of the Stump In four short y ears he met his every goal He seized the whole southwest from Mexico Made sure the tariffs fell And made the English sell the Oregon territory He built an independent treasury Hav ing done all this he sought no second term But precious few have mourned the passing of Mister James K. Polk, our eleventh president Young Hickory, Napoleon of the Stump Song by : They Might Be Giants o acquisition of California o settlement of Oregon dispute Mexico What was the main issue between U.S. and Mexico? What did John Slidell try to do and how did Mexico react? What were the reasons Polk asked to declare war on Mexico? Define spot resolutions: What was the main thing Polk wanted to get out from Mexico?

4 The Mastering of Mexico Leaders Actions Stephen W. Kearny John C. Fremont Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott Identify the main provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Profit and Loss in Mexico Positives of the War Negatives of the War Define the Wilmot Proviso and explain its significance: Define Ostend Manifesto and explain its significance: Define Walker Expedition and explain its significance: Define Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1858) and explain its significance: Define Gadsden Purchase and explain its significance:

5 Who Coined The Term? Here it is: John O Sullivan, "The Great Nation of Futurity," The American people having derived their origin from many other nations, and the Declaration of National Independence being entirely based on the great principle of human equality, these facts demons trate at once our disconnected position as regards any other nation; that we have, in reality, but little connection with the past history of any of them, and still less with all antiquity, its glories, or its crimes. On the contrary, our national birth was the beginning of a new history, the formation and progress of an untried political system, which separates us from the past and connects us with the future only; and so far as regards the entire development of the natural rights of man, in moral, politic al, and national life, we may confidently assume that our country is destined to be the great nation of futurity. Yes, we are the nation of progress, of individual freedom, of universal enfranchisement. Equality of rights is the cynosure of our union of States, the grand exemplar of the correlative equality of individuals; and while truth sheds its effulgence, we cannot retrograde, without dissolving the one and subverting the other. We must onward to the fulfillment of our mission -- to the entire development of the principle of our organization -- freedom of conscience, freedom of person, freedom of trade and business pursuits, universality of freedom and equality. This is our high destiny, and in nature's eternal, inevitable decree of cause and effect we must accomplish it. All this will be our future history, to establish on earth the moral dignity and salvation of man -- the immutable truth and beneficence of God. For this blessed mission to the nations of the world, which are shut out from the life-giving light of truth, has America been chosen; and her high example shall smite unto death the tyranny of kings, hierarchs, and oligarchs, and carry the glad tidings of peace and good will where myriads now endure an existence scarcely more enviable than that of beasts of the field. Who, then, can doubt that our country is destined to be the great nation of futurity? Label each significant piece of land and explain how America secured each part of our nation represented on the map below. Highlight or color each region a different color.