Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment Test Review

Transcription

1 Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment Test Review Global History II The authority figures (those in charge) during the s was the Roman Catholic Church and/or absolute monarchs. They came under attack during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment. Scientific Revolution-began in 1500 s -Major change in the way people thought about the physical universe challenged the RCC. -Instead of relying on previous thinkers/ideas, scientists began to question & experiment to learn about the physical world. They used reason or problem solving skills to address these issues. Nicolaus Copernicus- Galileo- - (1543) Polish Scientist proposed Heliocentric Model, that sun (not the earth) was the center of the universe. -Italian scientist/astronomer -Used a telescope to prove Heliocentric Model put on trial as a heretic as his ideas challenged the R.C. Church -Put on trial by the Inquisition & forced to take back his findings Francis Bacon- -stressed Scientific Method (see below) way to prove theory 1. State the Problem 2. Collect information about the problem 3. Form a Hypothesis 4. Experiment to Test Hypothesis 5. Record & Analyze Data 6. State a conclusion 7. Repeat Steps 1-6

2 Isaac Newton- -used math to show planets & their orbit controlled by a force called gravity. Enlightenment- -A movement in the 1600 s & 1700 s when thinkers challenged the accepted ideas about government (absolutism), economics and society in general. -Eventually led to Revolutions in the 1.Americas, 2. France and 3. Latin America. (Wanted the kinds of freedoms that Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, etc. wrote about) Thomas Hobbes- Horrible Hobbes -English Enlightenment thinker -believed people were nasty, selfish & greedy -Needed a strong (absolute ruler) to keep the people in line John Locke- Unlocked the Door to Democracy -English Enlightenment thinker-believed people are basically good -Believed all people are entitled to Natural Rights or else they have the right to overthrow the government. This is called the social contract. -Natural Rights-(John Locke) Rights you are born with: -Life -Liberty -Property Baron de Montesquieu- Three syllables, Three Branches -Enlightenment thinker-believed in separation of govt. powers in 3 branches - Checks and Balances -Each branch of govt. should have power to keep other 2 branches from abusing power.

3 Voltaire- The V is for Voice -Enlightenment thinker wrote Il Candide mocking upper classes -as a result was imprisoned -Advocated for freedom of speech and freedom of religion. -Censorship: when people are NOT permitted to freely speak, write and/or broadcast their ideas/words, etc. Jean Jacques Rousseau- Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. -French Enlightenment thinker -Believed that people were good, but corrupted by society -Said in a perfect society: the people (not the King) make and obey the laws Diderot s Encyclopedia- -Created a set of books with the most important Enlightenment ideas -Helped spread the Enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft- -Wrote A Vindication of Rights of Women -Hoped to achieve: -equal schooling for girls -some equal rights for women Adam Smith- $mith -The Father of Capitalism -Wrote A Wealth of Nations -Believed in Laissez Faire -for govt. to stay out of way of business, hands-off

4 -Free Market: When goods are bought and sold without govt. interference -Laws of supply & demand set prices (peoples wants/needs determine price) Salons- -Gatherings/parties given to discuss & spread Enlightenment ideas. Enlightened Despots- -Absolute Monarchs whose policies helped the people. Example: Catherine the Great created public schooling for boys and girls. Most peoples lives during the Enlightenment-didn t change much. -Especially peasants & serfs. -Could not read and write. The British Empire in the 1700 s -expanded/became powerful because: -island nation -strongest navy -industrialization -strong economy Constitution-defines and limits the power of government Declaration of Independence- took ideas from John Locke (Natural Rights) -July 4 th America s independence from Britain

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