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1 ANSWERS TO ACTIVITIES module1 Unit 1 Development ACTIVITY 1 1 Development is a process of change in a society, which should improve people s living conditions. (This is the simplest definition of development. We will look at it in more detail in the next sections.) 2 Advantages: health facilities workers can specialise more farmland the village is no longer isolated from the rest of the country; goods can be brought in from other areas Disadvantages: overpopulation, or depopulation pollution crime ACTIVITY 2 1 True 2 False 3 True 4 False 5 True 6 False 7 True 8 True 9 True 10 True ACTIVITY 3 Hint The names England, Britain and United Kingdom are often confused. England, Scotland and Wales form the island of Great Britain (or just Britain). The United Kingdom (or UK is Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British isles are Great Britain and Ireland (Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland). 1 A: Brazil, B: India, C: China, D: Kenya, E: Nigeria. 2 P: USA, Q: Japan, R: Germany, S: France, T: United Kingdom/ Great Britain. 3 India is in the northern hemisphere, but as a developing country, it is part of the South. 4 Australia or New Zealand 5 Russia is now considered part of the North, and China part of the South.

2 2 Module 1 Unit 1 ACTIVITY 4 This is the order in which you should have put the sentences: 4, 8, 6, 9, 2, 7, 1, 5, 3 ACTIVITY 5 1 US$3 000 billion = US$ ,9 million 2 US$1 540 billion = US$531 2,9 million 3 There is a small population in Namibia to share the US$1 578 million. In Kenya there are 29 million people, so its GNP of US$6,6 billion becomes much smaller when it is divided between all those people. 4 No, GNP per capita shows us how much people receive on average. If everyone received the same amount, then GNP per capita would show us what each person receives but we know that people do not receive an equal amount. ACTIVITY 6 middle GNP per capita Australia South Americans African lower than ACTIVITY 7 1 development 2 agriculture, industry, services 3 coal, oil, gas and electricity 4 TVs 5 employment ACTIVITY 8 Glossary immunisation an injection which prevents people from getting disease ACTIVITY 9 You may have put words in the blank spaces like hospitals, clinics, immunisation, maternity and infant care. You may also have put in some of the problems like disease, early death, AIDS and infection. There are lots of ideas you may have put down years = 31.6 years. 3 Germany: it has a low infant mortality rate of 4 per thousand and a high life expectancy of 78,1 years. 4 Zambia, where the infant mortality rate is 102 per thousand and the life expectancy is only 36,9 years. 5 Yes, because if a large number of infants die before they are one year old, this will result in the average age that the rest of the population will live being lowered. If infants are strong and healthy, fewer will die and more people will live longer.

3 NSSC Development Studies Answer Book 3 Glossary nutritious healthy 6 Here are some of our ideas; perhaps you thought of others: better health care for pregnant mothers and infants advice on nutrition and health for pregnant mothers on how to take care of themselves and their infants during and after pregnancy education for the young mother about things like immunisation and a nutritious diet 7 People s living conditions can be improved by providing them with better housing, food, education and health care. Healthier people live longer. 8 In general, the higher the GNP, the higher the life expectancy of a country s population. But there are other factors which improve life expectancy, including the state s investment in health care. 9 The life expectancy of Namibia s population will be much lower as a result of people dying of AIDS. ACTIVITY 10 Here are some of the things you may have written: schools; people can read and write; people are qualified for jobs; people understand their world better. ACTIVITY 11 1 You may have argued that Australia is a developed country and Kenya is a developing country, and that Australia s educational facilities are therefore much better than those in Kenya. Today, in many developing countries like Kenya, most children go to primary school, but far fewer children go to secondary school. 2 The fact that fewer children go on to secondary school can have a bad effect on development, because there are fewer educated and skilled people than in developed countries. ACTIVITY 12 1 You will have named many countries, including Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone, Chad, Zaire, Somalia, Uganda, Angola, Namibia and South Africa. 2 Conflict in South Africa was mainly caused by its political policy, apartheid. However, this policy saw its end in the 1990s when Nelson Mandela was released from prison and elected President in Civil war in Angola has resulted in the deaths and wounding of many people. Crops have been destroyed and development prevented. Hospitals, schools, buildings and communications have been damaged. 4 Yes. Namibia gained its independence in All three countries were occupied by colonial powers, Angola by Portugal, Namibia by Germany and South Africa by the Dutch and the British. Apartheid was forced on South Africa and Namibia. The majority of the populations in all these countries suffered as a result. Political rights were disregarded, and as a result there are now social and economic difficulties.

4 4 Module 1 Unit 1 ACTIVITY 13 Hint Remember always to write down the unit of measure (sq. km, US$ or whatever) when you are answering questions. You will lose marks in the exam if you leave this out sq. km (2 200 thousand sq. km) sq. km 3 Nigeria 4 It is the amount of forest which is lost, cut down, chopped down or destroyed 5 You may have mentioned three of the following reasons: land is being cleared for agriculture forestry is exploiting timber without replanting forest land is being cleared for mining forests are cleared for industry forests are cleared for building houses forests are being destroyed by war populations are increasing and need to use the land 6 Here is a list of possible bad effects; you might have thought of others: soil is left exposed to water and wind erosion rivers may become silted and river valleys flooded the removal of large areas of forest may result in climatic changes and contribute to global warming loss of wildlife desertification 7 You may have mentioned two of the following ways: replanting trees; creation of forest reserves; conservation; government intervention to prevent further loss of forest. Check your progress 1 a United Nations b Gross National Product c Less Economically Developed Countries d Newly industrialising countries or newly industrialised countries [4] 2 a Development is a process of growth and change which leads to improved living standards. [1] b Advantages: people are better off, improvements in health, and in education. Disadvantages: people living in rural areas may be neglected; towns and cities may become overcrowded; there may not be enough work for everyone; there may not be enough housing for everyone. [4] 3 a Clean water; enough food; adequate housing; health care; education. b Freedom of speech; security; equality before the law; fair trial; the right to vote. [8] 4 People move to areas where there are industries and development is occurring; people move to find employment. [1] 5 a The industrialised nations or the developed countries. b The developing countries. [2] 6 The high-income countries, the middle-income countries, the low-income countries. [3]

5 NSSC Development Studies Answer Book 5 7 Agriculture, industries and services [3] 8 a i The Gross National Product divided by the total population in other words, the average amount of wealth created by each person. [1] ii The number of years a newborn baby is likely to live. [1] b It is an average measure, which hides the fact that the distribution of wealth amongst the population may be very varied: some people may be very rich, others very poor. Two countries with the same GNP per head may in fact be very different; one may have a few people who are very rich and a great number who are very poor. The other may have most of its population being reasonably well-off. [2] c Life expectancy and infant mortality rates [2] d Countries need an educated population with modern skills to develop. [1] e Country A uses very little energy per head. Country B uses a great deal of energy per head of population indicating that it has an advanced transport system, industries, and a high standard of living. Country A has not yet developed as much as Country B. [2] f A question of this kind expects you to quote the figures in the table to support your explanation. You need to write a paragraph explaining your answer to get full marks. Country A is a developing country, and Country B is a developed country. This is shown by the difference in the GNP per head of US$1 000 and US$ Infant mortality rates are still very high in Country A at 57, compared to nine in Country B; and the life expectancy of Country A, although it is 64, is still 10 years less than that in Country B. Only 30% of the children in Country A stay on at secondary school whereas all the children in Country B go to secondary school. The index of energy consumption is also much lower in Country A and the percentage of the population employed in agriculture is higher. [5] Total: [40 marks]

6 6 Module 1 Unit 2 Unit 2 Politics and development ACTIVITY 1 Here are some of the answers, but you will have many more. Organisation What are the rules? Who makes the decisions? Family Church Every member of the family has to help each other. To keep the home clean. To be polite to one another, etc. Each member should go to church regularly. Father, mother, older members. The priest or clergyman. The elders of the church. Duties of different members of organisation To support the family. To see that the children are fed and clothed. To look after the old people, etc. To take the services To clean the church To sing in the choir, etc. ACTIVITY 2 1 Dr. Sam Nujoma 2 72 voting members 3 6 members 4 No, because they are non-voting members 5 2 members from each of Namibia s 13 regions (26 members in total) ACTIVITY 3 1 a False. Ministers are appointed by the President and usually come from the ruling party. The President can appoint and remove Ministers at any time, even when there is no election. b True c False. Members of Parliament belong to many different political parties. d False. Parliament is called the legislative branch. The judiciary is made up of the judges who administer the law. e f True False. The judiciary is independent and is not voted into power. Judges keep their jobs even when the government changes. 2 a Every adult over 18 has a right to vote so that the government is truly representative of the people. b Candidates must be allowed to tell people what they stand for and people must be allowed to discuss their choices. c Fair control ensures that no one is forced to vote one way or not to vote at all. Also, it is important to see that the counting of votes is fair. d If the ballots were not secret, then voters choices would be public knowledge, and people might vote in a certain way in order to avoid intimidation.

7 NSSC Development Studies Answer Book 7 ACTIVITY 4 1 a President b Executive c There is a Minister of Finance, Foreign Affairs, Defence, Education, Health, Home Affairs and many others. d The second President of independent Namibia is Hifikepunye Pohamba. Tshirumbu Tseehamba is the Minister of Safety and Security; Rosalia Nghidinwa is the Minister of Home Affairs; Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila is the Minister of Finance; Nangolo Mbumba is the Minister of Education; John Mutorwa is the Minister of Youth, National Service, Sports and Culture. Remember Ministers change from time to time, so these answers will not be right for long. e The National Assembly (or Parliament) is the legislative branch. f You will have to find this out for yourself. 2 Here are some reasons why a Bill of Rights is important: to safeguard people s liberty to have written rights which are the law of the land and which cannot be changed to make sure everyone is equal before the law ACTIVITY 5 1 Your definitions should have been something along the following lines: a The state is a political authority inside a defined territory. b The constitution is the rules by which the state is organised. c Democracy is a condition within a state which allows the whole population freedom of expression, fundamental human rights and free elections. 2 There are several differences that you may have written. Here are the most important ones: socialists believe in control of the means of production by the state; capitalists do not socialists believe in state planning; capitalists do not socialists believe in planned markets; capitalists believe in free markets 3 Look back at Module 1 Unit 2 for the advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of them. a Advantages of capitalism: resources are used efficiently industry responds quickly to market demand Disadvantages of capitalism: the most rich and powerful gain the most the market cannot ensure that the basic needs of everyone will be met b Advantages of socialism: it aims to satisfy the people s needs the state controls the use of resources for everybody Disadvantages of socialism: it doesn't respond to people s wants the government does not find it easy to make people work hard

8 8 Module 1 Unit 2 ACTIVITY 6 1 You probably voted in the national elections. Perhaps you are a member of a political party. You probably take part in political discussions with your friends. Perhaps you are a member of a union or club. All these activities are political activities. 2 The answer to this question will vary according to your own opinions, but by now you should have plenty of ideas about how development can be achieved. Check your progress 1 a Politics is the government and organisation of a country. [1] b The state is a political authority which has complete control of an area. [1] c Legitimate authority is lawful power over something. (In the exam you wouldn t get any mark if you said authority that is legitimate, because you would not have shown that you understand the concept.) [1] 2 a The four elements of the state are: the head of state the executive the legislature the judiciary [4] b The monarchs of the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway are the most well-known examples. There are others, but many monarchs are not constitutional monarchs. [2] c Their main function is ceremonial. [1] d Yes. The United Kingdom is a good example. [1] 3 a A constitution is the set of rules that determine how a country is governed. [1] b To answer this question you have to explain how each of the four paragraphs shows that Namibia is a democracy. Here is a possible answer: human dignity and achievement of equality: democracies should see that everyone is treated fairly and all should be equal before the law non-racialism and non-sexism: this has to do with equality and freedom, which is a characteristic of democracy supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law: this puts the constitution as the foundation of the country s government, which no one can change and ensures that no one is above the law universal suffrage and other rules about elections: this lays down that everyone shall have an equal vote, that elections will be fair and open and that people will be able to choose from candidates from different parties. This electoral freedom is a central feature of a democracy. [4] 4 a They are elected by the people in elections in other words, by universal suffrage. [1] b They are elected in elections by the people of the regions. [1] c The President is elected by the people. [1]

9 NSSC Development Studies Answer Book 9 d The President appoints the executive. [1] e They are called Ministers or the Cabinet. [1] f It is the judges and courts that administer the law. [1] g The President appoints judges from a list prepared by the Judicial Services Commission. (The President therefore cannot choose anyone he or she wants: the list has to be chosen by the judges.) [1] h The judiciary must be independent. This makes sure that no one is above the law, and that the government itself stays within the law. [2] 5 The characteristics of capitalism include: control by market forces private ownership of land and capital private companies compete in the market [2] Characteristics of socialism include: state ownership of means of production planning by the state state protection of industry [2] 6 Top-down decision-making occurs when policies are carried out by the central government and government officials. Bottom-up decision making is when the people of a community or a country are consulted and work together, in co-operation with government, to make decisions. [4] 7 Ordinary people can be involved at a local and regional level in decision-making and in development. [2] 8 a i You could have said one of the following: The country s wealth is more equally distributed amongst the citizens of a country. The gap between the high and low income groups is narrower/smaller. [1] ii You could have said one of the following: Individuals cannot survive without satisfying their basic needs. Basic needs are essential needs, e.g. enough food, clean water, education and health. [2] b i People only find part-time work, e.g. as waiters, part-time tutors; or work in the informal sector, e.g. selling products on the street; or obtain income illegally, e.g. through criminal activity. [1] ii transport and communication; industry and mining [1] c i Improve the living-standards of the rural population, so that they prefer to stay in rural areas. [2] ii Link the different villages, towns and cities to one network to improve internal conditions, and also link the country with its neighbours or to the rest of the world. [2] d Industries and mining; also village industries. Financial assistance in the form of loans and grants to industries. Buying capital goods or producer goods for industries. [3] e Ensure equal development for all citizens. If not, the towns and cities will make more money and eventually contribute to urbanisation. [3]

10 10 Module 1 Unit 3 Unit 3 Different theories of development ACTIVITY 1 a agricultural h life b subsistence i down c take-off j fourth d specialisation k mass e food l services f factories m complex g big push ACTIVITY 2 1 Yes, it describes the growth of most industrialised countries. But there are some exceptions: some countries, like New Zealand, developed without industrialising heavily. Others did not experience a sudden take-off. 2 Conditions in the South are different from those that faced the North when it industrialised. For example, the South has higher population growth rates and it is poorer than the North was during its period of industrial growth. 3 No, it has not happened. Societies are often divided between rich and poor people. The poor people have not benefited from economic growth. ACTIVITY 3 1 True 2 True 3 False 4 True 5 True 6 False 7 True 8 False 9 True 10 False Check your progress 1 a Modernisation theory is a belief that all countries will go through the same stages of development as the North. [1] b Four conditions from the following: countries must have a capitalist economic system countries must industrialise and urbanise people must adopt modern life styles people must use more advanced technology the government must be democratic [4] c Trickle down [1]

Our Unequal World. The North/South Divide.

Our Unequal World. The North/South Divide. Our Unequal World The North/South Divide. Inequality Our world is a very unequal place. There are huge social & economic inequalities between different places. This means that many countries are rich,