Creates Republican government and codifies Western Law Largest Western Empire Existed for over 1,000 years! Powerful army and great builders Huge

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1 Creates Republican government and codifies Western Law Largest Western Empire Existed for over 1,000 years! Powerful army and great builders Huge slave culture Adopted much of Greek culture Becomes the first Christian Empire Collapses and causes European Dark Ages (Medieval)

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3 A. Romans overthrew Etruscan rulers in 509 BCE 1. Etruscans ruled by a monarchy 2. the Romans hated this

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6 B. Romans created a new government; a republic 1. translates as thing of the people 2. made to prevent any individual human from gaining too much power (like a tyrant king) Senatus Populusque Romanus Est. 509 BCE "The Senate and the People of Rome"

7 C. The Government Takes Shape 1. Romans were divided into two (2) general classes of people: a. Patricians members of the landholding upper class (aristocracy) = upper class b. plebeians farmers, merchants, artisans and traders = middle and lower class

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14 2. the Roman republic revolved around the Senate a. made up of 300 elite members of the Patrician class 3. each year, the Senate voted for two (2) consuls who served for one year a. supervised the business of government and commanded the Roman Legions (armies) b. consuls had to consult the Senate 4. the Roman republic had a system of checks on the power of government

15 5. in case of emergencies, the Romans could elect a dictator a. a ruler who had complete power over the entire government and armies b. only had power for 6 months c. example of Cincinnatus i. given dictatorial power ii. org. army, defeated enemy, had victory celebration, then returned to farm fields all w/in 16 days

16 D. Plebeians Demand Equality 1. first breakthrough happened in 450 BCE when the 12 Tablets were displayed in the Forum (marketplace) a. gave members of the plebeian class the ability to defend themselves

17 D. Plebeians Demand Equality 2. gained the right to elect their own representatives, the tribunes a. tribunes had the super power to veto Patrician laws i. veto is Latin for I forbid 3. eventually plebeians were elected as consuls and other high government positions, and even into the Senate itself

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20 A. the Roman family 1. : father dominated household 2. However, for the ancient world B. education was available to both boys and girls 1. importance placed on and, and a. rhetoric - b. to convince and win and & to

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23 C. Roman Religion 1. very ; 2. various temples dedicated to various gods and goddesses; many and on the Roman calendar

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25 A. conquered the, their former rulers, and then the scattered 1. by, Rome controlled the entire

26 B. Roman military success was due to its 1. basic unit was a, of around 5,000 soldiers a. raised with 2. to discourage disloyalty, a Roman legion that deserted would have 1 out of every 10 men captured killed at random

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31 C. If a nation surrendered to Rome: 1. had to 2. and 3. a. being Roman and gained all benefits of

32 D. Protecting Rome s Expanding Empire 1. connecting all their territory 2. Roman legions were posted throughout conquered territories and were always expanding

33 Main Idea: Rome s military expansion begins to put strain on Rome s plebeian class. A. Rome s expansion puts it in conflict with the empire of Carthage B. 1. between Carthage s Empire (N. Africa and W. Mediterranean) and Roman Republic (most of Italian peninsula) 2. series of three separate wars

34 a. and gains the islands of Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia

35 b. Surprise attack from North by of Carthage, never looses a battle in Italy, but when Rome attacked Carthage while Hannibal was still on the Italian peninsula.

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46 c. delivered revenge by ; city destroyed, people killed or 3. showed the

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48 C. Rome was Rome established

49 Roman Expansion

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66 D. Other Conquests 1. who were mostly divided and weak 2. empire stretched from Spain to Egypt / (Mediterranean)

67 E. Social and Economic Effects 1. many Roman generals, traders, and government officials became super rich a. from conquest and from controlling trade routes 2. wealthy families created which were huge estates

68 E. Social and Economic Effects 3. was used to work the latifundias instead of regular poor Romans a. wealthy landowners have two choices: i. pay poor Romans to farm ii. use slaves who work for free...duh b. poor farmers sell their small plots of land to big landowners and move to Rome and other cities 4. the gap between the wealthy and poor begins to widen at an alarming rate a. plebeian (pleb) mobs form and begin to riot

69 E. Social and Economic Effects 5. government became increasingly ; greed and selfishness replaced early Roman values (Horatius) a. remember what Biggie Smalls said, mo money, mo problems. RIP Christopher George LatoreWallace

70 F. Attempts at Reform ( BCE) 1. attempt from the Patrician class a. asked the Senate to give land to poor Roman farmers (give the everyday Roman a job) b. asked the Senate to use government money to buy food for the poor c. the Senators did not want to share; they saw the Gracchus brothers as threats to their wealth

71 F. Attempts at Reform ( BCE) 2. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were murdered by hit men paid for by the Senators along with thousands of others a. this began a series of unrest in the Roman capital

72 G. Decline of the Republic 1. unrest lead to (when a nation is fighting against itself) 2. The two sides of the Roman civil wars were: a. who wanted to rule as they always had (like a mafia boss) b. wanted to take power for themselves (from the Senate) and pass reform laws to help the poor

73 G. Decline of the Republic 3. Slave uprisings, allies revolt, and Roman armies are forced to fight one another

74 G. Decline of the Republic 4. a. popular politician who was also a great general b. conquered Gaul (modern-day France) and brought incredible riches and slaves to Rome c. Caesar was given an ultimatum and chose to fight instead of surrender d. attacks Roman armies loyal to the Senate, defeats his rival Pompey, and puts down rebellions in provinces i. proclaims e. forced the Senate to name him a permanent dictator...in other words, a king which the republic was supposed to prevent

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77 G. Decline of the Republic 5. (48 44 BCE) a. created public works and gave unemployed farmers jobs to do b. gave public land to the poor c. reorganized the provinces and government and made it more efficient d. introduced a new calendar based on the Egyptian model (the basis for our calendars today)

78 G. Decline of the Republic 6. March 44 BCE a. to save the Republic and remove the threat, conspirators assassinated Julius Caesar as he entered the Senate building

79 G. Decline of the Republic 7. a. after Julius Caesar dies, the Roman world is again in civil wars and chaos b. Marc Antony and Octavian join forces and hunt down Julius Caesar s murders i. Marc Antony was Caesar s best and most loyal general ii. Octavian is Caesar s book-smart grandnephew c. After eliminating Caesar s murders, the two fight between themselves d. at the decisive battle of Actium, Octavian and his Roman Legions defeat Marc Antony and his lady friend Cleopatra and their combined Roman and Egyptian armies

80 G. Decline of the Republic 8. Octavian takes the title which means the exalted one and becomes a king in all but name a. The Senators remain, but the republic government now takes orders from Caesar Augustus (Octavian) b.

81 V. Roman Empire and Roman Peace *REMEMBER* - Roman Civil War - Spartacus - Gius Julius Caesar - Octavian becomes Caesar Augustus