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1 Name Date Class C SVOlA, INTERPRETING POLITICAL CARTOONS Activity 34 THIRD PARTIES Beginning with the Federalists and Antifederalists, and solidified by the Democrats and Republicans, America has always had a two-party system. Nonetheless, American history is full of attempts to organize and maintain other parties, such as the Progressive Party, which nominated Teddy Roosevelt in 1912; the Socialist Party, for which Eugene Debs garnered over 900,000 votes in 1920; and the States' Rights Party, which nominated Strom Thurmond for president in Critics of the two-party system typically argue that there is no real difference between the two parties because each leans to the center and each is in the pockets of powerful special interests. The 1990s saw a third party the Reform Party se to national prominence when Ross Perot received 19 percent of the opular vote in the 1992 presidential election. Directions: Study the cartoon below, and then answer the questions that ollow. AAARCAULIES 1 T, :::.i,.w,,..., ,;_3.-..:_z: cq. '.. 4 ),.,,i.,,., I. sii.- V:i.. at...a t \ ill I, - i ' --..., \ \\\\\ 1,t i...xx tr,,i ' \ \ \ \ 'NN,, '')' :-,_-- s \ \ N 'N ' ': \N-1,r \\\\\,.. / Ii! ii Vr i r r ''1' I,, k, \' 1 '. --,pm,x1.-.._ =-7,_ wmasemin."..,.. \\V\ \ \ \ *\\\.,' \,\ \\\ 1 \, \, 0 '.` \ 1 "Each candidate will be allowed an sound-bite then they may respond to questions with a memorable slogan or ' withering' put-down, and finally have the chance for a closinzinor \ M I Margulies/The Record, New Jersey. Reprinted with permission. (continued) G POLITICAL CARTOONS 67
2 Name Date Class ANALYZING THE CARTOON 1. Who are the candidates, from left to right? What aspect of the cartoon tells the reader that the debate should not be taken seriously? 3. According to the "debate rules," what two things will candidates try to do? CRITICAL THINKING 4. Categorizing Information To which political party does each candidate in the cartoon belong? 5. Making Inferences From this cartoon, what can you infer about Americans' expectations of televised presidential debates? 6. Drawing Conclusions Why does television tend to reduce the candidates' messages to sound-bites and slogans? Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 68 INTERPRETING POLITICAL CARTOONS
3 Class Date During the Great Depression, Americans had very different opinions on the extent to which the federal government should regulate business and provide public services. Herbert Hoover inherited a seemingly prosperous economy,when he was elected President in He took office less than a year before the stock market crashed in October In 1932, Franklin Delano Rooseyelt defeated Hoover and won the first of four presidential terms, two of which would be dominated by efforts to pull the United States out of the Great Depression. As you read, consider the different expectations that Hoover and Roosevelt have of federal government. Then, on a separate piece of paper, answer the questions that follow. Volunteerism Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, December 1930, by Herbert Hoover Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement. Economic wounds must be healed by the action of the cells of the economic body the producers and consumers themselves. Recovery can be expedited [speeded up] and its effects mitigated [eased] by cooperative action. That cooperation requires that every individual should... maintain his self-reliance; that each and every one should search for methods of improving his business or service... that each should seek to assist his neighbors who may be less fortunate; that each industry should assist its own employees; that each community and each State should assume its full responsibilities for organization of employment and relief of distress... Source "Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union, Herbert Hoover, reprinted in John Woolley and Gerhard Peters, American Presidency Project (Santa Barbara: University of California, 2005). Available online at Presidential Nomination Address, 1932, by Franklin Delano Roosevelt When not if we get the chance, the Federal Government will assume bold leadership in distress relief. For years Washington has alternated between putting its head in the sand and saying there is no large number of destitute people in our midst who need food and 'clothing, and then saying the States should take care of them, if there are. Instead of planning two and a half years ago... they kept putting it off from day to day, week to week, and month to month, until the conscience of America demanded action. I say that while primary responsibility for relief rests with localities now, as ever, yet the Federal Government has always had and still has a continuing responsibility for the broader public welfare. Source: "Presidential Nomination Address, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, reprinted at edu/academics/faculty/lloyd/projects/newdealfir htm (Malibu: Pepperdine University School of Public Policy). Questions to Think About 1. According to Hoover, what two groups of people are primarily responsible for improving economic conditions? 2. What authority does Roosevelt hold responsible for most of the relief effort? for the broader public welfare? 3. Contrast Explain the fundamental difference between Hoover's and Roosevelt's opinions on the federal government's role in economic recovery. Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 17
4 Name Class Date THE GREAT DEPRESSION Geography and History In the mid-1930s, drought and wind churned the Great Plains into the Dust Bowl. Thousands of people were forced to abandon their farms and homes. Dust Bowl refugees traveled west on Route 66 to California, to begin a new life. For many, the dream of new oppbrtunity was quickly shattered. John Steinbeck wrote of the harsh realities faced by Dusl Bowl "Okies" in The Grapes of Wrath, his Pulitzer Prize winning novel published in The National Archives and the Library of Congress hold many oral and written histories of those who experienced the Great Depression. Read Fred Munguia :s account of what life was likeibr people migrating from Oklahoma to Cali- Ibrnia. Then, on a separate sheet of paper; answer the questions that Jbllow. The Dust Bowl Fred Munguia: "During the Depression, many people from Oklahoma and other states affected by the Dust Bowl moved to San O'Quinn valley looking for work. Some families were lucky and were able to get jobs in Tehachapi, working in the cement plants and the women's state prison. My parents bought a house on the edge of town, and we had no gas or sewer line.... The house next door was rented mostly by family from Oklahoma. One family built a small square shack behind the house using rolls of roofing material to cover the outside walls and migrant families would live in the shack for a while before moving somewhere else looking for work. Our house was close to the railroad tracks and I remember men knocking on our back door, asking for water and something to eat. My mom would make them a bologna sandwich on white bread. Back then these men were not called homeless people but were called hobos or tramps that rode the trains." Questions to Think About 1. What is one question you might ask after reading the Fred Munguia's story? 2. What does the small square shack say about migrant families? 3. Draw Inferences What was life like for Dust Bowl farmers migrating from Oklahoma to California? Use facts from the reading to support your answer. Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. 16
5 Name Date Class INTERPRETING POLITICAL CARTOONS (A) Activity 24 THE NEW DEAL Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal had three main goals in response to the Great Depression: to provide immejiate help to millions of Americans, to improve the economy, and to reform laws that favored the rich and powerful over the poor and the powerless. These goals were dubbed the "Three Rs:" relief, recovery, and reform. Historians consider the New Deal one of the most important events in American history. At the time, however, many Americans were skeptical or critical of the tactics and policies of the New Deal. Here are two cartoons that raise questions about it. Both were drawn in TROJAN HORSE AT OUR GATE CoNmuTio 1 Oc THE ;: UNITED STATE Yl O Directions: Study the cartoons, and then answer the questions that follow. Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Library of Congress (continued) INTERPRETING POLITICAL CARTOONS 47
6 Name Date Class ANALYZING THE CARTOONS 1. Explain the horse in the top cartoon. 2. In the top cartoon, what is the gate to the city? Who is guarding the city? 3. What New Deal programs or legislation might the cartoonist of the top cartoon think were not constitutional? 4. In the bottom cartoon, what does the hat of the person in the rear tell you about his work? CRITICAL THINKING 5. Analyzing Information In the bottom cartoon, look at the person holding the mask and the person holding the document that reads "Redistribution of Wealth" What pieces of caricature has the cartoonist used to identify them as certain types? 6. Making Comparisons Compare the smile on the mask and of the men in the bottom cartoon. What is different about them? 7. Making Generalizations What point do both cartoons make about those behind the New Deal? 8. Identifying Point of View What is the point of view of the bottom cartoonist about the New Deal? 48 INTERPRETING POLITICAL CARTOONS
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