INTRODUCING POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

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1 Revised 2017 NAME: PERIOD: Rubenstein: The Cultural Landscape (12 th edition) Chapter Eight Political Geography (pages 264 thru 305) This is the primary means by which you will be taking notes this year and they are referred to in the course as Key Issue Questions or Guided Reading Notes. You will be expected to print out these pages from the class webpage and write the answers directly below each question. These notes are to be kept in a 3-ring binder for the entire year and will be the foundation for studying for the individual section reading checks and chapter tests, the Semester Exams, and the AP Exam in May. Key Issue 1: Where Are States Distributed? INTRODUCING POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY LEARNING OUTCOME UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A STATE OF THE WORLD AND A STATE WITHIN THE UNITED STATES 1. In geographic terms, what is meant by state (country)? 2. There are approximately states (countries) in the world today as compared to in the 1940s. (FYI, as of 2017 there are 193 members of the United Nations and two observers the Holy See, also known as the Vatican in Rome, and the State of Palestine; the Republic of South Sudan was the most recent addition in 2011.) 3. List the top six states (countries) in land area in the world. a. d. b. e. c. f. 4. What is the smallest microstate that is also a member of the UN? 5. Why would it be seemingly logical for most of the world s microstates to be islands? CHALLENGES IN DEFINING STATES LEARNING OUTCOME EXPLAIN WHY IT IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE WHETHER SOME TERRITORIES ARE SOVEREIGN STATES 6. means having independence from control of its internal activities or concerns by other states, therefore it is a good example of a region. 7. What caused the separation of Korea into two separate states in the 1950s along the 38 parallel?

2 8. Why are there two Chinas? 9. What three states claim authority over sever small uninhabited islands in the East China Sea? 10. Is Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic) an independent sovereign state? Why or why not? Key Issue 2: Why Are Nation-States Difficult to Create? DEVELOPMENT OF STATES LEARNING OUTCOME UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATION-STATES 11. In geographic terms, what is meant by a nation-state? 12. What factors made the Fertile Crescent the hearth of civilization in ancient times? 13. In geographic terms, what is meant by a city-state? 14. List four empires that had at one time or another evolved in Mesopotamia. a. c. b. d. 15. List four modern-day states that are located in what was once called the Fertile Crescent. a. c. b. d. 16. At the peak of its power, what was the extent of territory controlled by the Roman Empire? 17. What was a centripetal force used to unite this vast empire?

3 18. What contributed to the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5 th century? 19. How did the various states of Europe start to form around AD 1100? 20. After World War I, the map of Europe was redrawn at the Versailles Peace Conference. What was the goal of new map that was drawn? NATION-STATES AND MULTINATIONAL STATES LEARNING OUTCOME UNDERSTAND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A NATION-STATE AND A MULTINATIONAL STATE 21. In geographic terms, what is meant by self-determination? 22. One state that can be used as an example of a nation-state is. (it isn t a perfect example, but close!) Another example might be Iceland -- although the inhabitants are ethnically related to other Scandinavian groups, the national culture and language are found only in Iceland. There are no cross-border minorities the nearest land is too far away. 23. The least ethnically diverse states in the world are generally found in, while the most ethnically diverse are generally found in. 24. In geographic terms, what is meant by a multiethnic state? (Hint: The United States) 25. In geographic terms, what is meant by a multinational state? (Hint: China, the United Kingdom, Russia ) 26. Following World War II, a massive migration of people in Europe relocated many ethnic groups. Why? 27. is an example of a failed nation-state in Europe. Other European multinational countries that broke up due to ethnic disconnect are and.

4 Refer to the Sustainability and Our Environment section on page 273 for the following question. 28. What environment-related danger is Nauru and other island microstates facing today? RUSSIA: THE LARGEST MULTIETHNIC STATE LEARNING OUTCOME UNDERSTAND RUSSIA S STATUS AS A MULTIETHNIC STATE 29. From 1922 to 1992, the Soviet Union was the world s largest in land area and the world s largest state. What was the basis for the formation of their 15 republics? 30. Russia is made up of percent ethnic Russians and the government also recognizes other ethnic groups. Russia s ethnicities are clustered primarily along the borders of, or in the center of Russia between. 31. What did Russia claim was the reason why they invade eastern Ukraine and seized Crimea? (keep in mind that in reality, Crimea has always been important to Russia as the base of their Black Sea naval fleet) NATION-STATES IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE CHALLENGES IN CREATING NATION-STATES IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION FYI: The Ural Mountain and Caucasus Mountains separate Europe from Asia. 32. Belarusians and Ukrainians are considered ethnically different from Russians. Why? 33. Moldova, after it became an autonomous republic sought ethnic reunification with. What is the Trans-Dniestria? 34. What are the three Baltic states that were once part of the former Soviet Union? a. = most are Roman Catholic and speak a language of the Balto-Slavic branch b. = mostly Lutheran, some Roman Catholic, and speak a language of the Baltic group

5 c. = mostly Lutheran and speak a Uralic language 35. Name the three small states that were formed in the Caucasus region as a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union. a. = the most ethnically homogeneous country in the region; about 1 million were killed from in what has been called an act of genocide by the Turks b. = went to war with neighboring Armenia over the boundary; a 1994 cease-fire left Nagorno-Karabakh technically under their control multiple clashes continue with Armenia c. = the most ethnically diverse of the three causing unrest especially among the Ossetians and Abkhazians 36. The five Central Asian states that were once part of the Soviet Union that have experienced varying levels of ethnic conflict since the early 1990s are: a. d. b. e. c. COLONIES LEARNING OUTCOME EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF COLONIES AND DESCRIBE THEIR CURRENT DISTRIBUTION 37. In geographic terms, what is meant by a colony? 38. According to the United Nations, there are 17 non-self-governing territories in the world today. The largest is ; the most populous are and (both controlled by the France); the least-populated colony is, a possession of the United Kingdom. 39. The UN identifies,,, and differently from other territories as they all have some level of autonomy or self-governing. 40. In geographic terms, what is meant by colonialism? In summary, the 3 Gs are:,, and 41. Which two European nations controlled the largest colonial empires during the 19 th and early 20 th centuries?

6 42. Using Figure 8-24 on page 279, name six other European nations that established colonies primarily in either Africa or Asia. a. d. b. e. c. f. 43. When did most of these African and Asian colonies become independent? Key Issue 3: Why Do Boundaries Cause Problems? CULTURAL BOUNDARIES LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE THE TYPES OF CULTURAL BOUNDARIES BETWEEN STATES 44. In geographic terms, what is meant by a boundary? 45. How does a frontier differ from a boundary? 46. What technological advances have caused frontiers to be replaced by boundaries even in the most remote locations? 47. The two types of cultural boundaries are: a. ; an example = b. ; an example = 48. What two nationalities live on Cyprus, the third-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea? (indicate in your answer which one is in the minority) 49. Why was the Green Line (a wall and buffer zone) established in 1974?

7 GEOMETRIC BOUNDARIES LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE TYPES OF GEOMETRIC BOUNDARIES BETWEEN STATES 50. Geometric boundaries are based on human constructs, such as straight lines. Where are two examples from the reading of this type of boundary in North America? a. b. 51. What was the historic cause of establishing geometric boundaries in North Africa? 52. Where is the largest landmass on Earth that is not officially part of any state? 53. The Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959 by 47 states provides a legal means for managing this land. What are states allowed and not allowed to do under this treaty? PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE TYPES OF PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES BETWEEN STATES 54. The three types of physical boundaries are: a. ; example = Where is this type of boundary most common? b. ; example = What make this type an effective boundary between states? What makes using this type of boundary difficult? c. ; example = What is an advantage derived from using this as a boundary? What is a disadvantage derived from using this as a boundary?

8 55. According to the Law of the Sea, signed in 1982 with the help of the UN, what are the three types of water boundaries? a. b. c. 56. Why is it especially important for states to have rules regarding these types of zones, especially the exclusive economic zone? SHAPES OF STATES LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE THE FIVE SHAPES OF STATES 57. The shape of a state is significant as it (1) controls the length of its with other states, (2) affects the potential for and with its neighbors, (3) is part of its unique, (4) is a valuable force, (5) can also influence its administration and can affect. 58. The five basic shapes of all states (countries) are: compact, elongated, prorupted, perforated, and fragmented. List at least one state that is an example of each shape (other than what is listed in the illustration to the right) AND one advantage or disadvantage of that particular shape. a. compact: (example) advantage/disadvantage: b. elongated: (example) advantage/disadvantage: c. prorupted: (example) advantage/disadvantage: d. perforated: (example) advantage/disadvantage: e. fragmented: (example) advantage/disadvantage:

9 59. In which state (country) can you find the Caprivi Strip? Why did the Germans create it in 1890? 60. Why did Indonesia encourage migration from more inhabited islands, such as Java, to less inhabited islands? 61. In geographic terms, what is meant by a landlocked state? a. example found in Europe: b. example found in South America: 62. Why is it important for a state (country) to have direct access to an ocean? GOVERNING STATES LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE DIFFERENCES AMONG THE THREE REGIME TYPES 63. A democracy is defined as, an example would be the United States. An autocracy is defined as, an example would be North Korea. An anocracy is defined as, an example would be Cambodia. 64. According to the State Fragility Index, as identified by the Center for Systemic Peace, why are the most fragile states found in sub-saharan Africa? 65. In a state, most of the power is in the hands of the central government, while in a federal state most of the power is. 66. Why would smaller state be more likely to adopt a unitary form of government?

10 67. Why is the federal system more suitable for larger states? 68. Which is the more common system of government found in the world today: unitary or federal? ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY LEARNING OUTCOME EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF GERRYMANDERING AND THREE WAYS THAT IT IS DONE 69. For what reason are the boundaries of legislative districts typically redrawn in the United States every 10 years? 70. In geographic terms, what is meant by gerrymandering? 71. The three forms of gerrymandering are: a., which spreads opposition supporters across many districts but always in the minority Breaks up concentration of voters; mix with different voter groups; dilutes their voting power b., concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts Concentrates one group together in one district; minimize their impact in other districts; guarantees them some representation but weakens them overall c., links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries; frequently seen in districts likely to vote for ethnic minorities Groups power base together; removes contesting and arguing over election; often done by incumbents to ensure continued election 72. Who or what is usually responsible for redrawing these types of boundaries in most European states (countries)?

11 73. State legislatures typically redraw these boundaries in the United States. Why might this become a problem? 74. Using the Debate It! on page 291, what are two arguments for not using independent commissions to redraw boundaries? a. b. 75. Using the Debate It! on page 291, what are two arguments in favor of using independent commissions to redraw boundaries? a. b. GEOGRAPHY OF GERRYMANDERING LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE EXAMPLES OF GERRYMANDERING 76. Which U.S. state was judged by the Washington Post to have the most gerrymandering? Key Issue 4: Where Do States Face Threats? GLOBAL COOPERATION AND COMPETITION LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS FYI: the primary purpose of the United Nations = peace keeping alliances 77. Why was there an increase in the number of nations that joined the UN in 1955? 78. Why was there an increase in the number of nations that joined the UN in 1960? 79. Why was there an increase in the number of nations that joined the UN in the early 1990s?

12 80. Why did the League of Nations, established after World War I, fail to keep peace? 81. What are two areas of difficulty for the UN in trying to maintain peace? a. b. 82. Two of the main groups within the United Nations are the General Assembly and the Security Council. Name the five permanent members of the Security Council. a. d. b. e. c. 83. During the Cold War, which two states (countries) emerged as the only two superpowers? a. b. 84. In geographic terms, what is meant by balance of power? 85. What was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962? COMPETITION AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE THE PRINCIPAL MILITARY AND ECONOMIC ALLIANCES IN EUROPE FYI: the primary purpose of NATO and the Warsaw Pact= military alliances 86. What was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)? What was the primary purpose of NATO? 87. What was the Warsaw Pact? What was the primary purpose of the Warsaw Pact?

13 88. Why did the Warsaw Pact ultimately disband whereas NATO did not? 89. Ironically, some of the former member of the Warsaw Pact are now members of NATO. What is seen as the purpose of NATO today? FYI: the primary purpose of the European Union and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance = economic alliances 90. Why was the European Union (EU) originally formed in 1958? Why was the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) originally formed in 1960? 91. What are three benefits to membership in the EU? a. b. c. 92. What is the common currency used by the EU? 93. Identify the purpose of the following supranational (organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives) organizations: a. the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE): b. the Organization of American States (OAS): c. the African Union (AU): d. the Commonwealth of Nations:

14 TERRORIST ATTACKS AGAINST THE UNITED STATES LEARNING OUTCOME EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF TERRORISM AND CITE U.S. EXAMPLES 94. In geographic terms, what is meant by terrorism? 95. Terrorism is different from assassinations and other acts of political violence because terrorist attacks are aimed at rather than at or. 96. At the global scale, about 2/3 of all terrorist attacks have occurred in what states (countries)? a. d. b. e. c. Familiarize yourself with the various terrorist events against the United States that are outlined in the reading. TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS LEARNING OUTCOME DESCRIBE THE MAJOR TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS 97. What is al-qaeda and who is said to have founded the organization? 98. In the Islamic faith, a jihad is defined as the spiritual struggle within oneself against sin, but to some like Osama bin Laden (who was killed in Pakistan in 2011 by a U.S. special forces unit) it also is meant to be a. 99. Why did bin Laden issue a declaration of war against the United States in 1996? 100. What was the message of bin Laden s 1998 fatwa? 101. What other countries have also been the targets of Al-Qaeda? 102. Why is it difficult to accurately identify the exact number of current or active members of al-qaeda?

15 103. Members of ISIS/ISIL are who want to establish strict religious laws throughout, but also claim to have authority to rule Muslims around the world What is the most common method used by ISIS/ISIL to recruit members? 105. What does Boco Haram, that has aligned itself with ISIS/ISIL, want for Nigeria? STATE SUPPORT FOR TERRORISM LEARNING OUTCOME UNDERSTAND VARYING DEGREES OF SUPPORT FOR TERRORISM BY STATES IN SOUTHWEST ASIA 106. What are three ways in which a state (country) can/has supported terrorist efforts? a. b. c Identify two states (countries) from the reading that are known to provide sanctuary for terrorists. a. b. FYI: The Taliban was a fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995 and set up an Islamic state. They were later overthrown by U.S.- led forces and Afghan groups in 2001 following the events of September 11. In recent years the Taliban has re-emerged in Afghanistan and grown far stronger in Pakistan Why was overthrowing the Taliban in Afghanistan important for the U.S.? 108. What are examples of policies that were put in place by the Taliban against women? 109. Identify two states (countries) from the reading that have been accused of providing material and financial support for terrorists. a. b.

16 110. Why did the 1991 Gulf War, or Operation Desert Storm, have more international support than the U.S.-led attack in 2003? 111. What happened in Iran in 1979 that changed the direction of that country? 112. What concerns does the international community have about Iran today? 113. What are two examples of Libya s past connections to state-sponsored terrorism? a. b.