International Student Exchange Among Muslim Nations; Soft Power and Voting Alliances at the United Nations

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1 International Student Exchange Among Muslim Nations; Soft Power and Voting Alliances at the United Nations Nambee Ragavan Bemidji State University Coe Conference MURC

2 Introduction The main goal of this research is to analyze the impact of student exchange as a component of soft power in American foreign policy I analyzed the potential benefit to America s foreign policy of accepting these international students and sending American students abroad

3 Public Diplomacy Public Diplomacy seeks to promote the national interest of the United States through understanding, informing and influencing foreign audiences Public Diplomacy Alumni Assc.

4 Soft Power Soft Power is getting others to want what you want, NOT by coercing them, but through cooption (Joseph Nye) Examples of Soft Power are exchange programs, financial assistance, aid during emergency and etc. In other words, Soft Power is almost anything besides military power

5 Current Scenario Significant increase in the number of Muslim international students enrolled in American institutions Increase in study abroad programs to predominantly Muslim countries by American students Allocation on exchange programs- Department of State Million Million

6 Current Scenario (cont.) Dr. Dino Patti Djalal Indonesia Current Ambassador to the U.S. Presidential Visitor s Program- Independence celebration Exchange Program with UCLA US-Indonesia Security Dialogue with Pentagon Innovative Leaders Forum to promote innovative leadership from all sectors of Indonesian society

7 Current Scenario (cont.) Nabil Elaraby Egypt International Court of Justice Judge Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Egypt to the United Nations in New York ( ),Geneva ( ) Ambassador to India ( ) Camp David peace treaty with Israel in 1978 Support from U.S (Clinton)

8 Main Area of Focus Exchange Program Exchange Programs and Public Diplomacy Strategy Measure Success

9 Variables Unit of Analysis : 48 Muslim Countries Outbound students Inbound students U.N. votes Other independent

10 Average Inbound Students from Muslim Nations Source : Institute of International Education

11 Table 1: Inbound Students and U.N. Score Country Inbound U.N. Score Country Inbound U.N. Score AFGHANISTAN TURKMENISTAN ALGERIA UZBEKISTAN AZERBAIJAN YEMEN BAHRAIN ALBANIA BRUNEI MALI BURKINA FASO SENEGAL CHAD EGYPT COMOROS JORDAN DJIBOUTI KUWAIT GAMBIA LEBANON GUINEA MOROCCO GUINEA-BISSSAU UNITED ARAB EMIRATES IRAQ BANGLADESH KYRGZSTAN IRAN LIBYA MALAYSIA MAURITANIA NIGERIA NIGER INDONESIA OMAN PAKISTAN QATAR SAUDI ARABIA SIERRA LEONE TURKEY SUDAN MALDIVES 0.2 SYRIA TUNISIA

12 Average Outbound Students to Muslim Nations Source : Institute of International Education

13 Table 2: Outbound Students and U.N. Score Country Outbound U.N. Score Country Outbound U.N. Score AFGHANISTAN ALGERIA 0.11 ALBANIA AZERBAIJAN 0.17 BAHRAIN BRUNEI 0.17 BANGLADESH CHAD 0.14 BURKINA FASO COCOS ISLAND 0 GAMBIA COMOROS 0.12 INDONESIA DJIBOUTI 0.13 IRAN GAZA STRIP 0 JORDAN GUINEA 0.16 KUWAIT GUINEA-BISSSAU 0 LEBANON IRAQ 0 MALAYSIA KYRGZSTAN 0 MALI LIBYA 0.11 MAURITANIA MALDIVES 0.2 NIGER MAYOTTE 0 NIGERIA QATAR 0.12 OMAN SIERRA LEONE 0.16 PAKISTAN SUDAN 0.12 SAUDI ARABIA TUNISIA 0.11 SYRIA TURKMENISTAN 0.13 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UZBEKISTAN 0 YEMEN WEST BANK 0 MOROCCO SENEGAL TURKEY EGYPT

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16 Conclusion Only number of Inbound Students shows a correlation with the voting pattern at the U.N. No significant association found among other variables

17 Further Research What are other factors that will correlate with exchange program in showing a significant result with the voting behavior at the United Nations. Public Diplomacy history Students attitude while on exchange Students perception Visa regulation

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