AMERICAN HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW

Transcription

1 AMERICAN HISTORY REGENTS REVIEW There SIX sections to the review, each section is worth 15 points: Layer One: 4 points each Active Reading / Graphic Organizer 4 points each Step one: ACTIVELY READ THE INFORMATION Read the document with a pen and highlighter. Underline the important information and vocabulary words in each section in a way that you can easily make a connection to the topics. Step two: Graphic Organizer Your main ideas must be important information on each topic. Make sure you write in neat, clear words that you understand and can use to study. Layer Two: 4 points each Multiple Choice 4 points each Step one: Answer the MC questions Complete all of the multiple choice questions for each topic. Record your score for each section Step two: Assess you work Based on what you got incorrect/had trouble with, create a list of 10 WORDS /KEY IDEAS You explain your ten words/ideas with details Layer Three: WRITE A THESIS AND SUPPORTING PARAGRAPH 7 points 7 points each Step one: After each section, there will be an essay Create a Thesis for the essay Step two: Write the 1 st body paragraph that addresses the task Write the 2 nd body paragraph that addresses the task *******Make sure that you INCLUDE analysis********* Grading Rubric Topic Excellent Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Completion All tests and assignments are thoroughly complete AND handed in on time. Details + Analysis Students demonstrate thorough analysis and detail in their work All tests and assignments are complete, but parts may be missing/not fully done. All assignments are handed in on time. Students demonstrate moderate analysis and detail in their work Tests and assignments are not complete AND/OR not handed in on time. Analysis/detail is very weak and may be missing. Sec / Unit Graphic Organizers Multiple Choice Essays Final Score Sec. 1 1,2,3 Unit 1: Unit 2: Unit 3: Score /4 Unit 1: Unit 2: Unit 3: Score /4 Score /7 Score /15 Sec. 2 4,5,6 Unit 4: Unit 5: Unit 6: Score /4 Unit 4: Unit 5: Unit 6: Score /4 Score /7 Score /15

2 Sec. 3 7, 8 Unit 7: Unit 8: Unit 7: Unit 8: Score Score Score /4 Score /4 /7 /15 Sec. 4 9 Unit 9: Score /4 Unit 9: Score /4 Score /7 Score /15 Sec Unit 10: Score /4 Unit 10: Score /4 Score /7 Score /15 Sec Unit 11: Score /4 Unit 11: Score: /4 Score /7 Score /15 Completed on time = 10 points Total Score: /100 THE MORE YOU PRACTICE, THE BETTER YOU WILL DO! Visit these websites below for more practice WEBSITE:

3 # 1 Colonies and the Revolutionary War Information Sheet 1A. Coming to America Did Christopher Columbus the famous explorer discover America? Not really. Many other explorers came before him, but Columbus landing in the Caribbean in 1492 was very important because his travel led to the colonization of the New World (North, Central, and South America) by European countries. Colonization is when a country tries to take control of land that doesn t belong to them. Spain colonized most of the Caribbean, Central and South America, while France and Britain colonized most of North America. England s greatest possession was its 13 colonies along the East Coast of North America (what is now present-day United States), these were known as The American Colonies. The Mother Countries get rich from colonization because they would take natural resources from the land, sell their products and collect taxes from their colonists. Colonists were restricted on trade with other countries and limited manufacturing. The economic system they created was known as mercantilism. Another reason why Columbus did not discover America was that America was never empty. Native American Tribes, what many people call Indians, were living in America for thousands of years before the Europeans arrived. The arrival of the Europeans led to the destruction of the Indian tribes, as Europeans stole Indian land, killed their people and brought new diseases to America that killed as many as one in three Indians. Eventually the massive Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was established to import African slaves to the New World to be used as workers on European farms. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary 1B. American Colonies In the American Colonies under Great Britain, colonists come settle for political, economic, social and religious freedom (such as the Quakers and Puritans) and opportunity. The colonies were divided into three sections based on geography the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies and Southern Colonies. Due to geography, each had a different type of economy and lifestyle (New England colonies had rocky soil but many harbors so focused on shipping and trade, but the Southern colonies had hot weather and good land so focused on farming and relied on slave labor). The America colonists slowly began to form early steps of self-government and early representative democracies (governments based on the people consent of the governed). The Mayflower compact, New England town meetings, and the Virginia House of Burgesses are early examples of democratic practices in early American history. The British policy of Salutary Neglect, being left alone by Britain, allowed for the growth of democratic government. At this time there was movement called the Enlightenment where many great thinkers began to question things like human rights and the role of government. The ideas of philosophers like John Locke, and John Jacques Rousseau greatly affected the way people viewed Britain s control over her 13 American colonies the relationship between the two was about to be strained! By the mid 18 th century, North America was divided up between the European powers of France, England, and Spain. The competition between France and England for control of North America, particularly over land between the Ohio River Valley, resulted in The French & Indian War, seven years of brutal warfare. War had left England deep in debt. Britain looked to tax its 13 American colonies to help pay off that debt and created many new taxes such as the Stamp Act and Townshend Acts (which included a Tea Tax). The Colonists protested using slogans such as no taxation without representation the colonists wanted a say if they were being taxed. The colonists boycotted British goods, but eventually tension led to armed conflict such as The Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre and Battles of Lexington and Concord ( The shot heard round the world! ). All of this tension, including Enlightenment ideas such as Thomas Paine s pamphlet Common Sense led the colonists to write The Declaration of Independence and fight the American Revolution. Under the leadership of George Washington, using the American terrain to our advantage, and with some help from the French (after the battle of Saratoga), a British army surrendered at Yorktown and England signed The Treaty of Paris, giving America our independence!

4 Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary Key Vocabulary Words 1) Geography the study of the political (states, countries) and physical (rivers, mountains) features of the earth 2) Colonization - when a country tries to take control of land that doesn t belong to them 3) Colony - land taken over and controlled by a "mother" country 4) Colonists - the people living in colonies 5) Mother Country -- country that economically and politically controlled a colony. 6) Democracy a representative government run by many people that includes equality, freedom and voting 7) Mayflower Compact- document of democratic government, written by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower ship 8) Virginia House of Burgesses - A representative government in the British colony of Virginia 9) Mercantilism - a system in which England made money by taking natural resources from the American colonies and forcing colonists to trade only with England. 10) Salutary Neglect - period of time when England was at war and allowed the colonies to manufacture and trade with little interference 11) Stamp Act (1765) - British plan to tax colonists by forcing them to purchase special stamps 12) Townshend Acts 1767 Series of acts passed by British Parliament to tax the colonists (including tea) 13) Intolerable Acts 1774 laws passed by Britain to punish the citizens of Boston for the Boston Tea Party includes Quartering Act, closing the Boston Harbor, no town meetings and trying criminals in England. 14) Boston Tea Party- the dumping of British tea into Boston Harbor as a form of protesting English taxes 15) Boston Massacre -- when British soldiers shot colonists who were throwing snowballs packed with rocks at them. 16) Representative Democracy government based on consent of the governed, with elected representatives to make decisions. 17) No Taxation Without Representation slogan used by the colonists to protest England making laws without colonial representatives in Parliament. 18) Boycott- refusing to purchase goods or services as form of protest 19) Enlightenment a movement of philosophers that believed government was responsible for its citizen s well-being 20) John Locke - Enlightenment philosopher who believed people had natural rights (life, liberty, property) 21) Common Sense pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that convinced many colonists to support the revolution. 22) Sons of Liberty a radical organization that used terror tactics and propaganda against the British government 23) American Revolution - when the American colonies fought England in order to become a free country 24) Declaration of Independence a document that stated why America was right in breaking away from England 25) Continental Congress Colonial government in charge of governing during the Revolutionary War. 26) Treaty of Paris -- Treaty that gives America its freedom. Questions 1. Which phrase from the Declaration of Independence most clearly reflects the idea that the people are the source of government? 1) that all men are created equal,... 2) all men are... endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights 3) deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed... 4) governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes. 2. The British system of mercantilism was opposed by many American colonists because it 1) placed quotas on immigration 2) discouraged the export of raw materials to England 3) placed restrictions on trading 4) encouraged colonial manufacturing 3. The British benefited from their mercantilist relationship with the American colonies primarily by 1) supporting the growth of colonial industries 2) prohibiting colonists from fishing and fur trading 3) taking large amounts of gold and silver from the southern colonies 4) buying raw materials from the colonies and selling them finished products 4. In the Colonial Era, developments such as the New England town meetings and the establishment of the Virginia House of Burgesses represented 1) colonial attempts to build a strong national government 2) efforts by the British to strengthen their control over the colonies 3) steps in the growth of representative democracy 4) early social reform movements 5. The Mayflower Compact is important to the concept of a democratic society because it represents 1) an effort by the colonists to use force to resist the King 2) a clear step toward self-government 3) an early attempt to establish universal suffrage 4) an attempt by the colonists to establish freedom of religion 6. During the Revolutionary War period, Thomas Paine s Common Sense was important because it 1) described a military plan for the defeat of England 2) convinced many Americans who had been undecided to support independence 3) contained a detailed outline for a new form of government 4) argued for the addition of a bill of rights to the Constitution 7. The Mayflower Compact and the House of Burgesses were important to the development of democracy in colonial America because they 1) expanded freedom of religion 2) promoted self-government 3) protected private ownership of property 4) granted voting rights to all white males 8. Which heading best completes the partial outline below? I. Committees of Correspondence Nonimportation Agreements Boston Tea Party First Continental Congress 1) Protests Against Slavery in the American Colonies 2) British Parliamentary Actions to Punish Colonial Americans 3) Colonial Responses to British Mercantile Policies 4) Colonial Attempts to End the British Policy of Salutary Neglect 9. According to the Declaration of Independence, the fundamental purpose of government is to 1) protect people s natural rights 2) equalize opportunities for all citizens 3) provide for the defense of the nation 4) establish a system of free public education 10. The colonists' slogan, "No taxation without representation," expresses a belief in 1. free trade 2. economic interdependence 3. the supremacy of Parliament 4. the consent of the governed 11. What was the main cause of the French and Indian War ( )? 1. disputed land claims in the Ohio River valley between the French and the British 2. conflicts between American colonists and the French over control of the Great Plains

5 3. taxation of American colonists without representation in Parliament 4. violation of trade agreements between European nations and Native American Indians 12. The only representatives of the people of these colonies are persons chosen therein by themselves; and that no taxes ever have been, or can be constitutionally imposed on them but by their respective legislatures. Statement by the Stamp Act Congress, 1765 What is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from this quotation? 1. The colonial legislatures should be appointed by the English King with the consent of Parliament. 2. Only the colonists elected representatives should have the power to levy taxes. 3. The English King should have the right to tax the colonists. 4. The colonists should be opposed to all taxation. 13. The British system of mercantilism was opposed by many American colonists because it? 1. placed quotas on immigration 2. discouraged the export of raw materials to England 3. placed restrictions on trading 4. encouraged colonial manufacturing 14. The Mayflower Compact of 1620 is considered an important step in the development of democracy in America because it? 1. expressed the importance of self-government 2. established freedom of religion 3. created the first colonial judiciary 4. granted all males the right to vote 15. The Virginia House of Burgesses was important to the development of democracy in the thirteen colonies because it? 1. provided an example of a representative form of government 2. created the first written constitution in America 3. provided for direct election of senators 4. began the practice of legislative override of executive vetoes 16. The pamphlet Common Sense, by Thomas Paine, aided the American cause in the Revolutionary War because it? 1. convinced France to join in the fight against England 2. led to the repeal of the Stamp Act 3. created a new system of government for the United States 4. persuaded individuals who were undecided to support independence 1. The independence movement began soon after the founding of the Plymouth Colony. 2. Protests against British colonial policies gradually led to the demands for independence. 3. The King of England required the colonists to become economically self-sufficient. 4. The movement for independence was equally strong in all of the colonies 17. In its economic relationship with its North American colonies, Great Britain followed the principles of 18th-century mercantilism by? 1. outlawing the African slave trade 2. limiting the colonies trade with other nations 3. encouraging the development of manufacturing in the colonies 4. establishing laws against business monopolies 18. Which statement is most accurate about the movement for independence in the thirteen colonies? 3. England did not believe that the thirteen colonies were worth the expense of a war. 19. During the colonial period, the British Parliament used the policy of mercantilism to? 1. limit manufacturing in America 2. prevent criticism of royal policies 3. deny representation to the colonists 4. force colonists to worship in the Anglican Church 20. Which conclusion about the American Revolutionary War is most clearly supported by information in this chart? 1. England had few advantages in a war with her American colonies. 2. The thirteen colonies had more advantages than disadvantages upon entering the war. 4. The thirteen colonies had few, but important advantages in the war with England # 2 Creating A New Government The Critical Period ( ) Information Sheet 2A.New Nation The former colonies, now the free and independent United States of America, needed to create their own government after winning the American Revolution. Many American leaders did not trust powerful governments since America was originally controlled by the English King. Therefore, the first U.S. government, The Articles of Confederation, was kept weak on purpose. Although this weak government prevented one person from controlling the government, it also proved too weak to make laws and protect the country. The Articles did not allow for taxation or even raising an army, but was successful at creating guidelines to admit new states into the Union. After Shay s Rebellion (a farmer s rebellion), the Founders knew it was time for a change. Representatives from the now 13 states, met at the Constitutional Convention ( ) to create a new government.

6 Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary 2B. Constitutional Compromise Getting all of the states to agree on how a new and more powerful government would operate was not easy. Many compromises had to be agreed upon so that all the states could be sure that they would not be overpowered by the new national government. There were many differences especially between Northern and Southern States (over slavery and taxation), big states and small states (over representation in Congress) and Federalists (people who wanted a strong central government) and Anti-Federalists (people who wanted a weak central government and argued that the central government held power). The Compromises included the Great Compromises (creating a Bi-Cameral two-house legislature), the controversial 3/5 s compromise over how slaves are counted for representation/taxation and the Bill of Rights. The U.S. Constitution split the national government up into three branches so that there would be a separation of powers. One branch would make the laws (Legislative- Congress), another branch would enforce the laws (Executive President), and the third branch would judge and decided the meaning of the laws (Judicial- Supreme Court). Power was separated into three branches and each branch was given the ability to limit the power of the other branches. This is called checks and balances. The Constitution also divided power between the national government and state governments. This system is called federalism and it allows state governments and the national government to share power and responsibilities. The new government created by the U.S. Constitution was not immediately accepted by all the states. People began to argue for and against the Constitution. Many people felt that the new government was too powerful and would violate the rights of the citizens just as Britain had done. In order to get the Constitution approved, a Bill of Rights was added that guaranteed that certain important rights such as freedom of speech would not be taken away by the new national government. These became the First Ten Amendments. The Convention also created a Ratification Process to add and change amendments, and The Elastic Clause where the Constitution can change as the needs of the country change over time. Despite all of the compromises, it took a lot of effort to convince people to ratify the Constitution. James Madison, Jon Jay and Alexander Hamilton wrote The Federalist Papers to convince the other states and their representatives to do ratify the constitution. In September 1787, the Constitution was ratified. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary Key Vocabulary Words 1) Federalism the sharing of power between state governments and the national government 2) State Government Government in charge of individual states. (NY s is located in Albany, NY) 3) Federal/Central/National Government Government in charge of the country. (this is located is in DC) 4) Federalists- argued for a strong federal government 5) Anti-Federalists- argued for a weak federal government, strong state governments and a Bill of Rights 6) Articles of Confederation- the first attempt at a US government. It had a weak federal government and didn t have the power to collect taxes or raise an army. 7) Shay s Rebellion farmers rebellion which convinced people the Articles of Confederation were too weak. 8) Constitution- a document that outlines how the government is structured 9) Amendment- a change to the Constitution 10) Bill of Rights- The first 10 Amendments to the Constitution that guarantee basic freedoms for citizens 11) 3/5ths Compromise- 5 slaves would count as 3 people when determining a state s representation and taxes. 12) Great Compromise- made states with small population and states with large populations happy by creating a bi-cameral legislature. It creates the Senate (2 representatives from each state) and the House of Representatives (each state has an amount of representatives based on its population). 13) Checks and Balances- the system where each branch of government can limit the powers of the other branches 14) Legislative Branch- branch of government that makes laws called the Congress. 15) Bicameral Legislature - the two-house system in Congress made up of the Senate & House of Representatives 16) Senate- the upper house of Congress where each state gets the same 2 votes 17) The House of Representatives- the lower house where each state gets more or less votes based on its population 18) Bill- an idea for a law 19) Veto- when the President refuses to sign a Congress approved bill into a law 20) Executive Branch- branch of government that enforces laws. Run by the president 21) Electoral College- a controversial system by which the U.S. President is selected indirectly each state has a certain number of electors (points) which the president receives based if he wins the popular vote of the state. A president can win without the majority of the popular vote. 22) Judicial Branch- the branch of government that interprets the laws. Run by the courts. 23) Elastic Clause part of the Constitution which allows it to stretch or change based on needs of the time. 24) Federalist Papers papers written to convince people to support the constitution 25) Ratify approve/give consent. Questions: 1. At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the Great Compromise resolved the issue of? 1. representation 2. taxation 3. slavery

7 4. control of trade 2.Which heading best completes the partial outline? I. A. Representation B. Slave trade C. Taxation D. Election of the president 1. Causes of the Revolutionary War 2. Provisions of the Treaty of Paris, Protections under the 10th Amendment 4. Compromises at the Constitutional Convention 3. A major reason the Antifederalists opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution was because the Constitution? 1. created a national bank 2. lacked a provision for a federal court system 3. failed to provide for the direct election of members of the House of Representatives 4. changed the balance of power between the state and national governments 4. In terms of representation in the United States Congress, which state benefited most from the three-fifths compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention of 1787? 1. Massachusetts 2. New Jersey 3. New York 4. Virginia 5. Which idea did the Founding Fathers include in the Constitution that allows Congress to meet the needs of a changing society? 1. federalism 2. separation of powers 3. the elastic clause 4. States rights 6. "There can be no liberty if the same man or the same group has executive, legislative, and judicial control." Which political idea would the author of this statement most likely support? 1. States rights 2. separation of powers 3. socialism 4. Federalism 7. Which statement about the United States House of Representatives is accurate? 1. Representatives are chosen by the legislatures of their states. 2. The Constitution allows each state two representatives. 3. The number of representatives from each state is based on its population. 4. The political party of the president always holds a majority of House seats. 8. A system of checks and balances was included in the United States Constitution because the authors were concerned about? 1. one branch of government becoming too strong 2. the states having too much power 3. the people having a voice in government 4. the military gaining control of the United States 1. authority to make and enforce decisions based on a written constitution 2. difference in the function of the public and private sectors of the economy 3. divisions of power between a national government and state governments 4. use of checks and balances between the three branches of government 12. Which statement about the electoral college system is accurate? 1. The number of electoral votes a state receives is based on its geographic size. 2. A candidate can be elected president without the majority of the popular vote. 3. Presidential candidates are forced to campaign equally in every state. 4. The total number of electoral votes has increased with each census. 13. What was the primary reason for holding the Constitutional Convention of 1787? 1. outlaw slavery in both the North and the South 2. place taxes on imports and exports 3. revise the Articles of Confederation 4. reduce the power of the federal government 14. In the 1780 s, many Americans distrusted a strong central government. This distrust is best shown by the? 1. lack of debate over the ratification of the United States Constitution 2. plan of government set up by the Articles of Confederation 3. development of a Federal court system 4. constitutional provision for a strong President 15. The authors of the United States Constitution believed that the voice of the people should be heard frequently. Which part of the Government was instituted to respond most directly to the will of the people? 1. Senate 2. House of Representatives 3. Supreme Court 4. Presidency 16. One way in which the United States Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation was that the Constitution? 1. created a national government having three branches 2. provided for the direct election of the President by the voters 3. made the amendment process more difficult 4. increased the powers of the states 17. One way in which the authors of the Constitution tried to create limited government was by providing for? 1. a loyal opposition through a two-party system 2. a division of power between the national and state governments 3. the establishment of naturalization laws 4. the popular election of Federal judge 18. Antifederalists criticized the United States Constitution primarily because governing power was concentrated in the? 1. State legislatures 2. President s Cabinet 3. delegates to the Constitutional Convention 4. National Government 19. The United States Government is considered a federal system because? 1. national laws must be passed by both houses of Congress 2. powers are divided between the State and National Governments 3. the States are guaranteed a republican form of government 4. the President is selected by the electoral college 20. The Bill of Rights was added to the United States Constitution to? 1. provide the president with the power to enforce the laws 2. protect individuals civil liberties 3. establish a presidential cabinet 4. guarantee voting privileges to all citizens 9. Those who supported the ratification of the United States Constitution promised to add a bill of rights in order to? 1. encourage economic development 2. prevent the return of English control over the new nation 3. increase the power of the National Government over the states 4. persuade the anti-federalists to accept the Constitution 10. At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the Great Compromise resolved the issue of? 1. representation 2. taxation 3. slavery 4. control of trade 11. Federalism is best described as the? 21. What was an important accomplishment of the central government under the Articles of Confederation? 1. elimination of debts from the Revolutionary War 2. removal of all British troops from North America 3. formation of a national policy relating to Native American Indians 4. development of guidelines for the admission of new states into the Union 22. The Federalist Papers were published in 1787 and 1788 to help gain support for? 1. a bill of rights 2. the ratification of the Constitution 3. a weaker central government 4. the abolition of slavery and the slave trade

8 # 3 Building A New Nation and the Age of Jacksonian Democracy Information Sheet. 3A. Early Republic After the Constitution was ratified, the representatives unanimously elected George Washington to be America s first President. Washington knew that he would be setting important precedents (important firsts). Washington was the first person to create a cabinet (groups of advisors and specialized departments). This was part of the Unwritten Constitution (powers not specifically listed in the Constitution). Washington set another example on the home front by demonstrating the Federal Government would exercise their power to strike down domestic uprisings during the Whiskey Rebellion. Another part of the Unwritten Constitution that Washington establishes is that Presidents only serve for two terms after Washington s second term, he chose not to run again. His Farewell Address, at the end of his presidency is also important because in it, Washington outlines a policy of isolationism warning America to stay away from foreign affairs. Washington also established Future Presidents would both follow and debate this policy. Washington also warned against political parties, but people took sides over political issues and eventually formed the Federalist Party and the Democratic- Republicans. In 1796, John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson to become the 2 nd President. During Adams Presidency, America almost went to war with France over the XYZ Affair and in response Adams passed the Alien and Sedition Act which limited rights during time of war. The election of 1800 saw the peaceful transfer of power between two presidents after Adams lost to Jefferson (this was known as The Revolution of 1800). In 1803 the 3rd U.S. President, Thomas Jefferson, made the Louisiana Purchase from the French Emperor Napoleon. This purchase, which Jefferson made Constitutional by calling it a treaty, more than doubled the territory of the U.S (westward expansion). The Louisiana Purchase demonstrates that Jefferson changed his original view that the constitution should be interpreted strictly to that it should be interpreted loosely. This treaty between the US and France gave the U.S. full control of rich natural resources and the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans. This rich and plentiful land was attractive to many American settlers. As America began expanding, it began having problems. England began instigating America and America s 4 th President, James Madison, declared war (with Congress s approval) on England. This became known as The War of It was a draw, but its long term significance is that America established itself as a legitimate power. America used its new power to protect its interests. In 1823, President James Monroe in his State of the Union Address to Congress issued the Monroe Doctrine which declared that the Western Hemisphere was not allowed to be colonized any more by the European Powers this was now America s area. It is debated if the policy was expansionist (expanding America s power) or keeping with George Washington s policy of isolationism. Regardless, America, in just under 40 years as a nation, was becoming a powerful country. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary 3B. Jacksonian Democracy Throughout his political career as a representative from Tennessee and then as President, Jackson was a champion of the common man. Jackson s support for changes and the following era of those changes became known as The Age of Jacksonian Democracy. Jacksonian democracy was built on the following general principles: extended suffrage (voting rights) voting rights were given to all white men, manifest destiny (it is our right to expand West), patronage (giving offices to supporters such as Jackson s Spoil System), strict constructionism (strict reading of the Constitution although many debate how much Jackson did this), laissez-faire economics (government should stay out of economics) and an opposition to banks. In order to help laissez-faire economics and stop what Jackson believed was the corruption of the Bank of the United States (Jackson believed that too few were getting too rich at the price of farmers and laborers), Jackson refused to renew the Bank re-charter Act in As a result, the national bank closed down. This unfortunately led to the Panic of 1837 and an economic depression because local banks ran out of gold and silver and had to shut down. Jackson also believed the two other branches of government were becoming too powerful and corrupt. During his time as President, he vetoed most of the bills that came from Congress. He also was the first President to challenge the Supreme Court s power of judicial review. The power of judicial review was created as part of the unwritten constitution in the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803). Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the power of judicial review was meant to be in the Constitution (as a part of checks and balances) by the Founders and that the courts have the power to rule acts, actions and laws constitutional or unconstitutional. Marshall then used this power (in cases such as Gibbons v. Ogden and McCulloch v. Maryland) to strengthen the power of the Federal Government over the States and encourage the growth of business and capitalism. In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act which allowed the President to buy Indian lands and then give them new lands in the West and put them onto reservations. The Cherokee Nation sued the U.S. government and the case went all the ways up to the Supreme Court. In the case of Worcester v. Georgia the Supreme Court said that this act was illegal. However, in response Jackson stated, John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it! Jackson and the following President Martin Van Buren moved thousands of Indians onto reservations (now present day Oklahoma). This was unfortunately a sad episode in American History because 800 Indians died along the way from starvation, poor nutrition and drowning in poor government transports and became known as The Trail of Tears. Jackson also strengthened the system of Federalism and enforce that the Federal Government was stronger than the states. States Rights have been an issue since the founding of America, and this issue came to a head with the Nullification Crisis of When North Carolina wanted to nullify (cancel) a federal tariff (trade tax that was being placed on good being brought into the nation. It was to protect domestic manufacturers to having to compete with lower priced goods made by other countries), Jackson was prepared to send the army to the state to enforce the tariff. Fortunately, Congressman Henry Clay stepped in and created a compromise tariff. However, the issue of sectionalism (northern vs. southern states) and states rights was becoming an issue that was going to tear the country apart. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary Key Vocabulary Words 1) Precedent something done that is followed by others. 2) Unwritten Constitution powers, procedures and traditions that become precedent but are not specifically listed in the Constitution 3) Cabinet the President s group of political advisors. (part of unwritten Constitution) 4) Whiskey Rebellion farmers rebellion over a whiskey tax. President Washington uses the army to put down the rebellion to show the strength of the Federal Government. 5) Farewell Address Washington s letter to the nation when he chooses not to run again. In it, Washington stresses a future policy of isolationism/neutrality and warns against political parties.

9 6) Isolationism a policy of neutrality America should not be involved in foreign affairs. 7) Political Parties organizations that represent a set of political (and social and economic) beliefs. The first two political parties where the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. 8) XYZ Affair When France tried to blackmail America to pay France to stop attacking ships. Leads to The Quasi-War between America and France. 9) Alien and Sedition Acts Acts passed by President Adams that limit rights and speech against the government during time of war and are antiimmigrant. 10) Revolution of 1800 Jefferson defeats Adams in the election of Adams peacefully transfers the Presidency to Jefferson. This is the first peaceful political exercise of democracy/exchange of office in American history. 11) Louisiana Purchase a treaty President Thomas Jefferson made with France that doubled the size of the U.S and gave the U.S. full control of the Great Plains, Mississippi River and New Orleans. 12) Strict Constructionist - a person who interprets the Constitution exactly as it is written, word for word. 13) Loose Constructionist- a person who interprets the Constitution in a loose flexible way and may stretch the meaning of the Constitution. 14) War of 1812 A war between the US and England which was fought over trade rights. The US barely won and the White House was burned down. The significance is that America is now respected as a legitimate and powerful nation. 15) Alexander Hamilton advisor to President Washington who supported the creation of a National Bank 16) Lewis and Clark - explorers hired by President Jefferson explore the Louisiana Territory 17) State of the Union Address Part of the unwritten Constitution the President addresses Congress (and now the nation) and tells them his plans for America, what he wants done, etc. 18) Monroe Doctrine- This was the nickname for President Monroe s State of the Union Address that said that Europe should not interfere with the West (North & South America), the Western Hemisphere is the U.S. s area, and the U.S. would not get involved in European affairs. 19) Spoils System Jackson gave political posts to his supporters. 20) Rotation System Government employees can only serve 4 years 21) Kitchen Cabinet Jackson consulted with his friends more than his cabinet. 22) Indian Removal Act of 1830 Jackson orders the Cherokee and other Indian nations removed West onto reservations (special land just for Indians). 23) Worcester v. Georgia Cherokees sue in the Supreme Court saying that they cannot be removed. The Supreme Court sides with the Cherokees, but Andrew Jackson ignores the Supreme Court s ruling and moves the Indians onto reservations anyway. ( Marshall made his ruling, now let him enforce it. ) 24) Trail of Tears When the Cherokees were moved from Georgia to Nebraska, 800 of them die on the way due to traveling in bad conditions and using poor equipment to travel with. 25) Vetoing Congress Jackson did not like the power that Congress and Congressmen had too much power and were corrupt. He vetoed many of Congress s bills and did not take their advice in foreign and domestic policy. 26) War with the Bank of the U.S. (BUS) Jackson believed that the national bank only helped the wealthy class and hurt the poor. He vetoed its recharter (renewal). When the bank closed, every state had its own main bank. This complication led to The Panic of ) The Panic of where many banks closed and people lost their money. 28) Nullification Crisis When North Carolina wanted to not follow and nullify a federal law and Jackson was prepared to send the army to enforce the law. 29) Sectionalism conflict between Northern and Southern interests in the country. 30)States Rights: the political ideology that states have individual rights and do not have to listen to everything the federal government says. 31) Jacksonian Democracy: time period in American history, when suffrage was extended to all men, and there was increased participation by people in government and politics. 32) Manifest Destiny: belief America has the God-given right to expand West and fill the entire continent. 33) laissez-faire economics economic ideology that government should stay out of economics. 34) Supreme Court Third branch of government and highest court in the United States. Created in Article III of the Constitution. Responsible for interpreting the Constitution. 35) Judicial review implied power (not specifically written in the Constitution - unwritten Constitution - but becomes precedent) that gives the Supreme Court the power to rule laws and actions Constitutional or Unconstitutional 36) Marshall Court ( ) uses his decisions to strengthen federal government power over the states 37) Marbury v. Madison (1803, Early Republic Period) gives the Supreme Court the power of judicial review 38) McCulloch v. Maryland(1812, Early Republic Period) Maryland wants to tax Bank of the U.S.. Supreme Court says not allowed -- supremacy of the federal law in taxation 39) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, Early Republic Period) The Supreme Court rules that a State s cannot affect interstate trade (trade occurring over more than one state border) or a Federal Contract. Questions: 1. What were two key precedents established by George Washington during his presidency? 1. aid to farmers and the end of the slave trade 2. universal male suffrage and support for political parties 3. foreign policy of neutrality and the use of presidential advisors 4. protective tariffs and foreign alliances during peacetime 2. An example of the use of the unwritten constitution is the creation of the 1. presidential veto 2. United States Navy 3. federal postal system 4. president's cabinet 3. A major purpose of the president's cabinet is to 1. offer advice on important issues 2. nominate ambassadors 3. conduct impeachment trials 4. regulate the amount of money in circulation 4. "It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world..." - George Washington, Farewell Address. In the 1920s and 1930s, some Americans used this statement to justify a policy of 1. isolationism 2. collective security 3. mercantilism 4. Imperialism 5. Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) and the Monroe Doctrine (1823) were efforts to 1. avoid political conflicts with European nations 2. directly support European revolutions 3. aid Great Britain in its war against France 4. promote military alliances 6. The Louisiana Purchase had great geographic significance for the United States because it 1. reduced British control of North America 2. focused the United States on westward expansion 3. extended United States control over Mexico 4. decreased tensions with Native American Indians 7. The Louisiana Purchase initially presented a dilemma for President Thomas Jefferson because he believed it would 1. lead to war with Great Britain 2. bankrupt the new nation 3. force Native American Indians off their lands 4. violate his strict constructionist view of the Constitution

10 8. In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was established mainly because the United States wanted to 1. keep control of Alaska and Hawaii 2. establish more colonies in Latin America 3. support England's attempt to keep its empire in Central America 4. warn Europe against any further colonization in Latin America 9. Which proposal was included in Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's financial plans in the 1790s? 1. incentives to encourage agricultural expansion 2. creation of a national bank 3. direct taxes on the states to support government operations 4. free trade with other nations 10. On what grounds would strict constructionists of the United States Constitution have questioned the purchase of the Louisiana Territory? 1. It violated the guarantee of states' rights. 2. The president was not specifically given the power to purchase new land. 3. Congress was opposed to expansion west of the Mississippi River. 4. The Constitution applied only to the original thirteen states. 11. During the presidency of Andrew Jackson, the spoils system resulted in 1. federal laws being nullified by the states 2. elected officials rewarding their supporters with government jobs 3. all free males being given the right to vote 4. the end of political corruption in the federal government 12. The United States government is creating memorials along the Trail of Tears because it was 1. an important road used by settlers going to the frontier 2. the location of injustices against many Native American Indians 3. the site of victories by General Andrew Jackson during the War of the route followed by the first transcontinental railroad 13. Which Supreme Court decision is most closely associated with the Trail of Tears? 1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) 2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) 3. Worcester v. Georgia (1832) 4. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) 14. According to the theory of laissez faire, the economy functions best when the government 1. subsidizes business so that it can compete worldwide 2. regulates business for the good of the majority 3. owns major industries 4. does not interfere in business 15. Which term did Americans use in the 1840s to describe the idea that the United States should possess the entire continent? 1. containment 2. globalization 3. Manifest Destiny 4. popular sovereignty 16. At times, the United States Government has passed protective tariffs to 1. encourage foreign trade 2. help the nation s manufacturers 3. reduce the cost of consumer goods 4. improve the quality of goods 17. A major reason for the issuance of the Monroe Doctrine (1823) was to 1. discourage United States trade with Latin America 2. defend the Panama Canal from Great Britain 3. prevent further European colonization in the Caribbean region 4. provide economic aid to Latin American nations 18. President Andrew Jackson claimed that use of the spoils system increased democracy in the federal government because it 1. passage of an amendment ending religious qualifications for voting 2. extension of suffrage to Native American Indians 3. end of property requirements for voting by many states 4. arrival of more immigrants from nations with democratic governments 19. President George Washington set a precedent for all future presidents by 1. appointing a career soldier to be Secretary of War 2. choosing a friend to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 3. campaigning actively for the office 4. creating a cabinet of advisors 20. One goal of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan was the establishment of a 1. stock exchange 2. national sales tax 3. federal income tax 4. national bank SECTION #1 USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #1, #2 and #3 to answer the Thematic essay from August 2010 Theme: Presidential Actions Task: United States presidents have taken actions that have had a significant effect on United States foreign or domestic policies. Identify two presidential actions that have had significant effects on United States history and for each Describe the historical circumstances surrounding the action Discuss the impact of the presidential action on United States foreign policy or on American society You may use any presidential action that has had a significant effect on United States history. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include George Washington issuing the Proclamation of Neutrality, George Washington s Farewell Address, Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase, Andrew Jackson and Indian Removal or others.

11 # 4 The Road to Civil War ( ) and Reconstruction ( ) 4A. Expansion and Division of the Nation The expansion of the US throughout the 1800 s made the US larger, richer, and stronger, but the new territories also brought about major conflict. At first, most people believed that the country could exist with half of its economy based on slave labor (the South) and the other half based on manufacturing (the North). As new territory was added, many of the compromises over slavery began to break down. This slowly led to increased sectionalism. Northern States wanted these new states to be free states to stop the expansion of slavery and to get enough representatives to make a law to end slavery. The South was scared of this, so they wanted the new states to become slave states so there would be a balance of power in Congress. Compromises, such as the Missouri Compromise, the 1850 Compromise and the Kansas-Nebraska Act tried to make both sides happy, but actually made things worse. In the Kansas territory, because of the idea of popular sovereignty, people started fighting each other, which became known as Bleeding Kansas. Tensions greatly escalated with the Dred Scott Decision. Chief Justice Robert Tawney ruled that not only was slavery legal in the North, but the Missouri Compromise which separated free and slave states was illegal Congress cannot regulate property it was now legal to own slaves in any state! This infuriated abolitionists and gave the new anti-slavery Republican Party even more momentum. Republican Congressman Abraham Lincoln in his debates with Senator Stephen Douglas in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates made it clear that a house divided cannot stand with the issue of slavery. The South saw this is a threat that if a Republican President won, slavery would be made illegal. Harriet Beecher Stowe s Uncle Tom s Cabin (which depicted the life of a slave very negatively) and the abolitionist John Brown s Raid on Harper s Ferry to try to create a slave revolt both increased the anger of Southern Fire Eaters (outspoken politicians), and convinced many that the only choice left for the South was to secede (leave) the United States and form their own country. They believed in the principle of States Rights they did not want a Northern-controlled Federal Government to tell the states what to do or take away their property. Poor Presidential leadership just allowed the situation to get worse. Due to Abraham Lincoln s popularity, he was nominated as the Presidential candidate for the Republican Party in South Carolina stated that if Lincoln won, they would secede from the Union. Lincoln, thanks to a divided Democratic party, did win, and on December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted and left the Union! Through early 1861, ten more Southern States seceded and formed a new government The Confederate States of America they had their own constitution, flag, president (Jefferson Davis) and government. The war started with the Battle of Fort Sumter. From 1861 to 1865, Americans from the North fought Americans from the South in one of the bloodiest wars ever fought in order to preserve the union of the US! The American Civil War changed the United States forever. The federal government showed that the U.S was a union of people and that the states couldn t be allowed to secede from the country. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary 4B. Reconstruction As the Southern Confederacy lay in ruins after its defeat, the American North had to decide on how to reintroduce The South back into the United States. Abraham Lincoln s Reconstruction Plan wanted to make it easy for The South to rejoin the US and slowly give rights to the freed African Americans. The Radical Republicans Reconstruction Plan wanted The South punished for their actions during the Civil War and wanted to make it difficult to reenter the Union and wanted to create equality right away. When Lincoln was assassinated on April 15, 1865, his Vice President, Andrew Johnson became President. Johnson and the Radical Republicans would continue to fight over the two competing visions of reconstruction. During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln issued The Emancipation Proclamation, which only freed slaves in the rebelling states. After the Civil War, Congress issued the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery throughout the United States and granted all slaves freedom. Although slaves were officially free. The Radical Republicans also passed the Fourteenth Amendment that granted former slaves citizenship and they suffered persecution and The Fifteenth Amendment was supposed to protect voting rights for all adult males, regardless of race or color. Congress also created the Freedman s Bureau to help freed Blacks find work and living. To protect Blacks from the South and to punish the South, Congress passed The Reconstruction Act that kept soldiers in the South and kept the army in charge of the South until they ratified their new Constitutions (that didn t have slavery) and became states in the United States again. Andrew Johnson did not like any of these efforts and continually tried to veto Congress, but Congress kept overturning his veto with a 2/3 majority vote. Congress then tried to impeach Johnson for violating the Constitution by not helping the freed Blacks, but fell one vote shy. Reconstruction would not end until 1877 with the election of Alexander Hayes, during a complication, when there was a tie and Congress decided to elect him President if he removed soldiers from the South and ended Reconstruction. Even though Reconstruction would end after 12 years, there were lasting problems during and after, as the South also tried to stop all of the improvements that Congress was creating for the freed Blacks. To keep them working on the plantations, they developed a system known as Sharecropping. Citizens joined the Ku Klux Klan to use terror tactics (such as lynching) to intimidate African Americans to leave the South and to not practice voting rights. States tried to prevent them from voting by passing literacy tests, poll taxes and grandfather clauses. States also tried to prevent Blacks from becoming equal by creating Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws which segregated them. In 1896, in the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court held that segregation was legal as long as it was separate but equal. With so much resistance, early Civil Rights leaders Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois offered two different opinions on how African Americans should try to achieve equal rights. However, it would not be until Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 that this case was overturned and segregation was illegal and it would not be until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 s and 1960 s that African Americans would truly gain equal rights. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary

12 Key Vocabulary Words 1) Sectionalism- when each part of the U.S. (North, South, & West) puts its own needs before the needs of the country as a whole. 2) Secession/Secede- to break away from 3) Abolitionist- a person who tried to end (abolish) slavery 4) Underground Railroad- a system of hideouts Harriet Tubman and many others used to help slaves escape slavery in the South 5) Frederick Douglas- escaped slavery and published a newspaper (The North Star) discussing the evils of slavery 6) Cotton Gin- an invention that made cotton-farming easier. This device increased demand for slavery. 7) Nullification the idea that a state can nullify (ignore) a law of the national government 8) Missouri Compromise (1820)- allowed the state of Missouri to enter the US as a "slave state", Maine to enter as a "free state", and outlawed the spread of slavery above a certain boundary line. 9) Compromise of allowed the state of California to enter the US as a "free state" and created a stronger fugitive slave act. 10) Fugitive Slave Act- made it a crime for Northerners to help runaway slaves from the South 11) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)- allowed Kansas and Nebraska to use popular sovereignty (states could vote to decide if they would be "free" or "slave" state) 12) Popular Sovereignty the idea that the people living in a state will vote to decide if they would be "free" or "slave" state. 13) Bleeding Kansas- Fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters in Kansas. 14) Dred Scott Decision- Supreme Court decision that made it illegal for Congress to ban slavery in any US territory. 15) John Brown- a radical abolitionist who wanted slaves to rise up and fight. 16) Raid at Harper s Ferry John Brown s attempted slave rebellion. Harper s Ferry was a military warehouse. The rebellion fails but the South is very angry at the North. 17) Uncle Tom's Cabin- a very important anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. 18) States Rights The idea that states do not have to listen the Federal Government if they disagree. 19) Lincoln-Douglas Debates Debates that made Abraham Lincoln famous and called attention to that the country cannot survive half slave and half free. 20) Abraham Lincoln Republican politician. Became America s 16 th President. His election caused the Civil War, but his leadership helped the U.S. win it. 21) Election of Election where South Carolina said that if Abraham Lincoln won then they would secede from the Union. Lincoln wins and they secede. 22) Civil War- a war between different groups within one country. The American Civil War was when 11 Southern States tried to break apart and form their own country the Confederate States of America. From , the United States fought to conquer the Confederacy and reunite the country. 23) The Confederate States of America the new rebel country formed by the southern states during the Civil War. It had a government and Constitution similar to America s and a President (Jefferson Davis). 24) Reconstruction- 12-year period after the U.S. Civil War where the southern states were rebuilt and allowed back into the U.S. 25) Freedmen- term used after the Civil War that referred to recently freed slaves. 26) Radical Republicans- group of Congressmen who wanted to punish the South after the Civil War. Soldiers were kept in the South, Civil Rights laws were passed and the South tried to fight the legislation. It ends in the backdoor deal of the election of ) Emancipation Proclamation a letter that President Lincoln signed ending slavery during the Civil War 28) Thirteenth Amendment- officially ended slavery, except as punishment for a crime, in the U.S. 29) Fourteenth Amendment- gave citizenship to Freedmen and equal protection under the law. 30) Fifteenth Amendment- gave voting rights to all adult male citizens regardless of race or color 31) Freedmen's Bureau organization that created schools and work training for Freedmen 32) Reconstruction Act Act that keeps the military in charge of the South during Reconstruction. 33) Ku Klux Klan (KKK)- a group that terrorized and killed Freedmen after the Civil War 34) Lynching a group led hanging meant to terrorize black citizens in the South 35) Jim Crow Laws and Black Codes- state laws in the South that restricted the rights of African Americans and created segregation. 36) Sharecropping/Tenant Farming- a system of renting land that kept many Freedmen poor farm workers after slavery was made illegal 37) Literacy tests- confusing exams given only to blacks in the South to prevent them from voting 38) Poll taxes- fees that kept poor Freedmen from voting. 39) Grandfather clauses- a racist southern law that said you can vote only if your grandfather could vote. This prevented Freedmen from voting. 40) Segregation- the separation of people based on color, race, or religion 41) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - U.S. Supreme Court case that legalized segregation, saying that segregation is legal as long as it is separate but equal. 42) Jim Crow Laws- laws that enforced segregation in southern places (restaurants, train cars, bathrooms) 43) Booker T. Washington - African American leader who accepted segregation, and believed that working from the bottom up and education was the best way to achieve equality. 44) W.E.B. Dubois - African American leader who rejected segregation and believed that blacks must fight for equality through the court system and by protest. 45) Brown v. Board of Ed (1954) Supreme Court case that overturns Plessy v. Ferguson stating that separate but equal in inherently unequal Questions: 1. Sectional differences developed in the United States largely because 1. the Federal Government adopted a policy of neutrality 2. economic conditions and interests in each region varied 3. only northerners were represented at the Constitutional Convention 4. early Presidents favored urban areas over rural areas 2. Early in his Presidency, Abraham Lincoln declared that his primary goal as President was to 1. enforce the Emancipation Proclamation 2. preserve the Union 3. end slavery throughout the entire country 4. encourage sectionalism 3. Which phrase best completes the title for the partial outline shown below? I. Reasons for the A. Increasing sectionalism B. Disagreements over states rights issues C. Breakdown of compromise D. Election of Start of the Revolutionary War 2. Adoption of the Bill of Rights 3. Failure of the Whiskey Rebellion 4. Secession of Southern States from the Union 4. Which term refers to the idea that settlers had the right to decide whether slavery would be legal in their territory? 1. nullification 2. sectionalism 3. popular sovereignty 4. southern secession 5. The Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) was significant because it 1. allowed slavery in California 2. outlawed slavery in the Southern States 3. upheld the actions of the Underground Railroad 4. ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories 6. Which situation was the most immediate result of Abraham Lincoln's election to the presidency in 1860? 1. Kansas and Nebraska joined the Union as free states. 2. A constitutional amendment was adopted to end slavery. 3. Missouri entered the Union as a slave state. 4. Several Southern States seceded from the Union.

13 7. After the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, African Americans continued to experience political and economic oppression mainly because 1. the amendments were not intended to solve their problems 2. many African Americans distrusted the Federal Government 3. Southern legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws 4. poor communications kept people from learning about their legal rights 8. Poll taxes and grandfather clauses were devices used to 1. deny African Americans the right to vote 2. extend suffrage to women and 18-year-old citizens 3. raise money for political campaigns 4. prevent immigrants from becoming citizens 16. In which area did the views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois differ most? 1. the need to stop violence against African Americans 2. the speed with which full equality of the races should be achieved 3. the need to integrate the armed forces 4. the idea of including white Americans in their political action organizations 17. Which statement best explains President Abraham Lincoln s justification for the Civil War? 1. As an abolitionist, President Lincoln wanted to end slavery in the United States. 2. President Lincoln wanted to keep the South economically dependent on the industrial North. 3. President Lincoln s oath of office required him to defend and preserve the Union. 4. To keep the support of Great Britain and France, President Lincoln had to try to end slavery immediately. 18. "By the 1850 s, the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord." This quotation suggests that 1. vast differences of opinion existed over the issue of States rights 2. the Federal Government had become more interested in foreign affairs than in domestic problems 3. the Constitution had no provisions for governing new territories 4. the Southern States continued to import slaves 19. "Compromise Enables Maine and Missouri To Enter Union" (1820) "California Admitted to Union as Free State" (1850) "Kansas-Nebraska Act Sets Up Popular Sovereignty" (1854) 9. In their plans for Reconstruction, both President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson sought to 1. punish the South for starting the Civil War 2. force the Southern States to pay reparations to the Federal Government 3. allow the Southern States to reenter the nation as quickly as possible 4. establish the Republican Party as the only political party in the South 10. The 14th and 15th Amendments, passed during Reconstruction, resulted in 1. equal rights for women in the United States 2. expanded rights for Native American Indians on reservations 3. increased individual rights for African Americans 4. additional rights for Southern segregationists 11. The underlying reason for the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson was 1. the Credit Mobilier scandal 2. a power struggle with Congress over Reconstruction 3. his refusal to appoint new justices to the Supreme Court 4. his policies toward Native American Indians 12. The Articles of Confederation and the theory of nullification were both attempts to 1. strengthen the national government 2. form new political parties 3. protect states' rights 4. strengthen the presidency 13. Which problem did the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act attempt to solve? 1. extension of slavery into the western territories 2. equitable distribution of frontier lands to the owners of small farms 3. placement of protective tariffs on foreign imports 4. need for internal improvements in transportation 14. In which case did the United States Supreme Court rule that segregated public facilities were constitutional? 1. Worcester v. Georgia 2. Plessy v. Ferguson 3. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 4. Miranda v. Arizona 15. Many Southern States tried to limit the effects of Radical Reconstruction by 1. adopting federal laws mandating segregation 2. enacting Jim Crow laws 3. abolishing the Southern sharecropping system 4. securing passage of new amendments to the United States Constitution Which issue is reflected in these headlines? 1. enactment of protective tariffs 2. extension of slavery 3. voting rights for minorities 4. universal public education 20. "A house divided against itself cannot stand.... I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other.... -Abraham Lincoln, 1858 The divided house referred to in this speech was caused primarily by 1. expansionism 2. war with Mexico 3. slavery 4. the suffrage movement 21. "Although important strides were made, Reconstruction failed to provide lasting guarantees of the civil rights of the freedmen. Which evidence best supports this statement 1. passage of Jim Crow laws in the latter part of the 19th century 2. ratification of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments 3. refusal of Southern States to allow sharecropping 4. passage of the Civil Rights Acts of Base your answer to the question below on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. "[The registrar] brought a big old book out there, and he gave me the sixteenth section of the constitution of Mississippi,... I could copy it like it was in the book, but after I got through copying it, he told me to give a reasonable interpretation and tell the meaning of the section I had copied. Well, I flunked out." Source: A History of the United States since 1861 The main intent of the literacy test described in the passage was to 1. encourage reform of the political system 2. encourage Mississippi residents to learn about their state s legal system 3. prevent African Americans from exercising a basic right 4. enforce the provisions of the United States Constitution 23. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges... of citizens... nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.... The major purpose of these provisions of the 14th Amendment was to 1. limit the power of the federal government 2. expand the civil rights of women 3. maintain competition in business 4. protect the rights of African Americans

14 24. Which statement is best supported by the data in the table? 1. The Confederate troops lost the Civil War as a result of their higher numbers of injuries and fatalities. 2. The Union army had better generals during the Civil War. 3. The Civil War had more casualties than any other war. 4. More soldiers died from disease than from wounds. 25. What is the most accurate title for this map? 1. Closing the Frontier 2. Results of Reconstruction 3. A Nation Divided 4. Compromise of 1850 # 5 The Gilded Age--The Rise of Industry & Immigration (late 1800 s) 5A.The Post- Civil War Industrialization of the United States Industrialization is when a country goes from making products by hand to mass-producing products in factories with machines. Industrialization was made possible by inventions like steam engines, railroads, iron, steel, electricity, and the production of raw materials (gas, coal, and oil). Industrialization boosted the economy of the U.S. and made it a very powerful and wealthy nation. However it has also created many serious problems for people and the environment. Industrialization was fueled by the United States Economic System of Free Market Capitalism, an economic system based on no government interference in the economy, private ownership of business and businesses competing with each other. This was also known as laissez-faire the government does not get involved in businesses. Capitalism benefits consumers by increasing the variety of goods available and keeping prices low. At the same time, capitalism can hurt certain workers as owners attempt to increase profits through poor working conditions and low wages. Monopolies eventually became powerful enough to influence politicians in the government. They pressured politicians to pass laws that would benefit the monopolies but not the public. The government tried to limit monopolies using anti-trust laws, but it was not until Theodore Roosevelt became President during the Progressive Era, that the power of monopolies was limited. New Immigrants came to the U.S. during this period of industrialization seeking jobs and religious freedom, which led to the rapid growth of cities. Cities grew too fast for governments to handle and many problems such as pollution, crime, poverty, and anger towards new immigrants quickly spread. Anti-immigration laws such as the Chinese-Exclusion Act were passed to limit them. Workers formed Labor Unions to try to fight for their rights and protect American jobs against immigrants. They used strikes, boycotts and collective bargaining to try to fight the monopolies, but the early labor unions and their efforts were usually not successful. Employers were very hostile towards workers trying to organize. The Knight of Labor fell apart after the Haymarket Riot, and the government took the sides of big business during strikes such as the Pullman Strike and Homestead Strike. Again, it would not be until the Progressive Era where unions started to gain more power and workers began receiving more rights. America was growing, becoming richer and more powerful, but there were many underlying problems. This is why America during this time was known as The Gilded Age (gilded means shiny but dull inside). Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary Key Vocabulary Words 1) Industrialization - the rise of technology, factories and big business. 2) Gilded Age nickname for the industrial era in which rich Americans dominated the US. There were many successes but also many problems. 3) Free Market Capitalism - an economic system where individuals can privately own and run their own businesses without government interference. 4) Urbanization - when people move from rural areas (the countryside) to urban areas (cities) 5) Laissez-faire - when the government keeps its "hands off" business 6) Corporation - a large company where many investors own a part of the business by purchasing stock 7) Entrepreneur - a person who starts his or her own company 8) Social Darwinism Survival of the fittest in society and economics 9) Rugged Individualism people must help themselves. People need a good work ethic. 10) Supply and Demand: Prices are determined by consumers and businesses 11) Monopoly/Trusts - a company that has complete control over an industry and prevents competition 12) Robber Barons a nickname for very rich Monopolists that were accused of being too greedy 13) Captains of Industry: nicknames for rich monopolists that helped grow industry and make affordable products for the public. 14) Andrew Carnegie - businessman who ran a steel monopoly by destroying his competition. He also donated large amounts of money to build libraries and theaters (philanthropist).

15 15) John D Rockefeller - businessman who ran an oil monopoly and forced his competition out of business. He also donated large amounts of money to build public spaces (philanthropist). 16) Knights of Labor Labor union created by Terrence V. Powderly. 17) Labor Union- organization of workers that fought for workers rights and pay using strikes, boycotts and collective bargaining. 18) Haymarket Riot- riot that ends the Knights of Labor. 19) American Federation of Labor Created by Samuel Gompers. Largest labor union in America. Did not accept blacks, women or immigrants though. Focused on the rights of skilled workers. 20) Pullman Strike and Homestead Strike: Workers strikes on railroads that was put down with force by the government and workers did not get benefits. 21) Importance of Railroads : As America was growing, railroads connected America and transferred its population (including immigrants) all over. The main railroad monopolist was John Vanderbilt. 24) The Old Immigrants - immigrants from Northern and Western Europe who moved to America between ) The New Immigrants immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe who moved to America between for jobs and to escape poverty. 26) Pluralism diversity, a mixture of people from different religions and cultures 27) Assimilation the process of immigrants becoming culturally American (learning English/eating American food) 28) Nativism - the dislike of immigrants and a strong pride for those born in the U.S. 29) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) law that completely banned immigrants from China 30) Gentleman s Agreement - (1907) law that limited immigrants from Japan 31) Immigration Quotas laws that restricted the number of immigrants from certain countries Questions: 1. In the United States, the main purpose of antitrust legislation is to 1. protect the environment 2. increase competition in business 3. encourage the growth of monopolies 4. strengthen the rights of workers 2. After the Civil War, one way business leaders tried to eliminate competition was by 1. forming monopolies or trusts 2. developing overseas markets 3. increasing the prices of their products 4. paying high wages to their workers 1. suppressed the growth of labor unions 2. supported philanthropic activities to benefit society 3. applied scientific discoveries to industry 4. attempted to undermine the United States economic system 3. In the United States, organized labor made its greatest membership gains when 1. the right to unionize and bargain collectively was guaranteed by legislation 2. international competition began to threaten jobs in the United States 3. the major business groups encouraged unionization 4. the economy began to shift from manufacturing to service employment 4. Many reformers who opposed the laissez-faire attitude of the late 19th century argued that 1. the National Government should not interfere in the activities of big business big business 2. national wealth could best be assured by the accumulation of gold 3. the idea of rugged individualism is vital to the nation s economic growth 4. government should protect society through the regulation of business 5. Nativism in the late 19th century was motivated primarily by 1. hostility toward immigrant workers 2. the need to reduce overcrowding in western states 3. cultural conflicts with Native American Indians 4. the migration of African Americans to northern cities 6. The Rockefeller Foundation, Carnegie Hall, and the Morgan Library illustrate various ways that entrepreneurs and their descendants have 7. Jacob Riis, Jane Addams, and Margaret Sanger are most closely associated with efforts to 1. educate and train formerly enslaved persons 2. preserve the natural environment 3. advance the interests of organized labor 4. improve conditions for the poor 8. The term business monopoly can best be described as 1. the most common form of business in the United States 2. government control of the means of production 3. an agreement between partners to manage a corporation 4. a company that controls or dominates an industry 9. One reason John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. Pierpont Morgan were sometimes called robber barons was because they 1. robbed from the rich to give to the poor 2. made unnecessarily risky investments 3. used ruthless business tactics against their competitors 4. stole money from the federal government 10. Which statement describes a result of the Industrial Revolution in the United States? 1. Farm production decreased. 2. Slavery in the South increased. 3. The population of the cities decreased. 4. Immigration to the United States increased 11. Prices and wages should be determined by the marketplace. The author of this statement would most probably support 1. government ownership of utilities

16 2. minimum-wage laws 3. wage and price controls 4. laissez-faire capitalism 12. Which factor most limited the growth of labor unions during the late 1800 s? 1. Most employers were very hostile toward workers efforts to organize. 2. Most factory workers were satisfied with their wages and working conditions. 3. The Federal Government declared that unions were illegal. 4. Workers preferred to negotiate with factory owners as individuals rather than as members of a group. 13. In the 19th century, the major national labor unions wanted to improve the position of workers mainly by 1. obtaining the legal right to organize and bargain collectively 2. using government troops to settle labor disputes with management 3. supporting government ownership of major industries 4. endorsing a third political party for workers only 14. In response to the demands of farmers and small business owners, Congress enacted laws in the late 19th century that 1. supported the organization of farm cooperatives 2. regulated the activities of railroads and trusts 3. provided direct payments to farmers to help them buy modem machinery 4. dropped tariff rates to the lowest point in the century 15.The American Federation of Labor became the first long-lasting, successful labor union in the United States mainly because it 1. refused to participate in strikes against employers 2. concentrated on organizing workers in industries in the South 3. formed its own political party and elected many prolabor public officials 4. fought for the rights of skilled workers 1. imperialism 2. nativism 3. militarism 4. Manifest Destiny 16. One way in which the Chinese Exclusion Act, the Gentlemen s Agreement, and the National Origins Act were similar is that all were expressions of 17. The main purpose of this 1886 poster was to 1. oppose immigrants who took jobs from American workers 2. support nativist calls for limitations on labor unions 3. organize a protest against acts of police brutality against workers 4. show support for police actions against foreign revolutionaries 18. Which generalization about population growth is supported by information in this chart? 1. For every census listed, rural population exceeded urban population. 2. By 1920, more people lived in cities than in rural areas. 3. The Civil War significantly slowed the rate of population growth. 4. Most urban population growth was due to people migrating from rural areas. 19. What is the main idea of this cartoon? 1. The Standard Oil Company was a harmful monopoly. 2. The best way to develop major industries was to form proprietorships. 3. Government regulations were strangling the Standard Oil Company. 4. Foreign competition in the oil industry was hurting American companies. 20. According to the graph, which was the first year in which more Americans lived in urban areas than in rural areas? (look to the bottom)

17 # 6 The Progressive Era (1890 s to late 1910 s/early 1920 s) 6A. Problems of Labor, Farmers, Immigrants The Progressive Era is a period of reform in which many of the problems that the U.S. faced during industrialization were addressed or solved. During industrialization, it was common for children to work in unsafe factories alongside their parents who would work hours a week. Life at home wasn t any better as most American were poor, ate spoiled food and lived in crowded, dirty tenements. During The Progressive Era, the U.S. government moved away from its Laissez-faire policy and began to regulate businesses. The movement grew from the Granger Movement and Populist Party that organized farmers in an attempt to break up the railroad monopoly that had been exploiting (taking advantage of) farmers by overcharging them for shipping. The Populist Platform called for more popular involvement in government such as direct election of senators, initiative, referendum and recall. Even though they lost, they paved the way for many reforms. The Populist Party and Progressives were third political parties that focused on a particular person and issue. The Progressives were a political, social and economic movement, which fought for the poor and working class people that were being exploited during industrialization. Many writers, reporters, and social activists like Upton Sinclair and Jacob Riis contributed to solving the many problems that developed during industrialization. Workers began to group together in labor unions in order to fight for better wages, shorter work hours, and safer working conditions. The public and government did not support unions at first but key events like the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire eventually made people realize that workers' rights were being violated by big businesses. Presidents read the works of the Progressive writers and made reforms based on their writings; they became known as The Progressive Presidents. President Theodore Roosevelt is considered to be the American President at this time most responsible for protecting Americans from the abuses of business. Roosevelt worked tirelessly to pass Anti Trust Acts, improve health and safety conditions in factories and make sure the food we eat is safe. President William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson were also Progressive Presidents who passed reforms. The Progressive movement continued to 1920 when women received the right to vote with the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment. However, the Progressive Movement ends when America enters World War I. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary Key Vocabulary Words 1) The Granger Movement - farmers who pushed for government regulation of railroads 2) The Populist Party a new political party started by William Jennings Bryan to represent workers and farmers against railroads, banks and big business, and to get political reforms. Advocated fore free silver new currency reform. 3) The Progressive Movement Movement where people (Muckrakers) identified and fought against the social, political and economic problems in the United 4) States due to urbanization (growth of cities) and industrialization (growth of businesses) 5) Theodore Roosevelt - Progressive President ( ) who s Square Deal Policies broke up monopolies, created the Meat Inspection Act and was also a trustbuster breaking up monopolies. 6) Trustbusting - when the government uses antitrust acts to break up trusts/monopolies 7) Anti Trust Acts - laws that tried to stop the spread of monopolies such as the Clayton Anti-Trust Act and Sherman Anti-Trust Act. 8) Meat Inspection Act (1906) - cleanliness requirements for all meat plants that were enforced with inspectors 9) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) - required companies to label ingredients in food and drug products 10) Muckrakers - reporters who expose problems, corruption and the abuse of industry 11) Upton Sinclair - wrote The Jungle a book about the unclean and unsafe conditions of the meatpacking industry. 12) Jacob Riis - photographed the horrible living conditions of the urban poor in his book How the Other Half Lives 13) Initiative - allows citizens, instead of politicians, to come up with state bills (ideas for laws) 14) Referendum - allows citizens, instead of politicians, to vote on certain state bills 15) Recall - allows citizens, instead of politicians, to remove a politician from office 16) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) a meeting of women, led by Susan B. Anthony to demand Women's Suffrage. 17) Suffrage - the right to vote. The 19 th Amendment grants Women s Suffrage 18) Labor Unions- Groups of workers who used the threat of going on strike in order to bargain for better working condition and higher salaries. (Terrence Powderly s Knights of Labor, Samuel Gomper s American Federation of Labor - AFL) 19) Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) women die in a factory fire because of unsafe conditions 20) Tenements small, unsafe apartments that immigrants in NYC would often live in. 21) Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall - The corrupt government of New York City that took advantage of people and immigrants through taxes, corrupt deals, etc. 22) Thomas Nast cartoonist who exposed corruption, especially against Boss Tweed. 23) Ida Tarbell Wrote about the corruption of the Standard Oil Company. 24) Jane Adams worked in Hull Houses that were houses for the poor.

18 25) Woodrow Wilson another Progressive President. His New Nationalism Program targeted child labor, better working conditions, regulating banks and breaking up trusts. 26) Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Congressional Act that stated only the government controls trade between states (and not businesses) 27) Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) Congressional Act that tries to make monopolies and trusts illegal, but does not have initial success. Questions: 1. In passing the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Congress intended to 1. prevent large corporations from eliminating their competition 2. distinguish good trusts from bad trusts 3. regulate rates charged by railroads 4. force large trusts to bargain with labor unions 2. In the late 1800s, many business practices of the railroads led to 1. an increase in the unemployment rate 2. an increase in the demand for government regulation 3. a decrease in the demand for raw materials 4. a decrease in the variety of products available for consumers 3. A goal of the Granger and Populist movements was to 1. expand rights for African Americans 2. help western farmers fight unjust economic practices 3. provide support for the banking industry 4. enable big business to expand without government interference 4. The Populist movement was most interested in improving conditions for 1. farmers 2. business leaders 3. African Americans 4. Native American Indians 9. Which president was known as a trustbuster? 1. George Washington 2. Calvin Coolidge 3. Theodore Roosevelt 4. Dwight Eisenhower 10. In the late 1800s, the Homestead steel strike and the Pullman railcar strike were unsuccessful because 1. the government supported business owners 2. most workers refused to take part in the strike 3. the Supreme Court ruled both strikes were illegal 4. factory owners hired children to replace the strikers 11. In 1906, the publication of The Jungle, written by Upton Sinclair, led Congress to 1. enact stronger prohibition laws 2. support the national conservation movement 3. establish a system for meat inspection 4. legalize strikes and boycotts by labor unions 12. Which 19th-century event supported the movement for women's rights? 1. Seneca Falls Convention 2. Dred Scott decision 3. formation of the Republican Party 4. Lincoln-Douglas debates 13. A major purpose of the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) was to 1. limit immigration of certain ethnic groups 2. enrich America's cultural diversity 3. treat all Asian and European immigrants equally 4. relocate Asians displaced by war 5. A main purpose of President Theodore Roosevelt s trust-busting policies was to 1. reduce corruption in government 2. save the nation s banks 3. encourage competition in business 4. end strikes by labor unions 6. During which period in United States history were the amendments concerning the income tax, direct election of Senators. Prohibition, and women s suffrage enacted? 1. Reconstruction 2. The Gilded Age 3. Progressive Era 4. New Deal 7. The Populist and the Progressive movements were similar in their approaches to reform in that both 1. supported the return of powers to the state governments 2. promoted the use of violent strikes and protests against big business organizations 3. opposed the strict laissez-faire attitudes of the federal government 4. lobbied for immediate social and economic equality for African Americans 8. In How the Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis described the living conditions of 1. workers in urban slums 2. African Americans in the segregated South 3. the rich in their mansions 4. Native American Indians on reservations 14. Which conclusion can be drawn about the impact of the Populist and the Progressive parties on the United States? 1. Some third-party goals eventually become planks in the platforms of the major parties. 2. The United States has steadily moved from a two-party system to a multiparty system. 3. Religious ideals have most often motivated people to splinter away from major parties. 4. An increasing number of citizens have grown weary of party politics and fail to vote in elections. 15. The Populists believed that most of the United States economic problems would be solved by establishing 1. currency reform 2. postal savings banks 3. a national property tax 4. a renewed policy of open immigration 16. A common characteristic of third political parties in the United States is that they 1. tend to focus on one person or one issue 2. come into existence only during periods of corruption 3. have dealt mainly with foreign policy issues 4. have frequently forced Congress to decide Presidential elections 17. The Farmer is the Man When the farmer comes to town With his wagon broken down, Oh, the farmer is the man Who feeds them all.... The farmer is the man, The farmer is the man, Lives on credit till the fall;

19 Then they take him by the hand And they lead him from the land, And the middleman s the man Who gets it all.... American folk song The problem identified by this folk song was a result of 1. low profits forcing many people out of farming 2. farm productivity declining for several decades 3. too many Americans entering the occupation of farming 4. poor farming practices destroying cropland 18. Speaker A: "The business of America is business, and we would be wise to remember that." Speaker B:"Government ownership of business is superior to private enterprise." Speaker C:"Strict government regulation of business practices is a means to insure the public good." Speaker D:"Only through personal effort can wealth and success be achieved." Which speaker would most likely have supported the ideas of the Progressive movement? 1. Speaker A 2. Speaker B 3. Speaker C 4. Speaker D 19. The purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act (1887), the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), and the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) was to 1. eliminate unfair business practices 2. reduce imports from foreign nations 3. reduce the power of the unions 4. increase the power of local governments SECTION #2 USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #4, #5 and #6 to answer the Thematic essay from June 2006 Theme: Change Turning Points Major historical events are often referred to as turning points because they have led to important political, social, and economic changes. Task: Identify two major events in United States history that were important turning points and for each: Describe the historical circumstances that led to the event Discuss the political, social, and/or economic changes that resulted from the event. You may use any major event from your study of United States history. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include the signing of the Declaration of Independence (1776), Revolutionary War (1781), Civil War (1865) end of Reconstruction (1877), Chinese Exclusionary Act (1882), Pullman Strike (1894) and the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) or any other turning point in US History. 7A. World War I # 7 World War I ( ) & The Roaring 20 s and American Prosperity ( ) During the turn of the 20 th century, America became stronger from its imperialist and expansionist policies. Many people in the U.S. supported these actions because it made the US strong since the country now had more places to sell goods. However, as America became stronger, it also got more involved in European affairs (just as Washington warned about in his Farewell Address!) In 1914, the Alliances of Great Britain, France and Russia (Triple Entente) went to war against Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (Triple Alliance). During , despite the efforts of President Woodrow Wilson, the U.S. was slowly pulled into World War I with the Zimmerman Telegram, Sinking of the Lusitania and Russian Revolution. The U.S. began selling weapons to the more democratic countries of Britain and France as they fought against the more autocratic (rule of one person) governments of the Triple Alliance. Eventually U.S. civilians became victims, as German unrestricted submarine warfare sank the cruise ship the Lusitania. Germany claimed that the Lusitania was secretly transporting weapons and ammunition from the U.S. to Britain. In 1917, after Wilson s reelection and the Russian Revolution put Russia out of the war, America joined the war on Britain and France s side in They wanted to maintain freedom of the seas. With fresh soldiers, the Triple Entente won and in 1919, Germany surrendered. Wilson was determined to create a lasting peace, with America at the lead. He believed that the United States had a democracy to protect and spread democracies and the freedoms of peoples around the world. Wilson s 14-Points tried to create a post-wwi world with no alliances, no military buildup, no colonialism and self-determination by all nations (nations should be independent) as well as an international peace keeping organization known as The League of Nations. The Europeans however, wanted to punish Germany and only kept The League of Nations in the final peace treaty, The Treaty of Versailles. However, after the war the Senate (which ratifies (approves) all treaties) did not want to sign the Treaty of Versailles because of the League of Nations and wanted to follow a policy of isolationism not getting involved in foreign affairs. The U.S. isolated itself from European U.S. isolationism would last until the U.S. entered World War II in The war s greatest significance might have actually been felt on the home front, though. At home, the war changed America; the important

20 Supreme Court case Schenk v. U.S. limited freedom of speech during times of war. The Supreme Court ruled that speech or actions that creates a clear and present danger (such as shouting fire in a crowded theatre ) are not protected by the Constitution Constitutional protection of liberties are not absolute. However, rights were also gained. While the men were away fighting, women worked in factories their work at home helped America send millions of men overseas and win the war. The government rewarded the sacrifice of women and finally gave them the right to vote with the ratification of the new 19 th Amendment. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary 7B. Roaring Twenties The Roaring Twenties was a very exciting time in U.S. History for many levels of society. Women, who now had the right to vote, went to college in greater numbers and experienced social freedom. They were much more independent, wearing skirts, smoking, drinking, dancing and became known as flappers. New inventions such as the toaster, washing machine, and vacuum made life at home easier on housewives. Mass production of the automobile allowed more Americans the opportunity to travel within the country. There was also the birth of radio, television and movies. Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge were presidents for most of the '20's. They believed in capitalism the use of capital (resources) to make profit, laissez-faire policy (the government should stay out of the economy), supply-side economics (the government should make taxes that support the growth of businesses. However, there was also one major scandal known as The Teapot Dome Scandal where the Harding Administration was caught selling oil rights to companies which violated American business practices. Due to their policies, the United States experienced great economic growth. Henry Ford developed the assembly line to mass produce cars. Cars as well as other luxury goods became more affordable. The 1920 s was also a great time for African Americans. During the Great Migration African Americans moved from the South and Mid-West to Northern cities looking for job opportunities. Cities such as Chicago and New York City became centers for the growth of African American culture. This led to the Harlem Renaissance - when African Americans expressed themselves and pride in culture through art, literature, music, acting. They created jazz music and created the Apollo theatre where black artists and musicians performed. However, the 1920 s was also controversial. There was much intolerance, especially towards immigrants. With the growth of Communism in Russia, Americans were scared of immigrants especially from Russia and Eastern Europe and America went through the Red Scare. Attorney General Palmer launched the Palmer Raids where the state department arrested and deported thousands of immigrants under suspicion of being communist. In the Sacco and Vanzetti Case, Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti were sentenced to death because of an anti-immigrant jury. The Ku Klux Klan also had a rebirth, with hundreds of thousands joining in an effort to keep White American supremacy. People were also intolerant against the new evolution theory, and in a famous case, The Scopes Monkey Trial, the controversy was made public. Lastly, people became intolerant towards alcohol and pushed the government to pass the 18 th Amendment Prohibition which banned the sale of alcohol. People violated these unpopular prohibition laws and it became common for people to drink alcohol illegally in places called speakeasies. With alcohol illegal, mafia crime lords such as Al Capone became rich by operating black market liquor sales. Prohibition was eventually appealed with the 21 st Amendment. The U.S., while we enjoyed exporting all of our new products, reverted (went back to) a policy of isolationism, rejecting President Wilson s plan for the League of Nations; causing further division between Democrats and Republicans. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary Key Vocabulary Words 1) President Woodrow Wilson -tried to keep the U.S. out of W.W.I, but was forced to after the Sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman Telegram and Russian Revolution put Russia out of the war. He was also the creator of the 14 Point Plan for peace and the League of Nations. 2) Lusitania American cruise ship that was sunk by German U-Boats (submarines) for suspicion of carrying supplies to England. Many wanted war with Germany because of this. 3) Unrestricted submarine warfare - Germany's plan to attack all non German ships. The need to protect its military and commercial ships pushed the US government to enter WWl. 4) Zimmerman Telegram Letter from Germany to Mexico that supposedly said that Germany wanted Mexico to attack America. Many wanted war with Germany because of this. 5) Russian Revolution When the people of Russia overthrew the Tsar and Russia exited the war. America had to join England and France or they would lose. 6) 14 Point Plan- Wilson s plan for after the war that would create world peace. It called for self-determination of colonized nations, no alliances and decrease size of militaries and the creation of a League of Nations. 7) League Of Nations - an organization that promoted world cooperation and peace. However, since the U.S. did not join, and the League did not have the power to prevent World War II. The League of Nations is the first try/original version of the current United Nations. 8) Treaty of Versailles (1919) - blamed and punished Germany for starting World War I and created a League of Nations. 9) Isolationism a foreign policy of not getting involved in foreign affairs 10) Foreign Policy Relations/actions towards other countries. 11) Farewell Address Washington s Farewell letter to the nation (1796) that recommend a foreign policy of isolationism 12) Schenk v. U.S. (1919) - The U.S. Supreme Court decided that the government can limit freedom of speech during wartime if the speech/actions represent a clear and present danger such as shouting fire in a crowded theater. 13) 19 th Amendment This gave women the right to vote. It was created after they worked in factories for men on the home front during World War I. 14) Ratify to approve 15) Home front -- how the war affects life at home.

21 16) Prohibition- The 18th Amendment that banned the sale of alcohol. Unpopular and removed by the 21 st Amendment. 17) Flappers- name given to a new type of woman who smoked, drank, wore less restrictive clothing 18) Scopes "Monkey" Trial - the trial of a science teacher was fired for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution 19) Harlem Renaissance Growth of African American culture. 20) Great Migration When African Americans moved up from the South to the North. 21) Laissez-Faire Policy of no government interference in the economy 22) Supply-side Economics Government policies that help businesses grow 23) Capitalism When Entrepreneurs use privately owned capital (resources) to create profit. 24) Roaring 20 s A time of great prosperity in America 25) Red Scare When Americans were scared of immigrants and communist influence. 26) Sacco and Vanzetti Case Two Italians were sentenced to death because of a prejudice jury. 27) Scopes Monkey Trial Court case which exposes the conflict over teaching evolution in classrooms 28) Assembly Line Created by Henry Ford to mass produce cars and make goods more available and cheaper. 29) Henry Ford Innovator of the assembly line; a businessman who helped revolutionize producing and selling goods to people (especially cars Ford Model-T) 30) Palmer Raids Attorney General Palmer s raids to arrest and deport Russian immigrants due to fear from Communism spreading. 31) Ku Klux Klan organization whose agenda was to create a White Supremacist Society. 32) Intolerance not accepting of other people. 33) Teapot Dome Scandal When the Harding Administration was accused of selling oil rights to one company without a bidding by other companies. 34) Bootlegger: Someone who made and/or smuggled alcohol during Prohibition. 35) Speakeasy: Place where people went to illegally drink during Prohibition. 36) Al Capone: Mafia boss who ran illegal alcohol rings (networks) during Prohibition. 37) Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge: Presidents from who followed capitalist and free market ideas and policies of isolationism Questions: 1. The "clear and present danger" ruling of the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States illustrates the continuing conflict between 1. free speech and governmental authority 2. the use of search warrants and the rights of the accused 3. state powers and Federal powers 4. religious freedom and separation of church and state 2. President Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Points were intended to 1. make the United States, Great Britain, and France into leading world powers 2. redistribute Germany s colonies among the Allied nations 3. prevent international tensions from leading to war 4. punish Germany for causing World War I 3. A major reason for the isolationist trend in the United States following World War I was 1. a desire to continue the reforms of the Progressives 2. the public s desire to end most trade with other nations 3. the failure of the United States to gain new territory 4. a disillusionment over the outcomes of the war 4. What was a major reason for United States entry into World War I? 1. to overthrow the czarist government of Russia 2. to keep Latin America from being attacked by Germany 3. to maintain freedom of the seas 4. to break up the colonial empires of the Allies 5. Which situation was the immediate cause of the United States entry into World War I in 1917? 1. The League of Nations requested help. 2. The Maine was blown up in Havana Harbor. 3. Nazi tyranny threatened Western democracy. 4. German submarines sank United States merchant ships. 6. During World War I, many American women helped gain support for the suffrage movement by 1. protesting against the war 2. joining the military service 3. lobbying for child-care facilities 4. working in wartime industries 7. The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920 s was a period when African Americans 1. left the United States in large numbers to settle in Nigeria 2. created noteworthy works of art and literature 3. migrated to the West in search of land and jobs 4. used civil disobedience to fight segregation in the Armed Forces 8. The 1920 s are sometimes called the "Roaring Twenties" because 1. foreign trade prospered after World War I 2. the United States assumed a leadership role in world affairs 3. political reforms made government more democratic 4. widespread social and economic change occurred 9. In the United States, the decade of the 1920 s was characterized by 1. a willingness to encourage immigration to the United States 2. increased consumer borrowing and spending 3. the active involvement of the United States in European affairs 4. major reforms in national labor legislation 10. The 1925 trial of John Scopes reflects the conflict between 1. science and religion 2. isolation and international involvement 3. traditional roles and new roles for women 4. Prohibition and organized crime 11. Which factors were the major causes of the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids, which followed World War I? 1. success of the Communist Party in congressional and Presidential elections 2. race riots in Los Angeles and the revival of the Ku Klux Klan 3. failure of the United States to join the League of Nations and the unpaid German war debts 4. the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia and workers strikes in the United States 12. The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic."-justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Which interpretation of the Bill of Rights does this statement illustrate? 1. The needs of the government are more important than civil liberties. 2. Constitutional protections of liberty are not absolute. 3. The Supreme Court can eliminate freedoms listed in the Bill of Rights. 4. The Bill of Rights does not safeguard individual liberties. 13. After World War I, the opposition of some Members of Congress to the Versailles Treaty was based largely on the idea that the Treaty 1. did not punish the Central Powers harshly enough 2. did not give the United States an important role in world affairs 3. would require the United States to join the League of Nations and might result in a loss of United States sovereignty 4. would require the United States to assume the cost of rebuilding the war-torn European economies 14. Which pair of events illustrates an accurate cause-and-effect relationship? 1. Sacco and Vanzetti trial ---> ratification of the woman suffrage amendment 2. rebirth of the KKK ---> formation of the Populist Party 3. Red Scare ---> demand for limits on immigration 4. high food prices ---> start of the Great Depression Public Ignores Prohibition Restrictions Evolution and Creation Debated in Scopes Trial Women Bring Change to the Industrial Workforce

22 15. What do headlines such as these from the 1920s illustrate? 1. conflict between traditional and modern values 2. trend toward mass consumption of consumer goods 3. hostility of certain groups toward ethnic minorities 4. debate over the role of government in the economy 16. Data from this graph support the conclusion that World War I 1. caused the United States trade deficit to increase 2. cost the United States many billions of dollars 3. was a significant benefit to the American economy 4. created an unfavorable balance of trade # 8 Great Depression ( ), FDR and the New Deal (1930s-), WWII ( ) 8A. The Great Depression The economy was booming in the early 20s due to new inventions and the birth of modern advertising. Also, for the first time in history, people could buy products without having the cash to pay for them. Consumers were offered credit and installment plans, which let them buy now and pay later. The more people bought, the better the economy did. But eventually, people couldn t afford all the items that they bought and the economy collapsed. This happened with the stock market too. Stock Market Speculation and buying on margin led to Black Tuesday when the stock market crashed in The Stock Market Crash of 1929 signaled the beginning of The Great Depression. A depression is when the economy is not producing, but shrinking. There is also very high unemployment. The Stock Market Crash was the main cause, but this led to other problems such as the run on the banks where 5,000 banks closed when people panicked and started taking their money out. There were underlying problems that led to the Depression and led to it getting worse such as over-production and under-consumption, businesses taking advantage of laissez-faire policies and a growing income gap less and less were able to afford all of the consumer products of the Roaring 20 s. All of these problems combined together to form the worst economic period in our nation s history unemployment hovered around at least 15% for 12 years and reached as high as 25% in During the depression, 1 out of every 4 Americans was out of a job. In the cities people waited on lines for bread. In the countryside, farmers lost their land during The Dust Bowl when farmland turned to dust due to drought and abusive farming practices (over producing). President Herbert Hoover didn't believe the government should get involved in trying to fix the economy. He thought that government involvement in the economy was similar to socialism or communism and believed in rugged individualism instead. The people who lost their home and lived in the streets and parks in newspaper and cardboard tents called their new dwellings Hoovervilles at their anger of Hoover. It wasn t until the election of 1932, when new President Franklin Deleanor Roosevelt (FDR) that the US government spent money to help Americans get back to work. FDR s created policies, which he called his New Deal to provide Relief, Recovery and Reform and to pump and prime the economy. FDR s relief policies like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) were designed to provide people with emergency jobs and income. FDR also created benefits to help people such as Social Security Act, unemployment benefits and early Medicare programs. To fix the banking and stock market he instituted a bank holiday and approved the creation of the Security Exchange Commission to monitor stock trading. To restore calm he spoke to the nation weekly through his fireside chats. FDR was so popular that he broke tradition and ran and won a 3 rd and 4 th term as President. However, there was much controversy to the New Deal the Supreme Court challenged many of the programs Constitutionality stating the government was overstepping its limits and regulating business. In response, FDR tried to pack the Supreme Court changing the Constitution to add 7 more judges (who would agree with him), but this failed to pass through Congress. Women and African Americans also did not benefit from many of the New Deal Programs. Although the New Deal did much to fix the economy, it wasn t until the start of World War II that many American were hired for war related jobs and the Great Depression came to an end. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary 8B. World War II In 1938, Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany annexed Austria. Britain and France first responded through appeasement by letting Hitler take the country in order to prevent war. In 1939, Hitler continued to try to take over Europe by invading Poland. Fearing that Hitler intended to dominate all of Europe and maybe the world, Britain and France declared war on Germany officially beginning World War II.In the early 1930s, after the end of World War I,

23 the American public wanted to remain isolationist and out of world problems. Many Americans believed that Europe and the newly formed League Of Nations should attempt to bring about a peaceful solution to this European conflict. This didn t work. The American government first foreign policy was to pass Neutrality Acts, which prevented Americans from selling weapons to countries at war. America would only sell non-military weapons on a cash and carry basis. By 1940, France was conquered by Germany and the US feared that without arming Great Britain all of Europe could be under Hitler s control. Roosevelt proposed the Lend Lease Act to lend war materials to any country fighting Germany. The US also refused to sell weapons and materials to Japan, an ally of Germany. On the morning of December 7, 1941 Japanese airplanes sneak attacked the US navy in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The day after the attack, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan making the US officially part of WWII. The attack on Pearl Harbor made Americans fearful of Japanese immigrants living in America. Many Americans thought Americans of Japanese heritage might be spies or loyal to the Japanese Emperor. In the Supreme Court Case Korematsu v. US (1944), the court agreed to relocate Japanese Americans to prison like areas called Internment Camps. America fought both against Germany in Africa and Europe and Japan in the Atlantic, but new Hitler was the toughest enemy and we sent most of our army against Germany and Italy. The war against Germany was difficult, but slowly America invaded Italy and then France (D-Day invasion). By May 1945, Allied Forces (America, England and Russia) were outside of Berlin. Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered. After Hitler was defeated, the leaders of the Allied Powers, new President Harry Truman, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Secretary General Joseph Stalin (known as the Big Three ), met at the Potsdam Conference. This conference determined how Germany and Europe would be divided after the war Berlin would be split into sections America, France and England controlling the West and the Soviet Union the East. The Soviet Union would also be given control of Eastern Europe to use as future protection. This agreement helped to set up The Cold War where Germany and Europe would be divided into a free and capitalist West and a communist controlled East. After the war, Nazi war criminals who were responsible for The Holocaust were put to trial at The Nuremburg Trials. The war in the Pacific was equally difficult. General Douglas MacArthur developed the strategy of Island Hopping moving from one island to the next, getting closer and closer to Japan. However, each battle had many casualties the Japanese usually always fought to the last man. In the Battle of Midway, we destroyed most of the Japanese ready and by 1945, we were ready to invade Japan. However, FDR died in 1945 and the new American President Harry Truman believed that an invasion of Japan could take a long time and lead to millions of American deaths. In August 1945, the American military dropped two atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Japan surrendered shortly after the second explosion. This action possibly saved the lives of millions of American soldiers but resulted in the deaths of over hundreds of thousands of Japanese.World War II had many positive effects for America on the homefront. US entry into World War II helped the US economy out of The Great Depression, expanded women s rights as women were encouraged to work in factories and improved relations between blacks and whites that fought in integrated units in the army. The saving and rationing that took place at home for the war set up a culture that was ready to buy after the war. The US attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been the only time in history to date that atom bombs have been used in war and changed war forever. The war also stressed the need for a better peace-keeping organization than the League of Nations which clearly failed. During the Yalta Conference (February 1945), the leaders of the Allied Powers decided a new organization had to be made, which would become the United Nations. However, World War II, the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference set up the Cold War between the only two superpowers remaining America and the U.S.S.R vying for control over a divided capitalist and communist Europe. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary Key Vocabulary Words 1) Great Depression ( ) - when many businesses and banks failed, and unemployment became as high as 25%. 2) President Herbert Hoover- Believe the government should not get involved in hiring people during the Great Depression. Believed this would be like socialism/communism. 3) Stock Market Speculation- the buying stock in an irresponsible fashion. Lead to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 (which starts the Great Depression on Black Tuesday October 29, 1929) 4) Run on Banks when people panicked and started removing their money from banks forcing banks to close and thousands to lose money. 5) Overproduction and Under consumption businesses were overproducing goods but no one was buying them. 6) Widening Income Gap Fewer people were earning more money but an increasing amount of people were earning less. 7) The Dust Bowl- a series of droughts that turned the fertile Great Plains of middle-america into a dust wasteland 8) Hoovervilles- makeshift homes where homeless people lived (named after Hoover because they believed he did not help them). 9) Bonus Army WWI Veterans who camped out on the White House lawn to demand their pensions from Hoover, who sent out the army to drive them away. 10) Rugged Individualism Hoover s belief that people need to individually work hard without government help or interference in the economy. 11) Franklin Demeanor Roosevelt (FDR) President during the Depression who increased employment and government involvement in the economy through his New Deal. 12) The New Deal FDR s policies that provided Relief, Recovery and Reform and pump and priming to the American economy. This was a major change to capitalism as there was now much more government involvement and spending in the economy. 13) Relief programs to bring immediate relief Civilian Conservation Corps, Tennessee Valley Association, Public Works Administration and Works Public Administration, Works Progress Administration are 4 famous ones. 14) Recovery Programs to start increasing production and regulating business to keep distribution fair such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) and National Recovery Administration (NRA). 15) Reform -- Programs to fix the American economy so problems that started the Great Depression would not happen again, along with creating entitlement programs to help people who need it. These included The Bank Holiday, Social Security Act and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (F.D.I.C.) which regulated banks and insured peoples deposits in them. 16) FDR s Alphabet Soup -- Nickname gave to all of the New Deal Programs because of their initials. 17) Fireside Chats FDR s weekly radio address to the nation to build confidence. 18) Butler v. U.S. Supreme Court case which said the AAA was illegal because it was over-regulating farmers. 19) Schecter Poultry v. U.S. Supreme Court case which said the NRA was illegal because it was over regulating businesses and the government cannot set prices. 20) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) New Deal program that hired young men to build schools and create parks during The Depression 21) Works Progress Administration (WPA) - New Deal program that hired artists, musicians and architects during The Depression. 22) FDR s Court Packing Plan President Roosevelt s unconstitutional plan to hire Supreme Court Justices that agreed with his New Deal. This violated checks & balances and failed.

24 23) World War II ends the Depression The massive production needed by WW2 and employment of millions of soldiers and factory workers, along with forced savings and rationing helped bring America out of the Depression. 24) Appeasement the idea to let Hitler take land that didn t belong to Germany so Europe could avoid war before WWII 25) Isolationism - the US foreign policy of not getting involved in European problems at the beginning on WWII. 26) League Of Nations - an organization that promoted world and peace. However, since the U.S. did not join, the League had less power to prevent World War II. 27) United Nations the new League of Nations which was created after WWII ended. Its headquarters is in NYC. 28) Neutrality Acts US isolationist policies, which prevented Americans from selling weapons to countries at the beginning of WWII. 29) Lend Lease Act/ cash and carry US policies which allowed the US to sell weapons to Britain, France and Russia at the middle of the war. 30) Pearl Harbor Attack - December 7, 1941, when Japanese airplanes sneak attacked the US navy in Hawaii 31) Korematsu v. US Supreme Court case that required Japanese Americans being relocated to restricted prison like areas called Internment Camps. 32) The Draft/Selective Service lotteries that selected US men to register for the army to fight in WWII 33) The Manhattan Project secret US programs to help build the atomic bomb used on Japan to end the war. 34) President Harry Truman US President after FDR died. Made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan. 35) Nuremberg Trials Nazi war crimes trials that took place after WWII. Nazi leaders convicted of killing innocent people were imprisoned or executed. 36) Rosie The Riveter - cultural symbol representing the American women who worked in factories during WWII 37) GI Bill US law that gave all US soldiers involved in WWII a way to buy a home and attend college after the war 38) Ration Cards coupons that were needed to buy goods during WWII in order to save materials for war 39) War/Victory Bonds money given to the government as an investment so the US could pay for war 40) Potsdam Conference Conference in which Truman, Churchill and Stalin (Big Three leaders of Allied Powers) met to decide how to divide up Germany and Europe after the war. Helps set up Cold War. 41) Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The two cities that America dropped the Atomic bomb on to end the war in the Pacific against Japan. 42) End of Great Depression the massive spending on military items, employment of people in the army and at home and the saving and rationing done by people at home helped lead to the end of the depression. 43) Propaganda when different forms of media are used to influence people. This was done in the U.S. to recruit people to fight, buy war bonds and ration. 44) Yalta Conference Conference in which Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin (also known as Big Three leaders of Allied Powers) set up idea for United Nations and how to divide up Europe after the war. 45) Homefront Everything that takes place back in the United States. 46) Women and WWII Women once again worked in wartime factories and industries to support the men fighting the war. Propaganda like Rosie the Riveter motivated many. 47) Integration of the Army When the U.S. army allowed all races to serve together and not in separate units. 48) Holocaust The systematic elimination of Jews and other races by the Nazis. Many German officers were convicted at the Nuremberg Trials of war crimes. 49) DDay The invasion of France by the Allied powers and turning point in the war against Germany. 50) Island Hopping Strategy of slowly conquering islands to get closer to Japan. 51) Allied vs. Axis Powers The Allied Powers were America, England and the Soviet Union vs. the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan. Questions: 1. During the second half of the 1920s, which economic trend was a major cause of the Great Depression? 1. deficits in the federal budget 2. reductions in tariff rates 3. creation of national and state sales taxes 4. overproduction and under consumption 2. A significant cause of the Great Depression of the 1930 s was that 1. some banking policies were unsound and had led to the overexpansion of credit 2. a decrease in protective tariffs had opened American business to competition from abroad 3. a wave of violent strikes had paralyzed the major industries 4. consumer goods were relatively inexpensive 3. Which New Deal program was chiefly designed to correct abuses in the stock market? 1. Federal Emergency Relief Act 2. Civilian Conservation Corps 3. Works Progress Administration 4. Securities and Exchange Commission 4. What were two basic causes of the Dust Bowl during the early 1930s? 1. strip mining and toxic waste dumping 2. overfarming and severe drought 3. clear-cutting of forests and construction of railroads 4. overpopulation and urban sprawl 5. During the Great Depression, expressions such as Hoovervilles and Hoover blankets showed that President Hoover 1. was seen as a role model 2. used the military to aid the unemployed 3. was blamed for the suffering of the poor 4. supported relief and public housing for the needy 6. National Prohibition, as authorized by the 18th Amendment, stated that 1. Americans must be 18 years old to purchase alcoholic beverages 2. only imported alcoholic beverages would be sold 3. alcoholic beverages could be sold only in government-run stores 4. the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages was banned 7. One of the major causes of the stock market crash of 1929 was 1. excessive buying of stocks on margin 2. overconsumption of goods and services 3. failure of international banking systems 4. low prices of stocks and bonds 8. New Deal programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA) were primarily intended to help 1. farmers 2. homeowners 3. businesses 4. unemployed workers 9. Which precedent was established by the Nuremberg war crimes trials? 1. National leaders can be held responsible for crimes against humanity. 2. Only individuals who actually commit murder during a war can be guilty of a crime. 3. Defeated nations cannot be forced to pay reparations. 4. Defeated nations can be occupied by the victors. 10. In 1944, Congress enacted the GI Bill of Rights in order to 1. provide economic aid to veterans 2. reduce military expenditures 3. ban racial segregation in the armed forces 4. create government jobs for returning soldiers 11. President Franklin D. Roosevelt s response to Supreme Court decisions that declared several New Deal laws unconstitutional was to 1. ask Congress to limit the Court s jurisdiction 2. propose legislation to increase the size of the Court 3. demand the resignation of several justices 4. ignore the Court s rulings 12. "The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible." This quotation supports a foreign policy of 1. imperialism 2. appeasement 3. neutrality 4. economic sanctions 13. Which action best illustrates the policy of isolationism followed by the United States before it entered World War II? 1. signing of a collective security pact with Latin American nations 2. passage of neutrality legislation forbidding arms sales to warring nations 3. embargo on the sale of gasoline and steel to Japan 4. President Franklin D. Roosevelt s exchange of American destroyers for British naval and air bases

25 9A. The Cold war After World War II, America and the Soviet Union (Russia) were the only two superpowers left in a devastated world. However, America, a capitalist and democratic country and Russia (known as The Soviet Union U.S.S.R) a Communist country, wanted to shape the post-war world in a way that would benefit them the most either spreading capitalism or communism. This started The Cold War a war in which the two sides never fought each other, but fiercely competed in the arms race, space race and to protect and spread their ideologies across the world. As World War II was ending, the Soviets were marching Germany from the East, and the Americans from the West. At the Yalta Conference (Feburary 1945), the Big Three (America, Great Britain and Russia) agreed to let all of the countries they liberated from the Nazis stay free. However, after Franklin Roosevelt died, Stalin broke the deal and at the Potsdam Conference (May 1945) he told British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and new U.S President Harry S. Truman that he will keep his soldiers in the Eastern European countries and they will become part of the new Soviet Empire. World War II was over, but Europe was split in two the West being capitalist, democratic and free, but the East becoming Soviet Satellite States behind what was now known as the Communist Iron Curtain. To stop the spread of Communism, U.S. President and The National Security Council developed NSC-68 or The Containment Policy stating that America will help other countries stop communism from spreading into them. President Truman gave a speech known as The Truman Doctrine, which emphasized this. His Secretary of State George Marshall developed The Marshall Plan to give financial aid to countries. Germany was the center of the Cold 14. An immediate effect of the Lend-Lease program was that 1. Western Europe recovered from the damage caused by World War I 2. the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact 3. Japan declared war against the United States 4. the United States provided critical aid to Great Britain and the Soviet Union 15. The United States became involved in World War II primarily because 1. Germany refused to pay its debts from World War I 2. European democracies supported United States policies toward Germany and Japan 3. President Franklin D. Roosevelt did not enforce the Neutrality Acts 4. Germany and Japan achieved important military successes in Europe and Asia 16. The United States Supreme Court decision in Korematsu v. United States (1944) concerned 1. restricting freedom of the press 2. the president s right to use atomic weapons 3. limiting civil liberties during wartime 4. the right of women to serve in military combat 17. During World War II, women and minorities made economic gains mainly because 1. a shortage of traditional labor created new opportunities in the workplace 2. more educational opportunities increased the number of skilled workers in these groups 3. labor unions successfully demanded equal opportunities for these groups 4. new civil rights legislation forced businesses to change their hiring practices 18. A major cause of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II was 1. national segregation policies 2. immigration quotas 3. racial prejudice 4. economic depression 19. President Harry Truman justified using atomic bombs on Japan in 1945 on the grounds that the 1. world was ready for a demonstration of nuclear power 2. Axis powers deserved total destruction 3. early ending of the war would save many lives 4. American public demanded that the bombs be used 20. What was one result of World War II? 1. The arms race ended. 2. The Cold War ended. 3. Communism was eliminated. 4. Two superpowers emerged Section #3 USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #7 and #8 to answer the Thematic essay from January 2008 Theme: Change- War United States participation in wars has resulted in political, social, and economic changes for various groups of Americans. These changes have had varying impacts on American society both during and after each war. Task: Identify two different groups of Americans that were affected by United States participation in a war and for each Describe a social, political, or economic change the group experienced because of the war Discuss the extent to which that change affected American society You may use any appropriate group from your study of United States history. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include enslaved persons during the Civil War, Native American Indians during the Indian Wars, women during World War I or World War II and Japanese Americans during World War II #9 The Cold War, Civil Rights Movement, Modern Presidents

26 Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary 9B. The Civil Rights Movement For almost a hundred years after Reconstruction, African Americans in the South were living in fear and oppression as second-class citizens. Segregation, racial separation, was the law of the land. The Segregated South existed unchecked by the federal government until the Civil Rights Movement exploded in the 1960s. The first response to segregation came as The Great Migration ( ). During this time seven million African-Americans from the Segregated South fled to large cities in the North (New York, Chicago, Detroit) in search of a better, desegregated life. The Great Migration had a tremendous cultural effect on the North as black performers and artists expressed themselves in theatre, dance and jazz music. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement started by artists living in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. The movement impacted urban centers and challenged white racism. In 1954, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP) won a landmark Supreme Court Case called Brown V. The Board of Education, which ruled that segregation was unconstitutional and that The South would have to desegregate with all due deliberate speed. Although the government told The South to do away with Segregation, many whites resisted fiercely. As whites resisted integration, many African American leaders like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. began the march to equality during the Civil Rights Movement through civil disobedience and non-violent protests. Rosa Parks began a 13-month strike of Alabama s segregated buses (The Montgomery Bus Boycott) after refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. In 1964, President Johnson created The Great Society Program to fight poverty and racism. In 1964, he signed The Civil Rights Act which prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion or ethnic origin. Shortly after the Civil Right Act, The Voting Rights Act (1965) passed which ended poll taxes and literacy tests, allowing African Americans to vote in The South. Civil Rights continue to be a major issue today as racism still exists in America. In 1965, President Johnson signed the first Affirmative Action program, which allows colleges and professions to increase minority representation. Some critics have challenged these programs as a form of reverse discrimination, which unfairly hurts whites. Although affirmative action was upheld by the Supreme Court in California v. Bakker (1987), affirmative action faces an uncertain future. During this time, the Warren Court (the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren) also ruled on many cases that affected the rights of the accused and the rights of all citizens. These Supreme Court cases changed how law enforcement can find evidence and prosecute the accused. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary 9C. The Cold War and Domestic Changes The 1960 s and 1970 s in America was a time of great controversy. In 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. During this time, the Warren Court (the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren) also ruled on many cases that affected the rights of the accused and the rights of all citizens. Supreme Court cases such as Miranda v. Arizona, Escobedo v. Illinois, Mapp v. Ohio and Gideon v. Wainright changed how law enforcement can find evidence and prosecute the accused. Engel v. Vitale made it illegal to force students to pray in school, separating Church and State. The Warren Court s most famous and impactful decision, though, was Brown v. Board of Ed, which helped to start the Civil Rights Movement by declaring segregation illegal. To try to help the Civil Rights Movement, President John F. Kennedy launched his New Frontier Program which tried to pass civil rights laws, end segregation and help blacks with job opportunities. The New Frontier program also put money towards winning the Space Race with Russia and helping impoverished Americans. While Kennedy did try to help America, the failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro made him look very bad, although he was able to avoid nuclear war with Russia during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy also began to get America deeper involved in Vietnam. Kennedy was unfortunately assassinated in November His vice-president, Lyndon B. Johnson took over for him. Johnson continued domestic and foreign policies. Domestically, Johnson continued both Kennedy s New Frontier and FDR s New Deal as he spent lots of government money, on his Great Society Program which wanted to help blacks (such as through his Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Affirmative Action) and all impoverished groups through his War on Poverty (creating Medicare, Medicaid and other spending). Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary 9D. Modern Presidents President Johnson also increased America s involvement in Vietnam (which began under Eisenhower and increased under Kennedy), and with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, he received permission from Congress to use force in Vietnam (although Vietnam was an undeclared war with no formal declaration of war) to protect South Vietnam from Communist North Vietnam. The War lasted from The Vietnam War was very unpopular because many did not understand the need to go there to stop Communism from spreading and there was a draft, which many rich people were able to buy their way out of. There were many protests, which were especially led by college students. In the worst incident which occurred at Kent State, 4 students were killed by the

27 Ohio National Guard. High School students even protested; in a high school in Des Moines, students were suspended for wearing black armbands to protest the war, however, they sued and in the case of Tinker v. Des Moines, the Supreme Court said that the school violated their first amendment right. Along with students, Civil Rights leaders and even Veterans (Vietnam Veterans Against the War) protested. President Johnson did not run for re-election and when President Richard M. Nixon won, he began the process of Vietnamization withdrawing from Vietnam. However, when America left, South Vietnam fell to Communism along with neighboring Cambodia and Laos. Nixon also tried to create a policy of détente (reduction of nuclear arms) with Russia and open diplomatic talks with Communist China. There was several legal backlash from the Vietnam War. Congress passed the War Powers Act to limit how long the President can use soldiers without a declaration of war (although future Presidents will ignore this rule since they are Commander-in-Chief). The worst controversy came when papers showing the secret history of the Vietnam War were stolen from the Pentagon (military command center of U.S.) and then leaked to and published by the New York Times. In Nixon v. N.Y. Times, the Supreme Court sided with the New York Times citing the First Amendment s Freedom of Speech and Press. Yet for all Nixon s good work on foreign policy, he will probably go down as one of America s most controversial Presidents for The Watergate Scandal. Nixon was accused of covering up a break-in at the Democratic Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel. Nixon tried to withhold evidence (claiming executive privilege), but in the case of U.S. v. Nixon, the Supreme Court ruled that no President was above the law. Instead of facing an impeachment trial, President Nixon resigned (and is the only President to do so). Tensions in the Middle East also began to come about. In the 1970s, the Middle East did not want to recognize Israel as a nation because they claimed that Israel stole the land that belonged to them. With the support from Egypt, they fought with Israel. Carter wanted to make peace because he supported Israel between the two nations, so he invited both to his vacation home, Camp David. Carter helped the two sides come up with an agreement called the Camp David Accords. This was a treaty in which Egypt recognized Israel s right to exist and promised to stop making war against Israel. Issues in Iran began as well, known as the Iran Contra Affair. Iranians hated their Shah (leader) that was put into power by the U.S. The Shah got sick and got care in the U.S. Iranians were mad because they wanted to kill him. Iranians took control of the U.S. embassy in Iran, where 66 Americans were held as hostages until their demands were met to have to Shah return to Iran. Carter did not give in and placed OPEC oil embargos (oil from Iran would not be allowed in the U.S.). The embargo caused a shortage of oil in the U.S. and the prices of gas to rise (inflation). The hostages were not released until Reagan s presidency. The Reagan administration secretly sold weapons to Iran in exchanged for the release of U.S. hostages who were being held in Lebanon by pro-iranian groups. The weapons were used to support rebel groups ( contras ) who were fighting the communist government in Nicaragua. This went against the laws made by Congress that said that the government could not give weapons to contras. The American public lost respect for these government leaders, who were convicted of lying to Congress and went to prison. Reagan was cleared from any wrongdoing. The economy was not good in the 1980s. Regan cut federal taxes on businesses and individuals, especially for those who were rich. He believed by doing this it would stimulate business growth. This means that if businesses had money, they would hire more workers, more goods would be made, and services would be more available. Due to supply side economics, government programs got cut or less money, such as Medicare and food stamps. This was similar to Hoover s Trickle Down Theory. A Recession hit the U.S. in the 1990s. The U.S. was in a lot of debt and was costing the U.S. taxpayers billions of dollars in money they had to pay back to countries that the U.S. borrowed money from. This pushed the economy into a recession (a time when the economy slows down and unemployment rises). Many companies went bankrupt and people lost their jobs. At the same time, President George Bush was trying to free Kuwait. Iraq s dictator, Saddam Hussein, ordered his army to invade Kuwait and take control over the oil and expand Iraq s border. The United Nations and the U.S. launched an attack against Iraq to liberate (free) Kuwait. This was to assist nations against repelling aggressors (Iraq). A few days after the invasion, Hussein agreed to withdraw Iraqi troops and pay damages. During Clinton s administration, tensions between ethnic groups in the former Yugoslavia led to war in Bosnia in the early 1990 s. The United States helped win an agreement between the two sides in In 1998, violence erupted in Kosovo, where Serbian forces massacred ethnic Albanian civilians. A brief bombing by NATO forced the Serbs to withdraw. Many Serbian leaders then were arrested for war crimes and tried. The U.S. got involved in both events because the U.S. the actions taken in these countries violated human rights. Domestically, the U.S., Canada, and Mexico signed an agreement to limit taxes to trade between these countries North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This made these 3 countries economically interdependent on each other and opened up the U.S. to globalization, exchanges of national and cultural resources. In 1998, a special prosecutor accused President Clinton of several offenses, including lying under oath about his relationship with a White House Intern Monica Lewinsky. On December 19, 1998, the House impeached (placed on trial) President Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. The Senate acquitted (found not guilty) the President two months later. The Middle East issues arose more when George W. Bush became president. The U.S. fought a War on Terrorism and still continues. Bush focused largely on foreign policy after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. Bush called the attacks acts of war and committed the country to a campaign against terrorists. American forces attacked military sites and terrorists training camps in Afghanistan. Bush also warned Saddam Hussein to eliminate Iraq s weapons of mass destruction. The United Nations sent an inspection team, which reported little success in finding these weapons. More than 200,000 American troops were sent into that area. The Patriot Act because of the attacks on September 11, 2001 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. This increased the authority (control) given to the federal, state, and local police agencies to investigate crime. Critics argue that this law gives the government too much power and limits civil liberties (people s freedom). However, the government says this protects national security. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary Key Vocabulary Words 1) Appeasement the idea to let Hitler take land that didn t belong to Germany so Europe could avoid war before WWII 2) Isolationism - the US foreign policy of not getting involved in European problems at the beginning on WWII. 3) League Of Nations - an organization that promoted world and peace. However, since the U.S. did not join, the League had less power to prevent World War II. 4) United Nations the new League of Nations which was created after WWII ended. Its headquarters is in NYC. 5) Neutrality Acts US isolationist policies, which prevented Americans from selling weapons to countries at the beginning of WWII. 6) Lend Lease Act/ cash and carry US policies which allowed the US to sell weapons to Britain, France and Russia at the middle of the war. 7) Pearl Harbor Attack - December 7, 1941, when Japanese airplanes sneak attacked the US navy in Hawaii

28 8) Korematsu v. US Supreme Court case that required Japanese Americans being relocated to restricted prison like areas called Internment Camps. 9) The Draft/Selective Service lotteries that selected US men to register for the army to fight in WWII 10) The Manhattan Project secret US programs to help build the atomic bomb used on Japan to end the war. 11) President Harry Truman US President after FDR died. Made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan. 12) Nuremberg Trials Nazi war crimes trials that took place after WWII. Nazi leaders convicted of killing innocent people were imprisoned or executed. 13) Rosie The Riveter - cultural symbol representing the American women who worked in factories during WWII 14) GI Bill US law that gave all US soldiers involved in WWII a way to buy a home and attend college after the war 15) Ration Cards coupons that were needed to buy goods during WWII in order to save materials for war 16) War/Victory Bonds money given to the government as an investment so the US could pay for war 17) Potsdam Conference Conference in which Truman, Churchill and Stalin (Big Three leaders of Allied Powers) met to decide how to divide up Germany and Europe after the war. Helps set up Cold War. 18) Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The two cities that America dropped the Atomic bomb on to end the war in the Pacific against Japan. 19) End of Great Depression the massive spending on military items, employment of people in the army and at home and the saving and rationing done by people at home helped lead to the end of the depression. 20) Propaganda when different forms of media are used to influence people. This was done in the U.S. to recruit people to fight, buy war bonds and ration. Yalta Conference Conference in which Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin (also known as Big Three leaders of Allied Powers) set up idea for United Nations and how to divide up Europe after the war. 21) Homefront Everything that takes place back in the United States. 22) Women and WWII Women once again worked in wartime factories and industries to support the men fighting the war. Propaganda like Rosie the Riveter motivated many. 23) Integration of the Army When the U.S. army allowed all races to serve together and not in separate units. 24) Holocaust The systematic elimination of Jews and other races by the Nazis. Many German officers were convicted at the Nuremberg Trials of war crimes. 25) DDay The invasion of France by the Allied powers and turning point in the war against Germany. 26) Island Hopping Strategy of slowly conquering islands to get closer to Japan. 27) Allied vs. Axis Powers The Allied Powers were America, England and the Soviet Union vs. the Axis powers of Germany, Italy and Japan. 28) Potsdam Conference Meeting between Big Three where Stalin stated he will keep soldiers in Eastern Europe and make them satellite nations (nations under Soviet control). 29) Cold War - where the Superpowers of America and Russia competed with each other for global dominance and to spread capitalism vs. communism. 30) Arms Race - Competition between America and the Soviet Union to build their armies and nuclear weapons arsenal 31) Space Race Competition between America and the Soviet Union to send satellites and space ships into space and to land on the moon (U.S. wins) 32) National Security Council special Congressional/military panel to advise the president on military matters. 33) NSC-68/Containment Policy American foreign policy to contain the spread of Communism. 34) Marshall Plan Secretary of State George C. Marshall s Plan to send financial aid to limit the spread of Communism (used to help Greece and Turkey). 35) Berlin Airlift America and its Allies efforts to help Western Berlin from Soviet Berlin Blockade. 36) Berlin Blockade -- when the Soviets blockaded West Berlin to try to control entire city. 37) The Truman Doctrine President Truman s speech (and new foreign policy) announcing that America will stop Communism wherever it tries to spread. 38) The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military Alliance between America and democratic Western European countries to protect each other from a Russian attack. 39) Warsaw Pact Military Alliance between USSR and its Eastern European Satellites to protect each other against a Western attack. 40) Iron Curtain the division between Western and Eastern Europe. All communist nations were considered behind the iron curtain. 41) The Domino Theory Foreign Policy (mostly applied to Middle East and South East Asia) under Eisenhower that said that if one country falls to Communism, other countries will as well. 42) McCarthyism when Senator McCarthy led a committee that found and persecuted possible Communists and accused many of being communists. 43) Second Red Scare When people were scared of Russian/Eastern European immigrants of possibly being Communist spies. 44) House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Congressional committee to try to find communists and Russian spies. 45) Conformity adjusting your lifestyle to fit in with what is normal. Heavily done during the 1950 s. 46) Korean War Limited War (war with specific objectives) and Proxy War (not a direct war between America and Russia) where America stopped Communist North Korea from invading capitalist South Korea. 47) 38 th Parallel Latitude line that divided North from South Korea. 48) Vietnam War Proxy War when America tried to stop North Vietnam (Communist) from conquering South Vietnam. America lost the war and 58,000 soldiers. 49) The Civil Rights Movement the movement to end segregation and gain equality for African Americans which exploded in the 1960s. 50) N.A.A.C.P - (Nation Association for the Advancement of Colored Persons) a legal organization which fights for African American rights in court. 51) The Great Migration ( ) seven million African-Americans from the Segregated South fled to large cities in the North in search of a better life 52) The Harlem Renaissance - a cultural movement started by artists living in the Harlem. The movement challenged white racism in art and music. 53) Brown V. The Board of Education (1954) - the Supreme Court Case that ruled that segregation was unconstitutional and that The South would have to desegregate schools and public facilities. 54) Integration - desegregation, blacks & whites together. Federal Soldiers had to be called in to enforce integration. 55) The Little Roc k Nine 9 courageous black high school students that were integrated into Little Rock High School and faced much opposition from the south 56) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. African American leader who fought for equality through civil disobedience, non-violent protests and boycotts. 57) Malcolm X - African American leader who argued for black supremacy and violent resistance movements 58) Rosa Parks an African American leader who began a boycott of Alabama s segregated buses 59) Civil Rights Act (1964) law that banned discrimination on race, color, religion or ethnic origin. 60) Freedom Riders (1961) When African Americans tested segregation on buses by riding on buses all over Alabama. They often faced protests and attacks. 61) Civil Disobedience using peaceful, non-violent protest to achieve goals 62) March on Washington (1963) When 400,000 African Americans marched to Washington, D.C. to demand rights. 63) Selma March (1965) When African Americans marched 57 miles to Selma, Alabama to fight for voting rights. They met protest and were even attacked by people and state police (Bloody Sunday). 64) Greensboro Sit-ins (1960) When African Americans sat in and refused to leave restaurants, department stores and colleges. They often met protest. 65) Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) When African Americans refused to ride buses in Montgomery Alabama to protest segregation of buses. 66) The Voting Rights Act - (1965) law that ended poll taxes and literacy tests, allowing African Americans to vote in The South. 67) California v. Bakke (1978) A Supreme Court case which established Affirmative Action

29 68) Affirmative Action a controversial program that allow colleges and professions to increase minority representation 69) The Great Society Program President Lyndon B. Johnson s series of acts to fight racism, poverty and inequality in American Society. 70) Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) Establishes police cannot violate a persons 5th Amendment right to no self incrimination (confession) without being read their rights (become known as Miranda Rights) 71) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Establishes people have the right to a lawyer in court (6 th and 14th Amendment rights) 72) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Establishes people have the right to speak to a lawyer when arrested (5th and 14th Amendment right) 73) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Establishes Police cannot violate a persons 4th Amendment right to no illegal searches and seizures. Police need a warrant. 74) New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Establishes that students have 4 th Amendment rights to no illegal searches and seizures. 75) Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) Students wore black arm bands to school to support the Vietnam War. The Supreme Court upheld their First Amendment (freedom of speech) right to do so. 76) New Frontier Program: President John F. Kennedy s program to help civil rights, impoverished citizens and win the space race with Russia. 77) Bay of Pigs: Failed invasion of Cuba by America to overthrow Fidel Castro. 78) Cuban Missile Crisis: 14 days in October when Russia put missiles in Cuba and America and Russia became dangerously close to nuclear war. Kennedy and Russia had secret talks and Kennedy was able to avoid war by withdrawing missiles from Turkey and Italy. 79) Great Society Program: multi-purpose program by President Lyndon B. Johnson to create Civil Rights laws, affirmative action programs, Medicare, Medicaid and a War on Poverty. 80) Civil Rights Act of 1964: Act which ends segregation. 81) Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: When Congress gives President Johnson permission to use U.S. soldiers in Vietnam. 82) Vietnam War: controversial undeclared war where America tries to stop Communist North Vietnam from conquering South Vietnam. Costs 58,000 American lives. There were many protests (mostly lead by students) against the war. 83) Kent State Massacre: When 4 Ohio students are killed protesting the Vietnam War. 84) Tinker v. Des Moines (1969): Supreme Court rules that children s first Amendment rights were violated when they were suspended for wearing black arm bands to protest the Vietnam War. 85) Vietnamization: President Richard M. Nixon s policy of withdrawing American soldiers and letting South Vietnam fight war by itself. 86) Détente: President Nixon s foreign policy with Russia to try to reduce nuclear tension and weapons arsenal. 87) S.A.L.T. I: Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty I. America and Russia s agreement to reduce nuclear arms. 88) War Powers Act: Congress s limiting the amount of time a President can send soldiers overseas without a declaration of war. 89) Nixon v. New York Times: After Pentagon papers were stolen then leaked to the New York Times and published by them, Nixon tried to stop it, but the Supreme Court said that it was Constitutional because of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech and Press. 90) Watergate Scandal: Scandal where President Nixon was accused of covering up a break-in of the Democratic headquarters. President Nixon resigned instead of facing an impeachment trial. 91) U.S. v. Nixon: Supreme Court ruled that the President does not have executive privilege to withhold evidence. No one is above the law. 92) Miranda vs. Arizona (1966) Establishes police cannot violate a person s 5th Amendment right to no self incrimination (confession) without being read their rights (become known as Miranda Rights) 93) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Establishes people have the right to a lawyer in court (6 th and 14th Amendment rights) 94) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Establishes people have the right to speak to a lawyer when arrested (5th and 14th Amendment right) 95) Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Establishes Police cannot violate a person s 4th Amendment right to no illegal searches and seizures. Police need a warrant. 96) New Jersey v. TLO (1985) Establishes that students have 4 th Amendment rights to no illegal searches and seizures. 97) Engel v. Vitale (1962) it is illegal to have an official school pray 98) Camp David Accords: Under president Carter, he held a meeting for Egypt to recognize Israel as a country 99) Iran Contra- Iran took over the U.S. Embassy in Iran and held Americans hostage. They were not released until Reagan s presidency 100) Supply Side Economics- Reagan wanted to cut federal taxes to stimulate business growth 101) NAFTA- the U.S., Canada, and Mexico opened up trade between each other. Questions: 1. President Harry Truman supported a containment policy after World War II in an attempt to 1. limit the use of atomic bombs and other nuclear weapons 2. end colonialism in Africa and Asia 3. bring German and Japanese war criminals to justice 4. reduce the influence of the Soviet Union in European countries 12. After World War II, the Marshall Plan was proposed as a way to 1. improve diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union 2. help European nations recover economically 3. remove nuclear weapons from Western Europe 4. bring Nazi war criminals to justice 3.In the 1950 s, Senator Joseph McCarthy was most closely associated with issues related to 1. Communist infiltration and the denial of civil liberties 2. farm problems and taxation 3. military preparedness and foreign aid 4. collective bargaining and the rights of unions 4. The successful launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 signaled the beginning of 1. American fears that the Soviets had achieved technological superiority 2. the Cold War with the United States 3. Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and China 4. disarmament discussions between the superpowers 5. Most Americans who opposed sending United States troops to fight in the Vietnam War believed that 1. nuclear weapons should be used to end the war 2. the war should be extended into China 3. the United States should not police the world 4. international trade would be interrupted 6. In the years just after World War II, the United States attempted to prevent the spread of communism in Europe mainly by 1. taking over the governments of several Western European nations 2. increasing opportunities for political refugees to settle in the United States 3. holding a series of summit meetings with leaders of the Soviet Union 4. establishing policies of economic and military aid for European nations 7. A constitutional issue that was frequently raised about United States involvement in the Korean conflict and the Vietnam conflict was the 1. right to regulate commerce with foreign nations 2. use of deficit spending to finance wars 3. lack of a formal declaration of war by Congress 4. Supreme Court s role in foreign policy decision-making 8. Which is a valid conclusion based on United States involvement in the Korean War? 1. The policy of containment was applied in Asia as well as in Europe 2. United Nations economic sanctions are more effective than military action. 3. The American people will support United States participation in any war, whether declared or undeclared. 4. United States cooperation with a wartime ally ends when the war ends. 9. The United States experience in the Vietnam War supports the idea that the outcome of a war 1. is determined mainly by technological superiority 2. is dependent on using the greatest number of soldiers 3. is assured to countries dedicated to democratic ideals 4. can be strongly affected by public opinion 10. Issuing the Truman Doctrine, defending South Korea, and sending military advisors to Vietnam were actions taken by the United States to

30 1. encourage membership in the United Nations 2. promote American business in Asia 3. limit the spread of communism 4. gain additional overseas colonies 11. Which development is most closely associated with the belief in the domino theory? 1. military involvement in Vietnam 2. construction of the Berlin Wall 3. signing of the nuclear test ban treaty 4. end of the Korean War 12. The major goal of the civil rights movement of the 1960 s was to 1. establish a separate political state for African Americans 2. gain passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution 3. end segregation based on race 4. permit unlimited immigration to the United States 13. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed in an effort to correct 1. racial and gender discrimination 2. limitations on freedom of speech 3. unfair immigration quotas 4. segregation in the armed forces 14. Martin Luther King, Jr. first emerged as a leader of the civil rights movement when he 1. led the bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama 2. refused to give up his seat on a bus to a white man 3. challenged the authority of the Supreme Court 4. was elected as the first black congressman from the South 15. The main goal of affirmative action programs is to 1. enforce racial segregation laws 2. secure equal voting rights for African Americans 3. provide affordable child care 4. promote economic gains for minorities and women 16. The decisions of the United States Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Escobedo v. Illinois all advanced the 1. voting rights of minorities 2. guarantees of free speech and press 3. principle of separation of church and state 4. rights of accused persons 17. President John F. Kennedy supported the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba as an effort to 1. remove a communist dictator from power 2. stop the flow of illegal drugs to the United States 3. support Fidel Castro's efforts for reform 4. rescue hostages held by Cuban freedom fighters 18. The Great Society programs of the 1960 s used the power of the Federal Government to bring about 1. an all-volunteer military 2. antipoverty reforms 3. deregulation of business 4. reduced defense spending 19. President Lyndon Johnson s Great Society programs were similar to Progressive Era programs in that both 1. strictly enforced antitrust laws 2. focused on expanding civil rights for African Americans 3. used federal government power to improve social conditions 4. made urban renewal their primary concern 20. The main significance of the Watergate affair was that it 1. led to the impeachment and conviction of President Richard Nixon 2. showed that the laws of the United States are superior to the actions of a President 3. was the first time a President had disagreed with Congress 4. proved that Presidential powers are unlimited 21. The easing of Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1970s was called 1. containment 2. détente 3. neutrality 4. isolationism 22. The main purpose of the War Powers Act of 1973 was to 1. expand the power of Congress to declare war 2. limit the president s ability to send troops into combat abroad 3. allow people to vote on the issue of United States commitments overseas 4. end the Vietnam War on favorable terms 23. In the Camp David Accords (1978), President Jimmy Carter succeeded in 1. returning the Panama Canal Zone to Panama 2. suspending grain sales to the Soviet Union and China 3. providing a foundation for a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel 4. freeing hostages being held in Iran 24. Which situation in the 1970s caused the United States to reconsider its dependence on foreign energy resources? 1. war in Afghanistan 2. oil embargo by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 3. meetings with the Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons 4. free-trade agreements with Canada and Mexico 25. One way in which the Watergate controversy and the Iran-Contra affair are similar is that each led to 1. the addition of new amendments to the Constitution 2. the impeachment of a President 3. a loss of respect for government leaders by the American public 4. convictions of several military leaders for sexual harassment 26. The "trickle down" economic theory of President Herbert Hoover and the "supply side" economic policies under President Ronald Reagan were based on the idea that 1. balanced budgets are essential to economic success 2. the Federal Government needs to assume more responsibility for solving economic problems 3. economic growth depends on making increased amounts of capital available to business 4. economic stability is the responsibility of Federal monetary agencies 27. President Ronald Reagan used the concept of supply-side economics when he proposed 1. reducing income taxes to stimulate growth 2. providing direct payments to people living in poverty 3. creating government jobs to keep people working 4. increasing regulations on business to promote competition 28. One direct result of the Persian Gulf War was that the United States 1. gained control of oil resources in the Middle East 2. liberated Kuwait from Iraqi control

31 3. brought about peaceful relations between Israel and its neighbors 4. obtained overseas colonies in the Middle East 29. Evidence that the United States has become more economically interdependent since 1990 is shown by its 1. participation in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 2. change from a service economy to a manufacturing economy 3. increased dependence on domestic farm products 4. policy of restricting imports 30. Which event of Bill Clinton's presidency best illustrates the use of checks and balances? 1. hosting peace talks between Israelis and Palestinians 2. reelection to a second term 3. selection of Al Gore as vice president 4. impeachment for alleged perjury and obstruction of justice Section 4: USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #9 to answer the Thematic essay from August 2013 Theme: Foreign Policy (Cold War) Following World War II, the threat of communist expansion led the United States to take diplomatic, military, and economic actions to limit the global influence of the Soviet Union and China. These Cold War actions met with varying degrees of success. Task: Select two specific actions taken by the United States to limit the expansion of communism during the Cold War and for each Describe the historical circumstances that led to the action Discuss the extent to which the action was successful in limiting the expansion of communism You may use any action taken by the United States to limit the expansion of communism during the Cold War. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include the implementation of the Marshall Plan ( ), the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO] (1949), intervention in Korea ( ), the blockade of Cuba (1962), the escalation of the Vietnam War ( ), the visit of President Richard Nixon to China (1972), and the pursuit of the Strategic Defense Initiative [SDI] ( ) #10 Geographic and Imperialism 10A. Geographic Theme Impact on American History 1) Different geography of 13 colonies 2) Northern vs. Southern States 3) Appalachian Mountains New England Colonies = cold weather, rocky soil and good harbors = based on trade and manufacturing Middle Colonies = harbors = based on trade Southern Colonies = hot weather, good farmland = plantations, cash crops and slave labor Northern states are factories and industries and don t need slavery Southern states are farms and plantations and economy relies on slavery Creates sectionalism between the two sides and eventually leads to Civil War First boundary (border) of the colonies that limited (blocked) westward expansion. It established by the Proclamation of 1763 which was unpopular with colonists 4) Louisiana Purchase Doubles size of country, gain Mississippi River, Ohio River Valley, Gulf of Mexico, Port of New Orleans Creates manifest destiny (desire to expand entire continent) and starts Westward Expansion 5) Great Lakes and Eerie Canal First major trade network between New York and Ohio River Valley (Chicago, Cleveland) Steamboats provided trade 6) Westward Expansion Settling the entire continent from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean. The major treaties which completed and encouraged the United States are the Louisiana Purchase, Louis and Clarke Expedition, Indian Removal, Trail of Tears, Mexican-American War, Mexican Cession, Homestead Act, Settling the Great Plains, Texas Annexation, Oregon Territory, California Gold Rush Transcontinental Railroad unites East and West 7) Canada and Mexico and Rio Grande Canada is to the North of America, Mexico is to the South of America and the Rio Grande is the border between Mexico and America 8) Oceans Atlantic Ocean = East (New York) Pacific Ocean = West (California). This keeps us isolated and neutral from rest of World. Japan breaks this isolation when they attack Pearl Harbor (in Pacific) which starts WW2 (1941) 9) New York Centers of trade, close to Eerie Canal. New York has natural harbors (ports for commerce which means trade) 10) Urban Cities = New York, Chicago 11) Rural Farms and agriculture = Virginia, Montana 12) Suburban Outside of cities = Levittown, Long Island s, highways, Private houses, use of cars, malls.

32 13) Dustbowl Great Depression, massive drought (dry, dusty farms), caused by over production, takes place in Great Plains, 14) Latin American and Pacific Imperialism Latin America is South of United States. Late 1900 s we take economic control of many of their countries (Cuba, Panama, Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary, Dollar Diplomacy, Big Stick Policy, Guam, Puerto Rico, Spanish American War, Yellow Journalism, Good Neighbor Policy). China (other side of Pacific) Open Door Policy, Spheres of Influence Japan (other side of Pacific) Matthew Perry, Gentleman s Agreement, Inspire Japan to Westernize 15) Natural Resources Coal, Copper, Oil, Iron, Cotton, Tobacco, Cash Crops Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary #10B Imperialism Unit Review Overview America's first foreign policy was set by President George Washington who favored neutrality while the U.S. was still young and weak. However, as early as 1823, when the Monroe Doctrine (the State of the Union by President James Monroe) declared Latin America off limits to further European colonization, the U.S. had begun to move away from neutrality. By the late 1800s many factors (especially industrialization and the settling of the frontier) began to push the U.S. further away from neutrality and towards imperialism. The US had long wanted control of the Spanish colony of Cuba that lay only 90 miles south of Florida for both military and economic purposes. A Cuban uprising against Spanish rule led the U.S. to send the U.S.S. Maine battleship to Cuba. When the ship mysteriously exploded, yellow journalists were quick to blame Spain so the U.S. would have a reason to declare war on Spain. The U.S. emerged from the Spanish American War with the colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The U.S. also annexed (absorbed) Hawaii in 1898 and expanded business opportunities into China. President Theodore Roosevelt wanted America and the European powers to share China and they all agreed on an Open Door Policy in which they would divide China into Economic Spheres of Influence. America was now ready to expand both into Latin America and Asia. In Latin America, Theodore Roosevelt issued The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine that gave America the power to intervene in Latin American affairs and protect our economic and political interests there. To protect our interests, Roosevelt practiced a Big Stick Policy, threatening force when necessary. Using this policy, we used the military several times in different Latin American countries. Roosevelt also began production on the Panama Canal to connect our Latin American and Asian/Pacific Empires. After Roosevelt, President William Taft did not want to use military force so practiced Dollar Diplomacy, using America s economy to control the smaller economies of Latin America. Describe circumstances: events, people, vocabulary Vocabulary Words: 1) Foreign Policy - a country's plan on how to deal with other countries (neutrality, imperialism, isolationism) 2) Imperialism- the policy of a country maintaining colonies or control over distant lands. 3) Big Stick Policy/Roosevelt Corollary ( ) - declared that the U.S. could "police" the Caribbean and Far East to ensure U.S. economic interests were protected. 4) Open Door Policy - U.S. policy that stated that they had rights to operate and profit from business in China. 5) Panama Canal - a man made water way that was built to increase the power of the US navy and connect America s growing Empire. 6) Yellow Journalism - propaganda or exaggerating news stories to make something exciting and convincing. 7) William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer - reporters who used yellow journalism to help provoke the Spanish American War by blaming the sinking of the USS Maine on Spain. 8) Spanish American War (1898) a war in which the U.S. easily defeated Spain and became a world power with control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. 9) Dollar Diplomacy President Taft s policy to use money to control Latin America. 10) Physical features: things that are naturally found and can be touched. Examples: rivers, mountains, lakes 11) Southern Colonies- growing seasons, Plantations, tobacco, indigo, rice, farm products, furs 12) Middle Colonies- soil, grain, livestock, iron, furs 13) New England Colonies- dry rocky soil, lumber, fish, furs, ships, livestock 14) Terrain- layout of the land 15) Mississippi River- used to transport goods, gained during the Louisiana Purchase

33 Questions: 1. Which city is paired with the geographical feature that directly contributed to its growth? 1. San Francisco Rocky Mountains 2. New Orleans Mississippi River 3. Pittsburgh Hudson River 4. Cleveland Atlantic Coastal Plain 2. Which geographic advantage did the United States gain by purchasing the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803? 1. warm-water ports on the Atlantic coast 2. rich fishing areas in the Great Lakes 3. full control of the Mississippi River 4. vast coal reserves in the region west of Pennsylvania 3. Which group benefited most from the United States acquisition of the port of New Orleans? 1. farmers in the Ohio River Valley 2. Native American Indians in the Southwest 3. fur trappers in the Columbia River Valley 4. gold miners in northern California 4. Which type of map shows the most detailed information about Earth s natural features, such as rivers, lakes, and mountain ranges? 1. political 2. demographic 3. weather 4. physical 5. Which region of the United States is correctly paired with an industry that is dominant in that region? 1. Southwest timber 2. Pacific Northwest citrus crops 3. Great Plains grain crops 4. Atlantic Coastal Plain iron mining 6. Which United States foreign policy action resulted from the close geographic relationship between the United States and Latin America? 1. Monroe Doctrine 2. Truman Doctrine 3. Marshall Plan 4. Open Door policy 7. In the United States, regional differences in economic development are primarily due to 1. settlement patterns of immigrant groups 2. pressure from various religious groups 3. state and federal election laws 4. Geographic factors in various parts of the nation 8. Because of fertile land and a long growing season, plantations in the thirteen colonies developed in 1. New England 2. the Middle Atlantic region 3. the South 4. the upper Mississippi River valley 9. The principle that the United States has the right to act as the "policeman of the Western Hemisphere" and intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations was established by the 1. Good Neighbor policy 2. Open Door policy 3. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 4. Marshall Plan 10. As a result of the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), the United States was able to 1. acquire parts of South America as land for settlement 2. expand its influence in the Western Hemisphere 3. increase its trade with Asia 4. form military alliances with European nations The practice of yellow journalism most directly influenced the 1. purchase of Alaska 2. acquisition of the Mexican Cession 3. start of the Spanish-American War 4. end of the Russo-Japanese War 112. The annexation of Hawaii, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, and Dollar Diplomacy are all associated with United States efforts to 1. meet the demands of antiwar movements 2. isolate itself from international problems 3. expand its power and influence in certain regions of the world 4. implement policies of global cooperation throughout Asia 113. As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States saw the need to build the Panama Canal because 1. new colonies had been acquired in Africa 2. Spanish opposition to the canal had ended 3. the United States navy could then move more quickly between oceans 4. United States railroads could not transport enough manufactured goods 114. During the first half of the 1800s, geographic factors influenced the economy of New England by 1. encouraging the establishment of large plantations 2. promoting the growth of trade and manufacturing 3. increasing the region s reliance on slave labor 4. supporting rice and indigo farming 115.The Big Stick policy and Dollar Diplomacy were attempts to 1. increase United States power in Latin America 2. contain the spread of communism in eastern Europe 3. protect free trade on the Asian continent 4. strengthen political ties with western Europe 116. A goal of President Theodore Roosevelt's Big Stick policy and President William Howard Taft's Dollar Diplomacy policy toward Latin America was to 1. join Western Hemisphere nations in a military alliance 2. protect American economic and political interests 3. encourage foreign nations to establish colonies 4. raise Latin America's standard of living 117. The Dust Bowl experiences of the Oklahoma farmers during the Great Depression demonstrated the 1. effect of geography on people's lives 2. success of government farm subsidies 3. limitation of civil liberties during times of crisis 4. result of the Indian Removal Act 118. The Mississippi River system was an important economic resource during the first half of the 1800s because it was used to 1. irrigate desert lands 2. transport farm goods to market 3. move immigrants to the Northeast 4. produce hydroelectric power 19. Base your answer on the accompanying map and on your knowledge of social studies. Each letter on the map represents a specific geographic feature. Which geographic feature most limited the westward movement of American colonists before 1750? F 1. H 2. I 3. C 4. F

34 20. Base your answer on the accompanying map and on your knowledge of social studies. A conclusion supported by the information on the map is that slavery in the American colonies was 1. declining by the start of the Revolutionary War 2. concentrated in areas suitable for large plantations 3. becoming illegal in the northern colonies 4. growing fastest in the New England colonies 21. Base your answer on the accompanying map and on your knowledge of social studies. The states with the largest percentage of land used for agriculture are located in areas with 1. relatively flat terrain 2. the warmest year-round climate 3. easy access to the West Coast 4. ocean ports 22. Base your answer on the accompanying map and on your knowledge of social studies. Which geographic feature was used to establish the Proclamation Line of 1763? 1. Great Lakes 2. Rocky Mountains 3. Appalachian Mountains 4. Mississippi River SECTION #5 USE THE INFORMATION FROM UNIT #10 to answer the Thematic essay from January 2007 Theme: Influence of Geographic Factors on Governmental Actions Actions taken by the United States government have often been influenced by geographic factors. Some of these factors include location, climate, natural resources, and physical features. Task: Identify two actions taken by the United States government that have been influenced by geographic factors and for each State one reason the United States took the action Describe how a geographic factor influenced the action Discuss the impact of the action on the United States