1/23/2013. Previewing the Chapter. Section 1: Revolution Threatens the French King. Section 2: Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

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1 Previewing the Chapter Chapter 7: The French Revolution and Napoleon Revolution leads to the overthrow and execution of the French King. After a period of instability, Napoleon takes control of France and most of Europe. Napoleon s thirst for power leads to his downfall, and European leaders craft a lasting peace. Section 1: Revolution Threatens the French King Members of the Third Estate demand a more representative government. The fall of the Bastille and the king s removal from Versailles signal the beginning of the French Revolution. Section 2: Revolution Brings Reform and Terror The Legislative Assembly faces war and internal divisions. The king is executed, and Robespierre inaugurates the Reign of Terror. A third constitution puts power in the hands of the upper middle class. Section 3: Napoleon Forges an Empire A brilliant general, Napoleon Bonaparte, becomes emperor of France and assumes broad powers. Through military victories, he establishes mastery over most of Europe. Section 4: Napoleon s Empire Collapses Napoleon makes political and military mistakes as he tries to increase his power. He is defeated, returns, is defeated again, and finishes his life in exile. 1

2 Section 5: The Congress of Vienna Convenes What Do You Know About?? Following the plan of Metternich, the Congress of Vienna reestablishes stability in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. Napoleon Bonaparte? What can you tell about his character from this painting of him? Understanding Time Lines The French Revolution and Napoleon In what year was Louis XVI executed? Who then became emperor of France? Storming of the Bastille ignites the French Revolution In how many years would he be defeated? Washington is inaugurated as first US president 1796 Napoleon appointed commander of French forces in Italy 1793 Louis XVI is executed by the guillotine. Reign of Terror begins 1799 Napoleon overthrows the Directory through a coup d'état 1804 Napoleon crowns himself emperor, begins to create a vast European empire 1815 Napoleon is defeated at the Battle of Waterloo Connect History and Geography Look at the map on page 215 of your textbook In 1810, Napoleon ruled a vast empire, with control over most of Europe. The map shows that the Russian empire was an ally of Napoleon s How do you know this? In less than two years, Napoleon tried to strengthen his power by invading his Russian ally In the end, this contributed to his downfall Connect History and Geography Previewing Themes Power and Authority: With absolute rulers dominating Europe, Enlightenment thinkers began questioning why so few held so much power. The French Revolution was an attempt to put power into the hands of many. Power changed hands several times in this short period of history. 2

3 Previewing Themes Revolution: The success of the American Revolution inspired the French, some of whom even participated in it. The French people were deeply affected by the colonists overthrow of the British and, in turn, revolted against their own oppressive rulers. Previewing Themes Economics: The gap between the rich and the poor widened when France s economy weakened. Hungry peasants and city dwellers were outraged by what they felt was unjust treatment. The economy of France became a major cause of the French Revolution. Chapter 7: The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 1: Revolution Threatens the French King Revolution Threatens the French King In the 1700s, France was considered the most advanced country in Europe. It was the center of the Enlightenment and it had a large population and prosperous foreign trade. France s culture was widely praised and emulated by the rest of the world. However, the appearance of success was deceiving. There was great unrest in France, caused by high prices, high taxes, and disturbing questions raised by the Enlightenment ideas of Rousseau and Voltaire. Revolution Threatens the French King Main Idea: Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution Revolution Threatens the French King What is the most striking difference between these two women? How do poor people sometimes feel about wealthy people? Why It Matters Now: Throughout history, economic and social inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments. 3

4 Revolution Threatens the French King Terms and Names: Old Regime Estate Louis XVI Marie Antoinette Estates-General National Assembly Tennis Court Oath Great Fear Bourgeoisie The Old Order The Old Regime Old Regime a social and political system that existed in France during the 1770s Estates were the three social classes of the Old Regime The Privileged Estates: First Estate composed of the Catholic clergy They owned 10 percent of the land and paid few taxes Strongly spoke out against Enlightenment ideas Second Estate composed of rich nobles Two percent of the population and owned 20 percent of the land Disagreed about Enlightenment ideas The Old Order The Third Estate: This was the 97 percent of the people Composed of peasants, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie, or middle class They had few privileges, paid heavy taxes As a result, they want change The Forces of Change Enlightenment Ideas: The ideas of the Enlightenment inspire some of the people in the Third Estate Economic Troubles: High taxes and rising costs damaged the French economy in the 1780s King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette are known for their extravagance Louis doubles the nation s debt, and the banks refuse to loan him more money The Forces of Change A Weak Leader Louis poor decisions and lack of patience add the France s problems He calls the Estates General A meeting of representatives from all three estates But with each Estate having one vote, the Third Estate would always lose out in the voting Dawn of the Revolution The National Assembly The Third Estate has little power under the old rules. With support from a French Abbey called Sieyes, major changes are made in the French government. With these changes, the Third Estate sets up a National Assembly a new legislation to make reforms independent of the Estates General. This marked the beginning of a representative democracy and the rejection of the monarchy it was the start of the Revolution After breaking down the locked door to their meeting room, the Third Estate delegates swear an oath on a tennis court hence the Tennis Court Oath to write a new constitution for France 4

5 Dawn of the Revolution Storming the Bastille: Although agreeing to the National Assembly, Louis no longer trusted his own French army and stationed his mercenary Swiss army around Paris Rumors begin to fly that Louis wanted to kill French citizens and suppress the National Assembly On July 14, 1789, a mob attacks and seizes the Bastille, a prison in Paris, for ammunition. A Great Fear Sweeps France Rebellion: After the fall of the Bastille, rumors and panic spread throughout the French countryside. Peasants became lawless and during this period of the Great Fear, began attacking nobles and even each other. Peasants break in to nobles homes and destroy legal papers binding them to the old feudal system. In October 1789, Parisian women revolt over the rising price of bread. It is said that during this time, Marie Antoinette remarked Let the eat cake this is just a myth! They force their way into the Palace of Versailles, demanding that Louis return to Paris Louis and his family left Versailles, never to return, marking a change of power and the beginning of national reforms about to take over France Review Terms and Names: Old Regime Estate Louis XVI Marie Antoinette Estates-General National Assembly Tennis Court Oath Great Fear Bourgeoisie Forming Opinions Do you think that changes in the French government were inevitable? Think about The leadership of Louis XVI The French national debt Enlightenment ideas Other world revolutions Analyzing Themes Economics: How were the economic conditions in France similar to or different from those in England and the American colonies before their revolutions? Think about France s three estates The role of taxation France s national debt Conditions in the colonies before the American Revolution Web Diagram Causes of the Revolution 5

6 Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Chapter 7: The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 2: Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Peasants were not the only members of French society to feel the Great Fear Nobles and clergymen were equally afraid Throughout France, angry peasants struck out against members of the upper classes. In the summer of 1789, a few months before the women s march to Versailles, some nobles and clergymen in the National Assembly responded to the uprisings in an emotional late-night meeting. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Read about the guillotine on page 225 How did condemned persons die? Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Main Idea: The Revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power. Why were some spectators displeased with the guillotine? Why It Matters Now: Some governments that lack the support of their people still use terrorism to control their citizens. Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Terms and Names: Declaration of the Rights of Man Legislative Assembly Émigrés Sans-culottes Guillotine Maximilien Robespierre Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror The Assembly Reforms France The Rights of Man: The National Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, Libertée, Egalitée, Fraternitée Liberty, Equality, Fraternity 6

7 The Assembly Reforms France A State-Controlled Church: The National Assembly seizes church lands, and turns the clergy into public officials. Louis tries to Escape: Louis, worried about his future, tries to escape France. Revolutionaries catch the royal family near the Netherlands border. Divisions Develop A Limited Monarchy: In September 1791, the Assembly finishes the new constitution. A new body to pass laws, the Legislative Assembly, is created. Factions Split France: Major problems, including the debt and food shortages remain. The Assembly splits into three factions: Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives Émigrés nobles who fled the country, want the Old Regime back in power. Sans-culottes lower classes want even more chages from the Revolution The Legislative Assembly Radicals Moderates Conservatives Sat on the left side of the hall; were called left wing and were said to be on the left Opposed to the king and the idea of a monarchy Wanted sweeping changes in government and proposed that common people have full power in a republic Sat in the center of the hall and were called centrists Wanted some changes in government, but not as many as the radicals Sat on the right side of the hall; were called right wing and said to be on the right Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy Wanted few changes in government War and Execution Problems with other countries: Austria and Prussia want Louis in charge of France France declares war on both countries. France at War: Prussian forces advance and soon threaten to take Paris. A Parisian mob jails the royal family and kills guards In September 1791, mobs break into prisons, killing over 1,000 people, including many who support the king. Pressured by the mobs, the Legislative Assembly formally deposes the king and then dissolves. A National Convention forms in September 1791, forming the French Republic. War and Execution Jacobins Take Control: The Jacobins were a radical, antimonarchy political organization behind the 1792 changes in government. After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of treason to the French people and is beheaded by a new device called the guillotine War and Execution The War Continues: The French army, made up of citizens, wins a great victory over the Prussians and Austrians at Valmy. In 1793, Britain, Spain and Holland join forces against France. As a result, the National Convention orders a draft of 300,000 people to reinforce the army. 7

8 The Terror Grips France Divided Country: Not all people in France support all the changes of the Revolution Some liked things just the way they were at least they had peace. The Terror Grips France Robespierre Assumes Control: Maximilien Robespierre was a Jacobin leader who rules France for a year. He becomes the leader of the Committee for Public Safety and rules as a dictator. The Terror Grips France Robespierre Assumes Control: The period of time under Robespierre was known as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre killed many of his opponents. Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies of France and Marie Antoinette. 85 percent of those who die during the terror are either middle or lower class citizens. End of the Terror Another in Charge of Government: In July 1794, Robespierre is arrested by the National convention and executed. Public opinion shifts away from the radicals and towards a more moderate view. The Moderate leaders write a new constitution. With this new form of governing, a two-house legislature and five-man Directory restore order to France. The new government names Napoleon Bonaparte the commander of armies. Review Terms and Names: Declaration of the Rights of Man Legislative Assembly Émigrés Sans-culottes Guillotine Maximilien Robespierre Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror Review Recognizing Causes: After the French rejected the king s absolute control, they struggled to create a more democratic government. However, in 1793, Robespierre became a dictator. What caused this to happen? Think about The political climate prior to Robespierre s rule The need for a leader Robespierre s personality 8

9 Objectives Chapter 7: The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 3: Napoleon Forges an Empire 1. To explain how Napoleon Bonaparte came to power in France. 2. To summarize the steps Napoleon took to restore power to France. 3. To describe the extent and weaknesses of Napoleon s empire. Napoleon Forges an Empire Napoleon was a short man (5ft, 3in tall) who cast a long shadow over the history of modern times. He would come to be recognized as one of the world s greatest military geniuses along with Alexander the Great of Macedonia, Hannibal of Carthage, and Julius Caesar of Rome. In only four years ( ) Napoleon rose from relative obscurity to become master of France. Napoleon Forges an Empire Read the History Makers feature on page 230 of your textbook, and listen to the story from Mr. Marfy: How did Napoleon reward his troops? How did they feel about him? Napoleon Forges an Empire Main Idea: A military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in France and made himself emperor. Why It Matters Now: In times of political turmoil, military dictators often seize control of nations, as in Cuba with Fidel Castro. Napoleon Forges an Empire Terms and Names: Napoleon Bonaparte Coup d'état Plebiscite Lycée Concordat Napoleonic Code Battle of Trafalgar 9

10 Napoleon Seizes Power Early Life Napoleon Bonaparte is born in 1769 in Corsica Attends military school Is teased and prefers to be alone Joins the regular army at 16 and when the Revolution breaks out he joins the army of the new government. Napoleon Seizes Power Hero of the Hour In 1795, Napoleon defeats royalist rebels attacking the National Convention. Napoleon is promoted, and quickly wins victories in Italy, as well as beating back the Austrians, quickly gaining popularity. Once he got to Egypt, he was not as successful, losing his first of many battles to British admiral Horatio Nelson. The news of his defeat was not as publicized as his victories. Napoleon Seizes Power Coup d'état: In November 1799, Napoleon is able to carry out a coup d'état, or blow of state, by dissolving the power of the weakened Directory through his (and his wife Josephine s) influence in the national legislature At age 30, Napoleon assumed dictatorial powers as the first consul of the French Republic Napoleon goes on to defeat the British, Russians and Austrians. By 1802, Europe was at peace for the first time in ten years. Napoleon Rules France Vote of Approval: After the coup in 1799, Napoleon convinced the citizens of France that he had been constitutionally chosen to be the leader of France. In 1800, a plebiscite or vote of the people was held to approve a new constitution This new constitution really gave Napoleon all real power as first consul. Napoleon Rules France Restoring Order at Home: Napoleon kept many changes of the revolution as well as strengthened the central government. He set up an efficient banking system and efficient tax collection. Establishes lycées government-run public schools designed to train officials He signed the concordat an agreement with the pope to restore Catholicism in France French peasants and the clergy wanted this, but it prohibited the Catholic church from directly meddling with the business of the French state. Napoleon Brings Order After the Revolution Goals of the Revolution Napoleon s Actions The Economy Equal taxation Lower inflation Set up fairer tax code Set up national bank Stabilized currency Gave state loans to business Results Equal taxation Stable economy Government & Society Less government corruption Equal opportunity in government Appointed officials by merit Fired corrupt officials Created lycees Created code of laws Honest, competent officials Equal opportunity in government Public education Religion Less powerful Catholic Church Religious tolerance Recognized Catholicism as faith of Frenchmen Signed concordat with pope Retained seized church lands Religious tolerance Government control of church lands Government recognition of church influence 10

11 Why Economics are Important National Bank: Allows a central government to regulate banking activities. Eliminates problems that arise when banks operate independently, some even issuing their own currencies. Results in people being more confident in their government. Why Economics are Important Inflation: A general rise in the level of prices. Increases in the price of food, clothing and housing are caused by decreases in the value of money. During extreme inflation, a loaf of bread might cost hundreds of dollars. Low inflation can lead to prosperity and political stability. Why Economics are Important Stabilized Currency: Results from a national banking system, low inflation and other factors. Currency that does not change in value quickly and that is backed by a central government contributes to national stability and peace. Napoleon Rules France Restoring Order at Home: Napoleon created a system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code While it was a uniform system of laws, it also created many injustices it restricted individual rights over order and authority. It restricted women s freedom, freedom of the press and speech, and rights to sell property. It also reestablished slavery in the French colonies of the Caribbean, which had been abolished under the Revolutionary government. Napoleon Rules France Napoleon Crowned as Emperor: In 1804, the French overwhelmingly voted for Napoleon to become emperor. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon arrogantly crowned himself emperor at Notre Dame cathedral in front of the pope, who traditionally did this. With this gesture, Napoleon signaled that he was more powerful than the church. Napoleon Creates an Empire Loss of American Territories: Once word of the Revolution reached the French-ruled island of Hispaniola, the citizens of Saint Domingue, many of whom were slaves, demand the same treatment as French citizens. In 1801, Napoleon sent an army to quell the slave rebellion, but it was a long and costly affair. Many French soldiers also died of yellow fever. Napoleon decides to give up on his dream of empire in the Americas and turns his focus on conquering Europe. President Jefferson had expressed an interest in purchasing the Port of New Orleans. Seeing an opportunity to regain his losses, Napoleon sells the entire Louisiana territory to the Americans for $15 million in Napoleon also sees this as an opportunity to punish his British enemies. The sale assures forever the power of the United States, and I have given England a rival, who, sooner or later, will humble her pride 11

12 Napoleon Creates an Empire Conquering Europe: Napoleon had already conquered parts of Europe, including the Netherlands. Britain persuaded Russia, Austria and Sweden to join in a Third Coalition against France. In a series of brilliant battles, Napoleon crushes his enemies. After the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon issues a proclamation expressing his pride in his troops. Eventually the rulers of Austria, Prussia and Russia all signed peace treaties with Napoleon. Napoleon Creates an Empire The Battle of Trafalgar: In 1805, the powerful British navy, under the command of Admiral Horatio Nelson, defeated the combined French and Spanish navies at the Battle of Trafalgar. The defeat forced Napoleon to give up his plan of invading Britain. Napoleon would have to look for other ways to try and crush the British. This ambition would eventually lead to Napoleon s undoing. Napoleon Creates an Empire The French Empire: By 1812, Napoleon controls most of Europe except for Britain, Portugal, Sweden and the Ottoman Empire. He also has puppet rulers in some countries and alliances with others. These countries weren t totally under Napoleon s control, but he could manipulate them easily with threats of military action. The French empire reached its largest extent between Though conquered, many European countries had a a strong sense of nationalism. Ironically, Napoleon was only able to maintain control of his own empire for five years, and it collapsed quickly. Review Terms and Names: Napoleon Bonaparte Coup d'état Plebiscite Lycée Concordat Napoleonic Code Battle of Trafalgar HW Activity Forming an Opinion There is an old question: Do the times make the man, or does the man make the times? In your opinion, was Napoleon the creator or the creation of his times? Think about: The government after the Terror Napoleon s defense of France Napoleon s popularity HW Activity Analyzing Themes Power and Authority: To keep his empire together, Napoleon had to deal with forces both inside and outside the French Empire. In your judgment, which area was more crucial to control? Think about: The length of the period of civil unrest in France The power and activities of other European nations 12

13 Objectives Chapter 7: The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 4: Napoleon s Empire Collapses 1. To explain Napoleon s tactical and political mistakes. 2. To summarize Napoleon s defeat, comeback, and final downfall. The French Empire, 1810 Napoleon s Empire Collapses Napoleon worried that his vast empire would fall apart unless he had an heir whose right to succeed him was undisputed, so he decided that he needed a son. Consequently, he divorced Josephine, who had failed to bear him a child, and formed an alliance with the Austrian royal family by marrying Marie-Louise, the grand-niece of Marie Antoinette. In 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a son, Napoleon II, whom his father named king of Rome. Mrs. Bonapartes Josephine Marie Louise & the King Napoleon s Empire Collapses What words describe Napoleon in the cartoon on page 234? What words describe Britain in the cartoon? 13

14 Napoleon s Empire Collapses Main Idea: Napoleon s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall. Why It Matters Now: In the 1990s, nationalistic feelings contributed to the breakup of nations such as Yugoslavia. Napoleon s Empire Collapses Terms and Names: Blockade Continental System Guerrilla Peninsular War Scorched-earth policy Waterloo Hundred Days Napoleon s Costly Mistakes The Continental System: Napoleon, still hoping to ruin Britain, orders a blockade in November 1806 forcing the closing of ports in Europe. He called this the Continental System, since it s intended goal was to strengthen the European continent and weaken Britain. Smugglers and uncooperative allies, including Napoleon s brother, Louis, make the blockade fail. Britain responds with a blockade of its own, led by its powerful navy. Angered by the blockade, Americans fight England in the War of This was does no real damage to Britain Battle of Lake Erie, 1813 One famous battle was the Battle of Lake Erie, won by American Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry aboard the USS Niagara. Napoleon s Costly Mistakes The Peninsular War: Because Portugal was not complying with the Continental System, Napoleon sent troops through Spain, causing protest and nationalism. Napoleon the makes his own brother king of Spain, which enrages the Spaniards even more. Spanish fight the French troops as guerrillas small groups that attack then disappear. The guerrillas are aided by the British. Napoleon loses 300,000 men during the Peninsular War. In Germany, Italy and other nations, nationalist rebels fight the French. Francisco Goya Los Fusilamientos del Tres de Mayo (the executions of the 3rd of May) 14

15 Napoleon s Costly Mistakes Retreat from Russia, 1812 The Invasion of Russia: Napoleon and Czar Alexander of Russia had been allies. However, Alexander continued to sell grain to the British and soon the alliance fell apart. In June 1812, Napoleon s army marches into Russia with 420,000 men. Refusing the bait, Alexander pulled his troops back and use scorched-earth policy destroying crops and livestock. In September 1812, the Russians retreat from Moscow after the Battle of Borodino. Instead of surrendering, Alexander has left Moscow in flames for Napoleon and his 100,000 men. After a five-week wait, Napoleon retreats, losing thousands more soldiers to cold weather, famine and raids. Out of 420,000 soldiers that entered Russia with Napoleon, only 10,000 survived. Napoleon s Downfall Napoleon Suffers Defeat: By October 1813, Napoleon had raised another army but he no longer had experienced veterans on his side. Britain, Russia, Sweden and Prussia join forces and quickly defeat Napoleon. In April 1814, Napoleon gives up his throne and accepts the terms of surrender offered by Czar Alexander I. Napoleon was given a small pension and banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba. However, Napoleon would soon return to France. Napoleon s Downfall The Hundred Days: Louis XVIII, brother of the guillotined king, was appointed the new ruler of France. The French disliked him and he soon became unpopular amongst the peasants. Napoleon escaped from Elba and by spring of 1815, he became emperor again. European allies gathered their armies and on June 15, 1815, Napoleon attacked the British troops at Waterloo, in Belgium. The Brits, led by the Duke of Wellington, held their ground until Prussian reinforcements arrived Napoleon was again defeated. This marks the end of the Hundred Days Napoleon s last attempt at power. This time, Napoleon is exiled to the remote island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died in Napoleon s Lasting Legacy Napoleon was a military genius and brilliant administrator. However, his greatest battles were not won in the battlefield, but from reforms in laws, banking and religion. His defeat opened doors for freed European countries to establish a new order. Review Terms and Names: Blockade Continental System Guerrilla Peninsular War Scorched-earth policy Waterloo Hundred Days 15

16 HW Activity Analyzing Motives What were the main reasons people in other European countries resisted Napoleon? Think about: Why some of his own allies refused to abide by the Continental System Why the Spanish fought a guerrilla war for several years Why the Russians destroyed their own crops and cities Chapter 7: The French Revolution and Napoleon Section 5: The Congress of Vienna Convenes Objectives 1. To explain the importance of the decision made at the Congress of Vienna. 2. To show how the ideas of the French Revolution continued to influence people in Europe. The Congress of Vienna Convenes European heads of government were looking to establish long-lasting peace and stability on the continent after the defeat of Napoleon. They had a goal of a new European order on of collective security and stability for the entire continent. A series of meetings in Vienna, known as the Congress of Vienna, were called to set policies to achieve this goal. Originally, the Congress of Vienna was scheduled to last for four weeks. Instead, it went on for eight months. The Congress of Vienna Convenes Read Connect to Today on page 241. what is the purpose of the United Nations? What did the major powers agree to after World War II? The Congress of Vienna Convenes Main Idea: After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna tried to restore order and reestablish peace. Why It Matters Now: International bodies such as the United Nations play an active role in trying to maintain world peace and stability today. 16

17 The Congress of Vienna Convenes Terms and Names: Congress of Vienna Klemens von Metternich Balance of power Legitimacy Holy Alliance Concert of Europe Metternich s Plan for Europe A Meeting of Nations: The Congress of Vienna were a series of meetings held between 1814 and 1815 that reshape Europe. Several of Europe s most powerful leaders attended King Frederick William III of Prussia, Czar Alexander I of Russia, and Emperor Francis I of Austria. Britain and France were represented by their foreign ministers. None was more influential than the foreign minister of Austria, Prince Klemens von Metternich. Metternich s Plan for Europe Metternich and the Great Powers: Metternich was an aristocrat and distrusted the ideals of the French Revolution. He said that Napoleon s rise to power was a direct result of experiments with democracy. His chief goal was to restore the balance of power with no single country being a threat to others. Metternich s Plan for Europe The Containment of France: The idea was to make countries surrounding France stronger. The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed and Switzerland was recognized as an independent country. Austria dominates a new German Confederation of 39 German states. The Kingdom of Sardinia is strengthened by adding Genoa. Metternich s Plan for Europe Balance of Power: European powers weaken France, but leave most of it intact. The borders remained the same as in 1790, and France kept all its overseas possessions and its army. France did have to return all lands taken by Napoleon, but the Congress of Vienna was overall fairly easy on France. Metternich s Plan for Europe Legitimacy: Monarchs that had been deposed by Napoleon were returned to their thrones, granting their monarchy legitimacy. Most monarchs rule over constitutional monarchies. Leaders hoped to restore order through these changes. Congress of Vienna succeeds in getting all European governments to work together. The Congress of Vienna was one of the most fair agreements don in the modern era. European nations agreed to preserve peace, which lasts almost 40 years. 17

18 Political Changes Beyond Vienna Conservative Europe: Because Louis XVIII adopted a constitutional monarchy like Britain s, other absolute monarchs in Europe became nervous. Russia, Prussia and Austria pledge to fight any new revolutions by forming the Holy Alliance. Metternich strengthened these alliances by creating the Concert of Europe, whereby countries pledged to help each other if revolution broke out. Despite this, the ideas of The Revolution had already taken hold throughout Europe there was no turning back the clock. Political Changes Beyond Vienna Revolutions in Latin America: When Napoleon replaced the king of Spain with his brother, Joseph, rebellions broke out throughout the Spanish American colonies. Eventually, liberalist revolts against the new king of Spain, Ferdinand VII, resulted in independence for Mexico in Liberalist revolts in Portugal then gave the Brazilians an opportunity to declare their own independence. Political Changes Beyond Vienna Long-Term Legacy: Power of Britain and Prussia increased, while the power of France was diminished. Nationalism grew in Italy, Greece, Germany and other new countries. As revolutions exploded, more new countries would form. Principles of democracy and equality became the new way of thinking. Review Terms and Names: Congress of Vienna Klemens von Metternich Balance of Power Legitimacy Holy Alliance Concert of Europe Review Evaluating: From France s point of view, were the decisions made at the Congress of Vienna fair? Think about: Metternich s three goals France s loss of territory The fears of the rest of Europe Review Analyzing Themes Power and Authority: Why do you think liberals and conservatives differed over who should have power? Think about: Old Regime privileges Attitudes toward change Enlightenment ideas 18

19 Long-Term Causes Chapter 7: The French Revolution and Napoleon Chapter Review Enlightenment Ideas liberty and equality Example furnished by the American Revolution Social and economic injustices in the Old Regime Immediate Causes Revolution!! Economic Crisis famine and government debt Weak leadership Discontent of the Third Estate Fall of the Bastille National Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Man and a new constitution Immediate Effects Long-Term Effects End of the Old Regime Execution of monarchs War with the First Coalition Reign of Terror Rise of Napoleon Conservative reaction Decline in French power Spread of Enlightenment ideas Growth of nationalism Rise of international organizations (Congress of Vienna) Revolutions in Latin America 19

20 Chapter Review Go to page 242 in your textbook. Let s review! 20