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1 Name: USH Period: Study Guide Unit 3 Directions: All information can be found in your notes, presentations Power Points), handouts, etc. for USH Unit 2: Road to the Revolution. When writing your answer, think about the significance of the event as well as the basic information. For example, John Locke was a Political Philosopher during the Enlightenment and he did write The Second Treatise on Government expanding upon T. Hobbes Social Contract theory. But you also need to understand how he influenced T. Jefferson and the text in our Declaration of Independence. 1. What did Presidents Washington and Adams believe about United States involvement in foreign affairs? Presidents Washington and Adams sought to keep the United States neutral during their presidencies. Washington even warned the audience at his farewell address as he left office to avoid entangling alliances in reference to the frequent wars between the European nations. 2. What was the significance of Washington and the Continental Army crossing the Delaware and the Battle of Trenton in 1776? The Battle of Saratoga? The Battle of Yorktown? Washington and his men crossed the Delaware River on Christmas and attacked Trenton in the early morning of December 26, where Hessian troops (German mercenaries hired by King George and considered among the best soldiers in all of Europe at the time) were camped. The Hessians, who had been celebrating the night before, were taken by surprise and surrendered. Washington was able to resupply his troops, demonstrate that American could fight and defeat the enemy, and greatly improved morale among his troops and the Colonists. The Battle of Saratoga is considered the turning point in the American Revolution. The British plan to have two armies join in Albany and split New England from the rest of the American Colonies never materialized. British General John Burgoyne set out with 8,000 men but lost several hundred each time they clashed with the Americans. American General Horatio Gates gathered militiamen and soldiers from all over New York and New England for major battle. Gates and his men eventually surrounded the British, who surrendered at Saratoga on October 17, After this defeat, the British would remain along the coast to be supplied and supported by their fleet. The turning point aspect of this battle was that the French now agreed to support the Americans and signed an alliance, or treaty to of cooperation with the Americans. The Battle of Yorktown was the final victory that ended the war. General Charles Cornwallis led his troops into Virginia and encamped on a peninsula at Yorktown. When the news reached the Marquis de Lafayette, the Frenchman who had helped gain French support earlier, he suggested the Americans and French forces join in an attack. With American troops shelling the British from the high ground and the French Navy cutting of any chance for the British to be resupplied or to retreat, Cornwallis was forced to surrender after 3 weeks of fighting. 3. What British General was forced to surrender at the Battle of Yorktown, effectively ending the American Revolution? General Charles Cornwallis, outnumbered by more than two to one surrendered on October 17, At the formal ceremony two days later, the British band played The World Turned Upside Down to express the unbelievable result of a group of colonial militia and troops declaring independence from Great Britain AND actually winning the war.

2 4. Create a Venn diagram to compares and contrasts the French and Indian War with the Revolutionary War. French and Indian War Shared Characteristics American Revolution Who: The British and their American Colonists fought the French and their Native American Allies over control of the Ohio River Valley and Great Who: The British Fought the Lakes Region. This was a world war with fighting on land and sea around the world. What: The French were trying to protect their fur trade with the Native Americas while the British wanted to deny this source of wealth to their rivals. American Colonists had been migrating west of the Appalachian Mountains seeking more land to farm. Where: The Ohio River Valley and Canada. When the French surrendered they were forced to leave this region. When: 22 year old Georgia Washington was sent by the Virginia Governor to establish a Fort in the Ohio River valley. A skirmish between the French and Washington and his mend ended with Washington s capture. Washington was later serving as a colonial officer in the British Army under General Braddock. Ambushed, Braddock was killed and Washington led survivors to safety saving many lives. The war lasted from 1754 to 1763 ending with the Treaty of Paris Why: Britain and France were competing to build large empires with colonies to provide wealth and raw materials. How: Early French victories taught the Americans and British how to fight in wilderness. Eventually the British and Americans defeat the French and Great Britain gains all the territory from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi. Who: Winners (The Americans both times). George Washington fought in both conflicts, suffered early defeats but continued to fight until victory was achieved. Losers: Native Americans. French lost F&I War, British lost American Revolution. What: Fought over economic and political control of an expanding area of the Eastern United States. Where: Throughout the 13 American colonies and the western territories past the Appalachian Mountains. When: 1700s (18 th Century) Why: European Colonialism, Imperialism, and Mercantilism. American idealism and selfdetermination. Founding Fathers shared many of the political ideas made popular by the four Age of Enlightenment Philosophes. How: Early losses, sacrifice, luck and determination lead to eventual victories and an end to the war. American Colonists who declared their political independence from England. Later France joined with the Americans to help defeat their old foe England What: Huge war debt forced Britain to increase taxes on the colonists. This was resented and eventually the colonists fought back first with words then with arms. Where: Began at Lexington and Concord (Shot heard round the world) outside of Boston. Battles fought throughout the colonies. Ended at Yorktown. When: April 1775 to October 1881 Treaty of Paris 1783 officially ends the war. Why: Political Ideas of the Enlightenment Philosophers Hobbes, Locke, and Montesquieu combined with the American values of freedom, self-reliance and selfdetermination led the colonists to resent then rebel against British attempts to control the political and economic systems of America. How: Attempts to convince King George to reign in Parliament failed, and the Americans struggled to gain recognition and relief. Eventually France would join in and support the Americans who persevered and would eventually defeat the British at Yorktown.

3 5. What was the significance behind Thomas Paine s Common Sense pamphlet? Thomas Paine wrote his pamphlet Common Sense from the point of view of a common citizen, explaining that since the King s soldiers had shed blood, the relationship (social contract) between the colonists and the King was no longer valid. Paine encouraged Americans to view the King as a tyrant, and accept their destiny by demanding (and be willing to fight for) independence to create a better society. The common sense of many of his arguments, such as the small size of Great Britain compared to the larger size of America made many Americans agree with him. 6. What American diplomats helped negotiate the peace at the 1783 Treaty of Paris? What did this Treaty end? John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay. Together they demanded that Britain recognize American Independence before any other negotiations began. This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, established the boundaries of American from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River and from Canada to Florida. It also contained provisions to allow loyalists who suffered financial losses to the Rebels to sue in court. 7. What was the Great Compromise? What was the Southern Colonies goals with the 3/5ths Compromise? The Great Compromise was the agreement between the Larger (based on population) states and the Smaller states to create a bi-cameral Federal legislature at the Constitutional Convention. The question of representation and voting was bitterly debated. This agreement lead to the design of the U.S. Congress having a Senate (with 2 votes per state) and the House of Representatives having membership determined by the population of the states based on census results. The election of the president would also utilize this method since each state has the same number of electoral votes in the Electoral College as they have members in Congress. Southern Colonies, realizing that a Federal Government could eventually outlaw slavery, wanted to increase their voting power in this new congress further by having the population of slaves in their states counted as citizens, but still not have the rights of citizens so they could be treated at property. The Northern states allowed slaves to be counted at 3/5 s of a person in the census to get the Southern colonies to agree to ratify the Constitution. 8. What basic personal rights are given in the First Amendment to the Constitution? Remember your Hand Hints: The five freedoms of expression: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Press, The Right to Assemble and The Right to Petition. 9. Who were the 3 major Federalists at the Constitutional Convention? Major Anti-Federalists Federalists: Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Anti-Federalists: Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams and Richard Henry Lee 10. What event led to the biggest call for change in the government under the Articles of Confederation? Shay s Rebellion, an uprising by debt-ridden farmers facing debtor s prison. This uprising threatened the rule of law, private property and the young United States reputation. The question was can America as a nation effectively govern ourselves under the Articles of Confederation? Delegates from 12 of the States met to revise the Articles of Confederation. They eventually agreed to toss them and create a new constitution.

4 11. What document states that all men have these 3 unalienable rights of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness? Who was the primary author of this document? From which person did the author get his ideas from for this document? Thomas Jefferson, the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, paraphrased John Locke s ideas that government exists solely to protect individuals lives, liberty and property. In making his persuasive argument, Jefferson wrote, We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness 12. The guiding principle of separation of powers in American government is credited to which political philosopher? Baron Charles de Montesquieu who argued that the best way to limit the power of government is to separate the government into distinct branches (Executive, Legislative and Judicial) with specific power that are protected through a system of checks and balances between the branches. 13. What was the effect of Shay s Rebellion? Convinced many Americans of the need for a stronger central or national government then what was possible under the Articles of Confederation. 14. What document established the FIRST government in the United States? The Articles of Confederation established the first government in the United States. It was later replaced by the U.S. Constitution. 15. What American patriot group protested British taxation through mail and propaganda? The Committees of Correspondence were create to spread the word about what was going on in each of the Colonies. These Committees, established in all the colonies, acted as the Social Media of their day. 16. How did the British respond to the American protest known as the Boston Tea Party? They demanded that the Colony pay for the Tea, and even shut down the harbor to enforce this order. Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts which put Boston under martial law. British soldiers and sailors were to be quartered (housed and fed) by the colonists at their expense. 17. Samuel Adams formed what group to protest British taxes after the French & Indian War? The Sons of Liberty, who were responsible for the Boston Tea Party 18. What French officer aided General George Washington by helping to convinced France to join the Colonies against Britain? Which Prussian general helped train Washington s men into a cohesive (Working together) fighting force at Valley Forge, PA? The Marquis de Lafayette, a brave, idealistic 20-year old French aristocrat joined Washington s staff and worked hard to convince the French to join the American cause as allies. General Friedrich von Steuben was a Prussian general who helped train Washington s solders at Valley Forge.

5 19. How did the American colonists respond to increased taxes being put in place by the British? They reacted with rage and organized resistance. They boycotted (refused to purchase) British made goods, such as cloth, and relied on the cooperative efforts of groups of patriots, such as the Sons and Daughters of Liberty. Tax collectors were beaten, tarred and feathered and run out of town. Eventually the Sons of Liberty threw crates of tea into Boston Harbor to demonstrate that they wouldn t pay the Tea tax. 20. Thomas Jefferson drew heavily on what political philosopher s ideas of Natural Rights when writing the Declaration of Independence? Jefferson embraced John Locke s ideas of Natural Rights as something we are born with and that they can t be taken away by anyone or any government. Jefferson says these unalienable rights are endowed (given to us at birth) by our Creator in the Declaration of Independence. 21. What were the stipulations of the 1783 Treaty of Paris? Great Britain would recognize America as an independent nation The boundaries of the United States would be from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River, and from Canada to Florida. America agreed that British creditors could collect debts owed to them by the American Government and that Loyalists could sue in State courts for recovery of their losses. 22. What was the purpose behind the Bill of Rights? The Bill of Rights, or the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution was an agreement between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists to ratify (approve and accept) the U.S. Constitution. The Anti- Federalists wanted written legal guarantees for individual liberties put into the Constitution. The Federalists agreed that if the Anti-Federalists would ratify the Constitution, the delegates would meet the following year to work on a Bill of Rights. Because of this agreement, the U.S. Constitution was adopted. 23. What proclamation, set forth by the British, restricted the expansion of the American Colonies west of the Appalachian Mountains and was violently opposed by the American colonists? The Proclamation of 1763, issued by Great Britain after the Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the French and Indian War, was an attempt to place the Appalachian Mountains between the American Colonists and the Native Americans. The boundary line was the peaks of the mountain range. Britain was heavily in debt from the war and this plan was supposed to keep these two groups separated so Great Britain wouldn t have to support an army to keep the peace and that taxing the colonists would be easier since they couldn t move west. 24. What did the British do after the French & Indian War to pay off their war debt? What was the reaction to this in the American Colonies? After years and years of Salutary Neglect or not enforcing tax collections, Britain passed several new taxes through Acts of Parliament (Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, (Tea Tax), etc.) The sudden change in enforcement, the lack of representation in parliament for American s who thought of themselves as English Subject and therefore equal under the law as Englishmen combined with the restrictions of the Proclamation of 1763 led the Americans towards revolution.

6 25. Create a Venn diagram and answer these two questions: What did the Federalists believe about government? What did the Anti-Federalists believe about government? Federalists Supporters of the Constitution as originally written Large landowners, wealthy merchants, professionals Wanted a Strong Central Government Weaker State Governments Government by the Elite Expected Checks and Balances to limit violations of individual liberties Anti-Federalists Wanted Bill of Rights added to original Constitution Small farmers, shopkeepers, laborers Wanted Limited Central Government Strong State Governments Government by the common man Wanted Strengthened protections for individual liberties in writing 26. What was the significance of the Whiskey Rebellion? How did it compare to Shay s Rebellion? The Whiskey Rebellion occurred during Washington s second term in office as President. This rebellion was a result of new taxes by the new United States government. A tax on the manufacture of whiskey was pushed through in 1789 by Secretary of the Treasure Alexander Hamilton who was trying to quickly pay off the American debt from the Revolutionary War. The whiskey tax hit poor western farmers hard. Corn, the primary crop grown in western lands was bulky to transport to market in the coastal cities. Corn could spoil is left on the cob or even ground as corn meal if it got wet. However, farmers a way to turn excess corn into a cash crop -- whiskey, which could be stored in jugs and casks indefinitely. This was the main source of cash for many farmers in western Pennsylvania, who refused to pay the tax. They beat up tax collectors and threatened to secede from the Union. 15,000 militia men were called up by the Federal government to put down the rebellion. The militia was led by Washington part of the way and by Hamilton all the way. This show of forced made the rebels scatter without the loss of a single life. The demonstration of Federal Power proved to many Americans that the U.S. Constitution was both necessary and effective.

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