Ch. 19 sec 1 Democracy I. Democracy as a Goal A. Four Common Practices 1. Free elections: Having more than 1 political party; all adults can vote 2.

Transcription

1 Ch. 19 sec 1 Democracy I. Democracy as a Goal A. Four Common Practices 1. Free elections: Having more than 1 political party; all adults can vote 2. Citizen Participation: High levels of education, economic security, & freedom of speech, press, and assembly

2 I. Democracy as a Goal A. Four Common Practices 3. Majority rule & minority rights: Citizens equal before law, protection of individual rights, representatives elected by citizens to carry out their will 4. Constitutional Govt.: no one is above the law, clearly formed laws in which govt. is based on, education about how govt. works

3 II. Dictators and Democracy A. Kubitschek s Ambitious Program 1. After gaining independence from Portugal Brazil ruled by a monarch and then a dictator named Getulio Vargas (1930 s s) 2. Kubitschek was elected president in 1956 and he tried to rebuild Brazil with foreign investment & construction of the interior of Brazil

4 A. Kubitschek s Ambitious Program 3. He tried to install a land reform which meant giving land to the peasants 4. The wealthy did not want this and let the military seize power in a military coup

5 B. Military Dictators For two decades military dictators ruled and established economic growth through foreign investment and development projects in the Amazons The boom had a downside-govt. froze wages and cut back on social programs

6 B. Military Dictators This caused a decline in the standard of living-level of material comfort Citizens protested and the govt. responded with jail, torture and murder

7 C. The Road to Democracy 1. A recession or slowdown in the economy gripped Brazil in the 80 s 2. The generals opened up the political system and allowed direct elections 3. Elected presidents struggled as a result of the financial crisis

8 C. The Road to Democracy 4. Fernando Henrique Cardoso had the most success in tackling the economic & political problems 5. He also attempted to close the gap between the rich and the poor

9 D. The 2002 Presidential Election 1. Cardoso s handpicked successor, Jose Serra, lost his bid to the Workers Party Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva 2. Lula da Silva has proved a moderate president who continues on the path of democracy

10 III. One Party Rule A. Beginnings of One Party Domination 1. From Mexico elected generals as presidents who actually created a ruling party called the National Revolutionary Party 2. Using various names this party dominated for the rest of the 20 th century

11 A. Beginnings of One Party Domination President Lazaro Cardenas tried to improve peasant and worker lives with land reform and labor rights 4. He nationalized the oil industry and removed foreign oil companies

12 B. The Party becomes PRI 1. In 1946 the main political party changed its name to Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI 2. It was an imperfect democracy because of corruption and tainted elections

13 B. The Party becomes PRI 3. Even as Mexico s economy developed the people suffered economic hardships 4. October 2, 1968 students and workers were protesting at an ancient Aztec site and were massacred by hidden soldiers 5. Oil prices bottomed out in the early 80 s causing another economic crisis

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15 Ch The Challenge of Democracy in Africa I. Colonial Rule Limits Democracy A. European Policies Cause Problems 1. Colonial boundaries often divided rival groups together promoting violence 2. This resulted in a lack of national identity because of differing ethnic and cultural viewpoints

16 A. European Policies Cause Problems 3. The new African nations only produced cash crops meaning they only had plantations or mines but no factories 4. This left African nations with unbalanced economies & a small middle class 5. Also lacked skilled, literate work force that could build a new nation

17 B. Short-Lived Democracies 1. Weak governments were left in place by countries like France and Britain 2. Rival ethnic groups fought for power and the ones with the strongest military won 3. As a result military dictatorships replaced democracies

18 II. Civil War in Nigeria A. Land of Many Peoples 1. Nigeria created a Federal system which means a government that shares power between state and central authority 2. Nigeria created 3 states for the Hausa-Fulani, The Yoruba, and Igbo because of their differing political views

19 B. War with Biafra 1. In 1963 non-yoruba minorities resented Yoruba control and tried to break free and form their own state 2. In 1966 Igbo Army officers seized power in the capital of Lagos & abolished the regional governments 3. They declared martial law which means temporary military rule

20 B. War with Biafra 4. Hausa-Fulani distrusted the Igbo and launched an attack and killed many Igbo in the process 5. The Igbo declared a new nation of Biafra but the Nigerian govt. went to war and reunited the country; 1 million Igbo died in the process

21 III. Nigeria s Nation-Building A. Federal Government Restored 1. Instead of punishing the Igbo the Nigerian govt. used federal money to rebuild the region 2. Govt. tried to build a more modern economy, a strong central govt. with regional units

22 A. Federal Government Restored 3. This was short lived, in 1983 the Hausa-Fulani led a military revolt charging the civilian govt. with corruption and installed a military regime

23 B. A Return to Civilian Rule 1. In 1993 the military rule relented & held elections which resulted in a victory for popular leader Moshood Abiola 2. The military was unhappy with the results and declared the vote invalid and placed dictator General Sani Abacha in charge

24 B. A Return to Civilian Rule 3. Dissidents or govt. opponents were jailed under his rule 4. In 1999 the military rule finally gave up power and Nigerians elected their first civilian president, Olusegun Obasanjo

25 C. President Obasanjo 1. Obasanjo was a former general who was jailed for 3 years by Abacha 2. He battled corruption and asked for Nigeria s 30 billion debt be canceled so that they could move forward as a nation

26 IV. South Africa Under Apartheid A. Apartheid Segregates Society 1. In 1948 the National Party (Dutch South African) instituted the policy of apartheid which is a complete separation of the races 2. Social contact between blacks and whites was banned

27 A. Apartheid Segregates Society 3. In 1959 the govt. set up reserves called homelands which forced the blacks to live in only these areas unless they worked as a servant for whites 4. Blacks were 75% of the population living on only 13% of the land

28 B. Blacks Protest 1. Whites in South Africa gained control in 1910 and in 1912 the African National Congress organized strikes & boycotts to protest racial policies 2. One famous leader is Nelson Mandela who was imprisoned for many years students were killed in Soweto after a riot over school policies

29 B. Blacks Protest Stephen Biko, a popular protest leader was beaten to death by police the govt. declared a nationwide state of emergency

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31 Ch. 19 sec 3 The Collapse of the Soviet Union I. Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy A. A Younger Leader 1. The Politburo was the ruling committee of the Communist Party which promoted censorship and restrictions on freedom of speech

32 A. A Younger Leader 3. After Brezhnez s death and the deaths of the next two leaders in successive years the Communist Party chose Mikhail Gorbachev to lead the country 4. Gorbachev was praised for his youth, energy & political skills but the Politburo had no idea that he would unleash another Russian Revolution

33 B. Glasnost Promotes Openness 1. Gorbachev realized that economic and social reforms were needed if Russia was to prosper 2. Glasnost (1985) reform brought remarkable changes: churches opened, dissidents were released & allowed publication of banned books 3. This was all done to end the stagnate economy and society that was developing

34 II. Reforming the Economy & Politics A. Economic Restructuring 1. 1 st step that needed fixing was improve the inefficient system of central planning 2. Controlling wages & production created a lack of motivation thus creating a disinterested worker

35 A. Economic Restructuring 3. In 1985 Gorbachev introduced the idea of perestroika which means economic restructuring 4. His goal was to add a little capitalism without throwing out communism and so he allowed small private businesses to open

36 B. Democratization Opens the Political System 1. To improve the economy and loosen the grip of the Communist Party, Gorbachev created a policy called Democratization 2. This policy opened up the election process allowing voters the option to vote for lesser known candidates

37 C. Foreign Policy 1. Gorbachev stopped the Soviets competition with the U.S. in arms race (U.S. spent 2 trillion) because he realized their economy could not keep up 2. In Dec Regan and Gorbachev signed the Intermediate- Range Nuclear Forces Treaty banning nuclear missiles with ranges of 300-3,400 miles

38 III. The Soviet Union Faces Turmoil A. Lithuania Defies Gorbachev 1. Reforms loosened central control allowing for Soviet Republics that were non-russian to vie for independence 2. Lithuania, Estonia, & Latvia split from the Soviets causing the Soviets to enact a economic blockade and then an attack by its military on Lithuanian citizens

39 B. Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev 1. Boris Yeltsin, a former mayor of Moscow, became the 1st directly elected president replacing his rival Gorbachev 2. Yeltsin criticized the crackdown in Lithuania and the slow progress of reforms 3. Yeltsin was challenged by the old guard Communist officials who didn t want to give up being the dominant Eastern European force

40 C. The August Coup 1. Aug. 18,1991 hardliners of the Communist Party detained Gorbachev and demanded his resignation 2. They sent tanks & armored vehicles into Moscow surrounding the Russian Parliament and Yeltsin himself

41 C. The August Coup 1. Yeltsin Climbed out a window and gave words of hope to all the citizens protesting the hardliner communists use of military force 2. Aug. 24 th the soldiers listening to the people and the hardliner communist decide to refuse the order to attack

42 D. End of the Soviet Union 1. As a result of the failed coup the Communist Party collapsed which also led to the breakup of the Soviet Union 2. All 15 republics declared independence forcing Yeltsin to form the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)-a loose federation of former Soviet territories

43 D. End of the Soviet Union 3. Dec. 25 th Gorbachev announced his resignation as president of the Soviet Union thus ended the Soviet Union

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45 Ch. 19 sec. 4 Changes in Central & Eastern Europe I. Poland and Hungary Reform A. Poland and Hungary 1. Poland and Hungary became the 1 st two countries in Eastern Europe to break away from the Soviet Union

46 A. Poland and Hungary 2. In Poland the Gdansk shipyard workers formed a union called Solidarity that demanded recognition 3. The govt. gave into the demands and union leader Lech Walsea became a hero

47 B. Solidarity Defeats Communists 1. The next year though the Communist Party banned the Solidarity union and declared martial law 2. The economy worsened and in Aug. of 1988 workers left jobs and demanded change

48 B. Solidarity Defeats Communists 3. April 1988 military leader Jaruzelski legalized the Solidarity & held free elections for the first time since the communist had taken control 4. Polish voters voted against communist & elected Walsea as president

49 C. Poland Votes Out Walsea 1. Walsea tried to revive Poland s bankrupt economy toward a free market economy but was unsuccessful 2. By the mid 1990 s the economy did progress but not fast enough so Walsea was voted out of office and former Communist Alexander Kwasniewski was voted in

50 D. Poland Under Kwasniewski 1. Poland becomes a member of NATO and continues to establish a strong market economy 2. Kwasniewski pushed for democracy and free markets

51 E. Hungarian Communists Disband 1. Inspired by Poland, Hungarian leaders launched reforms to encourage private enterprise, a small stock market, & a new constitution with free elections 2. 1st country to vote the Communist Party out of existence

52 E. Hungarian Communists Disband 1. A socialist & democratic party formed a coalition to rule 2. In 2001 there was economic hardship due to weak exports, decline in foreign investment and excessive spending

53 II. Germany Unifies A. Fall of the Berlin Wall 1. In Oct 1989 huge demonstrations had broken out in East Germany demanding the right to travel freely 2. On Nov. 9, 1989 East German leader Egon Krenz believed that opening the border would save Communism in East Germany 3. Instead the East German Communist Party ceased to exist

54 B. Reunification 1. As a result reunification occurred uniting both Germany s 2. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl assured world leaders that a unified Germany would not be a threat to the rest of the world

55 C. A New Chancellor 1. Reunification forced new leader Gerhard Schroeder to accept global responsibility since they were now the largest Central European country 2. Germany is the worlds third largest economy in the world

56 III. Democracy Spreads in Czechoslovakia A. Czechoslovakia Reforms 1. Citizens demanded democracy & freedom in 1989 & began to protest in Wenceslas Square 2. The govt. led by Milos Jakes resisted but had to resign after 500,000 demonstrators crowded downtown Prague demanding change

57 A. Czechoslovakia Reforms 3. Nov. 25, 1989 the Communist Party member resigned and political hero Vaclav Havel was elected president

58 B. Czechoslovakia Breaks Up 1. As a result of economic hardship Czechoslovakia broke up into Slovakia and the Czech Republic in Jan Both countries slowly began to recover economically; the Czech Republic joined the EU and Slovakia hopes to join soon