Journalism, national development and social justice in Malaysia
|
|
- Spencer Stephens
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Asia Pacific Media Educator Issue 16 Article Journalism, national development and social justice in Malaysia M. K. Anuar Universiti Sains Malaysia Recommended Citation Anuar, M. K., Journalism, national development and social justice in Malaysia, Asia Pacific Media Educator, 16, 2005, Available at: Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: research-pubs@uow.edu.au
2 Journalism, National Development and Social Justice in Malaysia Commentary Mustafa K. Anuar Universiti Sains Malaysia A factor built into the journalistic fraternity is the hierarchical nature of Malaysian society where there is so much respect and deference given to political leaders by Malaysians, particularly journalists, that they inadvertently abandon the responsibility of asking the hard questions for the benefit of their readers. This explains why veteran journalists were takut-takut ( afraid in the Malay language) to ask questions when they faced the former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed. It is therefore not an exaggeration to suggest that at times media conferences organized by the former prime minister and other cabinet ministers were often transformed into a ministerial lecture with very few searching questions, if at all. Asia Pacific Media Educator, Issue No.16, Dec
3 Mustafa K. Anuar: Journalism, national development... Journalism as a field of study and profession in Malaysia still commands a substantial following among university students for various reasons, among which are a passion for writing, an interest in politics, a stepping stone to public relations, and, as if not to be outdone, the opportunity to rub shoulders with the powerful and the glamorous. From the government s viewpoint, journalism courses offered at the university level should be geared towards promoting the state s policies for national development. Put another way, this implies that journalism in Malaysia ought to be taught and practised with the government s socio-economic development objectives in mind. Such an approach to journalism runs parallel with the view of former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed that journalism should be constructive, consensual and development-oriented (Loo, 05.html). The government s perception of journalism as one of the state s apparatus dates back to the 1960s. The Malaysian media were, and still are, perceived as vital agents of social change and national development or modernization as conceptualised by political communication scientists in the United States such as Wilbur Schramm and Daniel Lerner in the 60s. They propelled the notion that the mass media were an important tool to stimulate people in developing countries to change their attitudes and traditions, which were perceived to hinder socio-economic progress. The people of the developing world were therefore encouraged to emulate, nay empathise, with the economic ethos and lifestyle of the industrialised West. Such was the importance accorded to the mass media, and by extension journalists, that most leaders of the newly independent countries justified their control of the media - via a combination of ambiguous media regulations, political patronage, threats of defamation suits - in the name of socio-economic development and political stability. In addition, the perceived power of the media to influence the public conscience provided Malaysian political leaders with grounds to regulate the media the common one being if the media fell into the wrong hands they could tear a nation apart, especially one that is multiethnic and multicultural. In reality, though, what this means is that the ruling elite would periodically monitor and exert control of the mainstream mass media to ensure that their vested interests can be served by the media particularly during political crises. For instance, following the massive political clampdown of October 27, 1987 when more than 100 prominent leaders and activists were detained, the Mahathir government banned three newspapers: English-language daily The Star, Chinese-language daily Sin Chew Jit Poh, and Malay-language biweekly Watan (Means, 1991: 213). It was widely believed that the ban was executed because these newspapers had exercised some degree of journalistic independence in questioning the detention, a media move considered to be an affront to the government. A recent example of state interference in the affairs of the media industry is one that involves the sudden resignation of two top editors of the Chinese-language China Press. This occurred soon after the Ministry of Internal Security, which is responsible for the issuance, revocation or suspension of publishing permits, demanded a showcause letter from the daily. Earlier, the daily s evening edition was the first to run a story about an incident where a woman, whom China Press identified as a Chinese national, was made to do the so-called ear squat in the nude by a policewoman while she was under policy custody. As it turned out, the woman was identified 64 Issue No.16, Dec. 2005
4 Asia Pacific Media Educator by a commission of inquiry as an ethnic Malay. This misreporting had earned the daily the wrath of the powerful Ministry of Internal Security that had threatened to suspend at least temporarily the daily s evening edition. It appeared that some bargaining was struck between the ministry and the newspaper, and the two editors were subsequently made sacrificial lambs while the daily was let off the hook after publishing a public apology on its front page for having committed the cardinal sin of misrepresentation. The government insisted that such misreporting had affected national interest, which, in this case, meant that tourism from China was adversely affected. There was also a diplomatic flap between Malaysia and China at the initial stage of the controversy (Malaysiakini, Jan. 5, 6, and 7, 2006). Controls are administered in various ways. The common ones are practised via the ownership structure, security-related laws, annual licensing and the nurtured culture of fear of political instability (Zaharom & Mustafa, 1998: 9-17; Mustafa, 2000: ; Loh & Mustafa, 1996: ). Equally important is the politics of developmentalism that took roots in the country particularly in the early 1990s when Malaysia experienced double-digit growth rates. This is to say that the national emphasis on socio-economic development imperatives often precludes the equally crucial need to promote important issues of social justice and participatory democracy (Loh, 2002: 21). It is generally assumed that the primary function of the mass media in Malaysia is to help the government impart information and disseminate its policies for the betterment of the population in general. This functionalist perspective is problematic as it assumes that the media, like any other social institutions, play their respective roles and also compete with each other on an equal footing without any one of them pre-dominating. The unequal power relations in most societies doesn t square with this simplistic assertion or expectation. The amicable, if not compromising, relationship between the Malaysian media and the state is couched under the blanketed concept of development journalism, which took roots in other developing countries such as the Philippines and Indonesia in the 70s (Lent 1979). Jakob Oetama (1989:144) founder and publisher of Indonesia s highest circulated daily, Kompas, points out that development journalism involves the reporting of both the successes and failures of government projects. The reporting of failed projects, for instance, is to help the state and the people concerned reassess the realities so that the same mistake does not recur and unnecessary wastage of public funds averted. Over the years, however, this normative concept of development journalism has been corrupted to serve the interests of the ruling elites, thereby giving rise to news reports that only present a glowing picture of the state, while steering clear of indepth analysis of failed government projects or public corruption. Teaching Journalism, Building Nation The traditionalist s view on mass media s role in Malaysia informs not only the management of the mainstream media but also the way journalism curriculum is designed in public institutions of higher learning. Formal journalism education (and communication studies) at the tertiary level in Malaysia began in the wake of the Issue No.16, Dec
5 Mustafa K. Anuar: Journalism, national development ethnic riots. The consequent New Economic Policy of 1970, which had a twopronged strategy to (a) eradicate poverty irrespective of ethnicity; and (b) restructure society so that ethnic division of labour is reduced if not eliminated, emphasised on socio-economic development as a means to achieving better ethnic relations and national integration. The media were identified as a vital instrument in this grand scheme of a restructured social economy. Hence, media and communication departments established during that period framed its journalism curriculum within that political economic context, which remains to a large extent to this day. The Communication Programme of the Universiti Sains Malaysia started in 1970; the School of Mass Communication at the Mara Institute of Technology (i.e. predecessor of the Universiti Teknologi Mara) began in 1972, and the Communications Department at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in It was envisaged that these mass communication departments would be able to produce the required media professionals to serve the larger national agenda of a re-structured socio-economy, albeit along racial lines. Journalism education is also offered in the newer universities in the country, such as the state-run Universiti Sarawak Malaysia and Universiti Sabah Malaysia, and the private Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Like the journalism curriculum of yesteryears, the ones designed by the later generation of universities also emphasised on the practical and professional aspects of journalism. In this regard, over the years there is an apparent shift in emphasis as the communication departments or schools in the country have been made to see the importance of meeting the needs of the media industry. But, in an era of media commercialization, this change has often been couched in a language that mistakenly and dangerously equates industry needs with those of the nation. To be sure, these are the needs of an industry whose incumbent editorial staff are either members of component parties of the ruling coalition or economic allies of the state; the needs, or at least some of them, may contradict or even suppress the democratic rights and needs of the ordinary citizens. Hence, imbued by the desire to produce competent media professionals (who would presumably be absorbed by the mainstream media subsequently), most journalism programmes at the tertiary level emphasize on the mechanics of news production, news values, the rudiments of reporting, and techniques of interviewing, and editing. As part of their practical training, students run their laboratory newspapers in their respective campuses, with restrictions and various shades of censorship on student publications by the campus authorities, which has become part of the process and realities of journalism in Malaysia. 1 Students take on a variety of roles of editors, sub-editors, journalists, photographers but often under the shadow of being watched by the campus authorities. For example, a Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) student, Ali Bukhari Amir, was directed in December 2004 to get clearance from the university authority before publishing his news reports or articles in the media. Ali, a journalism student, was investigated by a university s investigation committee on the allegation that his articles that were published in the campus student newspaper, Berita Kampus, and the organ of opposition party PAS, Harakah, smeared USM s image (SUARAM, 2005: 82-83). This exposure to journalism via the production of a laboratory newspaper on campus is apart from the seasonal practical internship that was, and still is, made compulsory for the students to be attached to various media organizations. 66 Issue No.16, Dec. 2005
6 Asia Pacific Media Educator Journalism as a course offering in the public institutions of higher learning is still popular in the sense that there is still demand for it from students, although the experience of USM s School of Communication shows the trend has seen a moderate decline over recent years in students taking up journalism as a major. One of the reasons is that the pull has been towards other glamorous courses such as broadcasting and film, and public relations. In the case of broadcasting and film, its practical components that require one to twiddle with the knobs and other instruments easily excite students. Nonetheless, these students are still required to do elementary journalism because it is felt that writing should be the essential skill for all media communication students. Values in the Malaysian Newsroom As in the classroom, the newsroom culture generally also recognizes the fact that political leaders in the ruling party and captains of industries, among other prominent people, make news. This dominant news value has effectively marginalized those considered to be not so important in society, such as the poor, the downtrodden, the critics, and the dissidents. In short, these groups of people radiate outside the radar of the media organizations and therefore become almost invisible, although they have equal and legitimate stakes as citizens of the country. Not only do the so-called prominent people and groups whose interests closely align with the state get prioritized by the media, they also become the untouchables. This is especially so when journalists work for media organizations where its editors and publishers are directly or indirectly associated with incumbent politicians or corporate leaders. It would hurt the pockets of the media owners and managers if their media were to investigate and expose the wrongdoings of people in power and business. For example, in the privatization of the supervision of medical examination of commercial vehicle drivers, the government has given out a contract to one particular company. This induced monopoly and privatization was not covered by most mainstream media, with the exception of the business weekly, The Edge, ( whose brief coverage appeared on Dec. 12, Another instance involves the plan to privatise the nation s healthcare system, which has not been covered by the mainstream media critically and substantially, if at all. Another factor built into the journalistic fraternity is the hierarchical nature of Malaysian society where there is so much respect and deference given to political leaders by Malaysians, particularly journalists, that they inadvertently abandon the responsibility of asking the hard questions for the benefit of their readers. This explains why veteran journalists were takut-takut ( afraid in the Malay language) to ask questions when they faced the former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed (Loo, 2005:57). It is therefore not an exaggeration to suggest that at times media conferences organized by the former prime minister and other cabinet ministers were often transformed into a ministerial lecture with very few searching questions, if at all. And this is despite the fact that the National Union of Journalists in Malaysia has certain guidelines for the journalists. For instance, one of its Code of Ethics states that respect for truth and for the right of the public to truth is the first duty of the journalists. Another code states that journalists should recognize in professional Issue No.16, Dec
7 Mustafa K. Anuar: Journalism, national development... matters, the jurisdiction of their colleagues only and exclude every kind of interference by governments or others ( The legal provisions that govern the media industry and the ownership structure of the mainstream media, however, make a mockery of these ideals so that the canons of journalism in Malaysia are known more for their breach than observance of ethical professional practice. Possible Solutions Given the dire situation, what needs to be done to improve the morale and professional credibility and dignity of the Malaysian journalistic fraternity? For one thing, the campaign for a repeal of repressive media laws must be sustained by all concerned in the profession and the civil society in a more concerted and systematic fashion. Any attempts by the state to further erode press freedom must be resisted by journalists and other civil society groups and concerned Malaysians. At the same time, working journalists need to be sensitized to the importance of human rights via workshops or training sessions that can be conducted by the National Union of Journalists and other groups ( htm). This would help correct the misleading notion that only prominent people and groups matter in media reportage. Furthermore, to correct the misconception that leaders must be treated with deference to the point of making them appear as if they can do no wrong, and that they are unaccountable for their actions. Also, this goes a long way towards promoting social justice and democracy for all Malaysians irrespective of their stations in life. The same goes with public institutions of higher learning. A human rights content must be incorporated into the journalism curriculum so that students are well equipped to confront issues of social injustice and violations of democratic rights in society, apart from being exposed to the rudimentary of news reporting. Moreover, the news value of prominence can then be tempered with the notion of social justice and fairness to the disadvantaged, the poor and the dissidents. For such an inclusive perspective of journalism would also mean promoting national development in the widest sense of the term as well as democracy. Raising awareness about ethical journalism, social justice and democracy can be conducted during, say, a post-mortem of a student newspaper. While discussing the technicalities of news reporting, editing and newspaper layout, journalism educators should highlight issues of press freedom, justice and democracy as and when the need arises. For instance, if the editor of the student newspaper made a slip-up of not permitting space for an aggrieved party to respond to a report in the newspaper, the editorial team should be reminded of the ethical and political import of the right of reply. Another scenario is when student journalists unwittingly disregarded the need to get views and feedback of a group of construction workers in an issue that concerns safety at the workplace. Interviewing only university authorities and officials from local labour department is tantamount to marginalizing workers and their interests and concerns. For this is about more than just attempting to achieve journalistic balance; it concerns social justice. 68 Issue No.16, Dec. 2005
8 Asia Pacific Media Educator In this regard, journalism educators in Malaysia can and should re-evaluate some of the so-called news values that have been taught in classroom all this while, particularly the one that stresses on prominent individuals and groups in society as necessarily news worthy, so that marginalized individuals and social groups are fairly and accurately represented. (See, for instance, Mustafa, 1994: ) To do this, the teacher of journalism will first have to make the students aware of the multi-faceted realities that will influence their function as journalists in newsrooms that are dominated by editors who are affiliated with the government, or the social inequality and unequal power relations that arise from such a social setup. The same goes with the political economy of the mainstream media which can give rise to a situation where the media treat different groups in society differently and unjustly. This basic social and political awareness among students of journalism is crucial because without such awareness they will not be able to have a good grasp as to why there is a need to change things in society. Moreover, in this way, one would avoid teaching journalism and ethics of journalism in isolation of its social context. Students need to be impressed upon that journalism education is more than just teaching them with the necessary skills to get a job. It should aim at graduating educated journalists with a set of attributes and ideals that they can make a difference to the way journalism is currently practised in the Malaysian newsroom. Endnote 1. Malaysiakini.com s reports pertaining to conflict between students and their respective universities are: Campus polls: 24 UTM students face disciplinary action [Nov. 26, 2004]; USM student rapped over choice of words [Feb. 23, 2005]; USM student to face music over articles [Dec. 10, 2004] References Lent, John (1979), Topics in Third World Mass Communications, Hong Kong: Asia Research Service. Loh, Francis Kok Wah (2002), Developmentalism and the Limits of Democratic Discourse, in Francis Loh Kok Wah & Khoo Boo Teik (eds), Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. Loh, Francis Kok Wah & Mustafa K. Anuar (1996), The Press in Malaysia in the Early 1990s: Corporatisation, Technological Innovation and the Middle Class, in Muhammad Ikmal Said and Zahid Emby (eds), Malaysia: Critical Perspectives. Essays in Honour of Syed Husin Ali, Petaling Jaya: Malaysian Social Science Association, pp Loo, Eric (2005), Filipino journalists speak out and pay the price. In Media Development, London. Vol. LII No. 4, pp McNair, Brian (1998), The Sociology of Journalism, London: Arnold. Means, Gordon P. (1991), Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, Singapore: Oxford University Press. Mustafa, K. Anuar (2000), Malaysia Country Report, in AMIC, Media and Democracy in Asia, Singapore: AMIC, pp Mustafa K. Anuar (1994), The Malaysian Press and Representation of Minority Groups, in Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, Singapore: ISEAS, Vol. 9, No. 2 (October), pp Issue No.16, Dec
9 Mustafa K. Anuar: Journalism, national development... Oetama, Jakob (1989), The press and society. In Achal Mehra (ed), Press Systems in ASEAN States, Singapore: AMIC. Puah, Pauline (2006) China Press saga - death knell for others?, Malaysiakini.com, January 6. SUARAM (2005), Malaysia: Human Rights Report 2004, Petaling Jaya: SUARAM Komunikasi. Zaharom, Nain and Mustafa K. Anuar (1998), Ownership and control of the Malaysian media, in Media Development 14 (4): Websites: MUSTAFA K. ANUAR, PhD, teaches journalism at the School of Communication, Universiti Sains Malaysia. In his spare time, Dr. Mustafa occasionally writes for Malaysia s only online newspaper Malaysiakini as well as Aliran Monthly, a political watchdog magazine. He is also joint coordinator of Charter2000-Aliran, a citizens media initiative that works towards media reforms. Through Charter2000-Aliran, he helps manage the Malaysia Media Monitors Diary, a weblog that monitors the goings-on in Malaysia s media industry. mustyell@yahoo.com 70 Issue No.16, Dec. 2005
Media reporting on refugees in Malaysia
Media reporting on refugees in Malaysia Kiranjit Kaur Visiting Scholar Asia Centre University of New England Armidale, Australia & Faculty of Communication and Media Studies Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah
More informationMedia and Elections in Asia: The Changing Role in Coverage and Control
Guest Editorial Media and Elections in Asia: The Changing Role in Coverage and Control Asia Pacific Media Educator 24(1) 1 5 2014 University of Wollongong, Australia SAGE Publications Los Angeles, London,
More information"Cue journalism": Media should stop playing Follow-the-leader
Asia Pacific Media Educator Issue 17 Article 8 12-1-2006 "Cue journalism": Media should stop playing Follow-the-leader M. K. Anuar Universiti Sains, Malaysia Recommended Citation Anuar, M. K., "Cue journalism":
More informationPublic Schools and Sexual Orientation
Public Schools and Sexual Orientation A First Amendment framework for finding common ground The process for dialogue recommended in this guide has been endorsed by: American Association of School Administrators
More informationMEDIA PLURALISM AND EDITORIAL INDEPENDENCE: A CASE STUDY APPROACH TO PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN ASIA
i MEDIA PLURALISM AND EDITORIAL INDEPENDENCE: A CASE STUDY APPROACH TO PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING IN ASIA KALINGA SENEVIRATNE & SUNDEEP R. MUPPIDI The media play a central role in promoting freedom of
More informationThis document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore.
This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Title Socio and cultural influences on journalism values in Asia : from the perspective of Indonesia. Author(s)
More informationThe South-East Asian Press: its challenges, shortcomings and prospects Mr Khun Pichai Chuensuksawadi
The South-East Asian Press: its challenges, shortcomings and prospects Mr Khun Pichai Chuensuksawadi Editor, Bangkok Post October 1998 AN Smith Lecture in Journalism Article published in UniNews 23 October
More informationJournalists Pact for Strengthening Civil Peace in Lebanon
in Lebanon First: Preamble Reaffirming the fact that the Lebanese media s leading and responsible role in rejecting discrimination and promoting civil peace is fulfilled when the truth is told with utmost
More informationRSOG Seminar : Inclusive Growth Past & Present And Key Challenges for Malaysia
RSOG Seminar : Inclusive Growth Past & Present And Key Challenges for Malaysia With Dr. Muhammad Abdul Khalid When : 29 October 2013 Where : Razak School of Government Speakers : Dr. Muhammad Abdul Khalid
More informationIBSSS News Objectivity and Its Relevance in this Age of the Internet and Social Media: The case of Malaysia
IBSSS - 609 News Objectivity and Its Relevance in this Age of the Internet and Social Media: The case of Malaysia Wong Kok Keong Sunway University, Malaysia wongkk@sunway.edu.my This paper 1 examines the
More informationWhat is Public Opinion?
What is Public Opinion? Citizens opinions about politics and government actions Why does public opinion matter? Explains the behavior of citizens and public officials Motivates both citizens and public
More informationDeclaration on Media Freedom in the Arab World
Declaration on Media Freedom in the Arab World Preamble Reaffirming that freedom of expression, which includes media freedom, is a fundamental human right which finds protection in international and regional
More informationOrdering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia
Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia Review by ARUN R. SWAMY Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia by Dan Slater.
More informationSECTION 4: IMPARTIALITY
SECTION 4: IMPARTIALITY 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Principles 4.3 Mandatory Referrals 4.4 Practices Breadth and Diversity of Opinion Controversial Subjects News, Current Affairs and Factual
More informationCulture, Media and Identity: Serieses I
Voices: Public Intellectuals and Public Discourse in South and Southeast Asia Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture Seminar Series Culture, Media and Identity: Serieses I Date: Saturdays,
More informationACT ALLIANCE MEMBERSHIP AGREEMENT
ACT ALLIANCE MEMBERSHIP AGREEMENT Between the ACT Alliance Voting Member and the ACT Alliance 1. PARTIES TO THE AGREEMENT This is a Membership Agreement between:... (full name of ACT Alliance Voting Member)
More informationGrade 5. Unit Overview. Contents. Bamboo Shoots 3. Introduction 5
Grade 5 Unit Overview Contents Bamboo Shoots 3 Introduction 5 Acknowledgements & Copyright 2015 Province of British Columbia This resource was developed for the Ministry of International Trade and Minister
More informationWho is Charles Santiago?
Who is Charles Santiago? Personal Information Born: Kuala Lumpur, 1 November 1960 (48 years old) Family: Living in Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya & Klang Family Background: Mr. R. Santiago (Father)/ Mother
More informationHurdles towards the ASEAN Community
53 Hurdles towards the ASEAN Community In three years, all ten ASEAN countries will become the ASEAN Community, similar in form to the European Union. Each country is now carrying out necessary measures
More informationMalaysia Irene Fernandez defends rights of migrant workers despite conviction
Public- December 2004 AI Index: ASA 28/015/2004 Malaysia Irene Fernandez defends rights of migrant workers despite conviction As a mother, I want to believe that the society [my children] belong to is
More informationTEXTS ADOPTED. European Parliament resolution of 7 July 2016 on Bahrain (2016/2808(RSP))
European Parliament 2014-2019 TEXTS ADOPTED P8_TA(2016)0315 Bahrain European Parliament resolution of 7 July 2016 on Bahrain (2016/2808(RSP)) The European Parliament, having regard to its previous resolutions
More informationINTERNATIONAL DECLARATION ON THE PROTECTION OF JOURNALISTS
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION ON THE PROTECTION OF JOURNALISTS The following document aims at highlighting core principles related to the protection of journalists, taking into account the respective responsibilities
More informationPakistan Coalition for Ethical Journalism. Election Coverage: A Checklist for Ethical and Fair Reporting
Pakistan Coalition for Ethical Journalism Election Coverage: A Checklist for Ethical and Fair Reporting (NOTE: These are suggestions for individual media organisations concerning editorial preparation
More informationIn-Court Media Coverage Guidelines 2016
In-Court Media Coverage Guidelines 2016 1. Application of guidelines These guidelines: a. apply to all proceedings in the Court of Appeal, the High Court and the District Court and any other statutory
More informationJakarta Declaration. World Press Freedom Day Critical Minds for Critical Times: Media s role in advancing peaceful, just and inclusive societies
Jakarta Declaration World Press Freedom Day 2017 Critical Minds for Critical Times: Media s role in advancing peaceful, just and inclusive societies We, the participants at the UNESCO World Press Freedom
More informationMedia Freedom an integral part of Ethiopia's developmental path
Media Freedom an integral part of Ethiopia's developmental path Hirut Alebachew 1-30-15 This week the World Bank Group delivered an uplifting news. It was widely circulated among Ethiopians and friends
More informationCreating Political Strengthening of Dr. Mahathir Mohammad
International Journal of Business and Management 1 (2): 94-98, 2017 e-issn: 2590-3721 RMP Publications, 2017 DOI: 10.26666/rmp.ijbm.2017.2.14 Creating Political Strengthening of Dr. Mahathir Mohammad RawikarnAmnuay
More informationDialogue of Civilizations: Finding Common Approaches to Promoting Peace and Human Development
Dialogue of Civilizations: Finding Common Approaches to Promoting Peace and Human Development A Framework for Action * The Framework for Action is divided into four sections: The first section outlines
More informationPremise. The social mission and objectives
Premise The Code of Ethics is a charter of moral rights and duties that defines the ethical and social responsibility of all those who maintain relationships with Coopsalute. This document clearly explains
More informationMemorandum by. ARTICLE 19 International Centre Against Censorship. Algeria s proposed Organic Law on Information
Memorandum by ARTICLE 19 International Centre Against Censorship on Algeria s proposed Organic Law on Information London, June 1998 Introduction The following comments are an analysis by ARTICLE 19, the
More informationMedia role in a K-Economy: Transforming media education in Malaysia
Asia Pacific Media Educator Issue 14 Article 13 12-1-2003 Media role in a K-Economy: Transforming media education in Malaysia Z. Nain Universiti Sains Malaysia Recommended Citation Nain, Z., Media role
More informationGyroscopic and Surrogacy Representation of Southeast Asia Women NGOs in CEDAW Reporting Process
Gyroscopic and Surrogacy Representation of Southeast Asia Women in Reporting Process SHARIFAH SYAHIRAH S.S 1, SHAHARUDDIN BADARUDDIN 1, RASHILA RAMLI 2 AND AZAMI ZAHARIM 3 1 Faculty of Administrative Science
More informationBuilding a Tradition of Investigative Journalism
Building a Tradition of Investigative Journalism Corruption that can make one cry. Corruption in the Philippines can go as high as the presidency, and reaches a wide range of levels of Philippine bureaucracy.
More informationFour conventional models. Communist or state model. Government controls the press. Social responsibility model. Press functions as a Fourth Estate
The cultural and social struggles over what constitutes free speech have defined the nature of American democracy. In 1989, when Supreme Court Justice William Brennan was asked to comment on his favorite
More informationDEMOCRACY, FREE MARKETS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT IN EAST ASIA. Mohamed Jawhar Hassan
Draft Introduction DEMOCRACY, FREE MARKETS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT IN EAST ASIA Mohamed Jawhar Hassan The nexus between democracy, free markets and ethnic or sectarian conflict has always been a source of
More informationThe programme, the team, the modules. Time for questions. BA International Development (ID)
School of Politics and International Studies Faculty of Education, Social Sciences and Law BA International Development (ID) The programme, the team, the modules Time for questions 1 Exciting, stimulating
More informationSOUTH Africa s democratization in 1994 heralded significant changes for
, South African Science Diplomacy: Fostering Global Partnerships and Advancing the African Agenda, Science & Diplomacy, Vol. 1, No. 1 (March 2012). http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2012/south-african-science-diplomacy.
More informationUK: Final Draft Royal Charter on Self- Regulation of the Press
UK: Final Draft Royal Charter on Self- Regulation of the Press October 2013 Executive summary In this document, ARTICLE 19 comments on the final draft of the Royal Charter on selfregulation of the press,
More informationSurvival story across system changes: journalism education in Estonia
Prof. Epp Lauk mailto:epp.lauk@ut.ee University of Tartu Department of Journalism and Communication Survival story across system changes: journalism education in Estonia Today, we view journalism education
More informationMainstreaming gender perspectives to achieve gender equality: What role can Parliamentarians play?
Mainstreaming gender perspectives to achieve gender equality: What role can Parliamentarians play? Briefing Paper for Members of the Parliament of the Cook Islands August 2016 Prepared by the Ministry
More informationMAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION FOR PEACE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNESCO S FIRST CATEGORY 1 INSTITUTE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION FOR PEACE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT UNESCO S FIRST CATEGORY 1 INSTITUTE IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC The Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Education for Peace & Sustainable Development
More informationPRINT LG: (75,000 + circ.) Journalists are eligible whose work had significant reach into Ohio during Entrants need not be SPJ members.
PRINT LG: (75,000 + circ.) Journalists are eligible whose work had significant reach into Ohio during 2016. Entrants need not be SPJ members. Best Arts Profile One story that profiles an individual in
More informationFaculty of Political Science Thammasat University
Faculty of Political Science Thammasat University Combined Bachelor and Master of Political Science Program in Politics and International Relations (English Program) www.polsci.tu.ac.th/bmir E-mail: exchange.bmir@gmail.com,
More informationChapter 8: Mass Media and Public Opinion Section 1 Objectives Key Terms public affairs: public opinion: mass media: peer group: opinion leader:
Chapter 8: Mass Media and Public Opinion Section 1 Objectives Examine the term public opinion and understand why it is so difficult to define. Analyze how family and education help shape public opinion.
More informationSubmission to the Independent Media Inquiry
Submission to the Independent Media Inquiry Chris Berg Research Fellow, Institute of Public Affairs October 2011 1 Introduction The Independent Inquiry into Media and Media Regulation raises troubling
More informationA BAITIANGONG s Whole Man outlook of the 14th Malaysian General Election ...
A BAITIANGONG s Whole Man outlook of the 14th Malaysian General Election... Xian Sheng started preaching BAITIANGONG from his home at Kepong, a suburbia of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. He taught us how to be
More informationwww.onlineexamhelp.com www.onlineexamhelp.com UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2009 question
More informationStrategy for regional development cooperation with Asia focusing on. Southeast Asia. September 2010 June 2015
Strategy for regional development cooperation with Asia focusing on Southeast Asia September 2010 June 2015 2010-09-09 Annex to UF2010/33456/ASO Strategy for regional development cooperation with Asia
More informationJordan Jordan. I. General Conditions
3.9. In the midst of regional conflicts, has been trying to strike a balance between internal security, democratisation and moderate political reforms since it reintroduced free parliamentary elections
More informationCODE OF ETHICS OF ALBANIAN MEDIA
CODE OF ETHICS OF ALBANIAN MEDIA Tirana, 2006 1 The Code of Ethics of Albanian Media was prepared by the Albanian Media Institute The publication of the Code was made possible by the OSCE Presence in Albania
More informationTHE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ON THE PRESS AND OTHER MASS MEDIA
THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ON THE PRESS AND OTHER MASS MEDIA Chapter I General Provisions Article 1 The Mass Media The mass media shall be represented by editorial boards of the periodical press,
More informationAlbanian draft Law on Freedom of the Press
The Representative on Freedom of the M edia Statement on Albanian draft Law on Freedom of the Press by ARTICLE 19 The Global Campaign For Free Expression January 2004 Introduction ARTICLE 19 understands
More informationDRAFT NATIONAL LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER 40, YEAR OF 1999 PRESS BY THE GRACE OF GOD THE PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
1 DRAFT NATIONAL LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER 40, YEAR OF 1999 ON PRESS BY THE GRACE OF GOD THE PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA Considers : a. that the freedom of the press is one of the
More informationM. Taylor Fravel Statement of Research (September 2011)
M. Taylor Fravel Statement of Research (September 2011) I study international security with an empirical focus on China. By focusing on China, my work seeks to explain the foreign policy and security behavior
More informationHandling The Media in Contentious Situations
Handling The Media in Contentious Situations Millicent Danker Founder & CEO March 18, 2008 The Brief You & The Media Dealing with Media Demands Tools & Techniques to avoid pitfalls & improve company reputation
More informationAmended by Act No. 5, Oct. 2, 1948 Amended by Act No. 38, Jul. 29, 1949 Act No. 179, Mar. 15, 1951 Act No. 251, Sep. 28, 1952 Act No. 275, Jan.
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ACT 1 Amended by Act No. 5, Oct. 2, 1948 Amended by Act No. 38, Jul. 29, 1949 Act No. 179, Mar. 15, 1951 Act No. 251, Sep. 28, 1952 Act No. 275, Jan. 22, 1953 Act No. 352, Dec. 31, 1954
More informationOrganising the Public Bureaucracy to Ensure Effective Implementation and Compliance with ASEAN Commitments. Jon Quah & David Jones
Organising the Public Bureaucracy to Ensure Effective Implementation and Compliance with ASEAN Commitments Jon Quah & David Jones Presentation at the ASEAN Law Academy NUS Centre for International Law
More informationGovernment of Armenia
Government of Armenia Reply to the letter dated of 29 March 2018 of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights; the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences;
More informationSECTION 8: REPORTING CRIME AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
SECTION 8: REPORTING CRIME AND ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Principles 8.3 Mandatory Referrals 8.4 Practices Reporting Crime Dealing with Criminals and Perpetrators of Anti-Social
More informationKeynote address to the IFLA Government Libraries Section at the World Library and Information Congress, Wroclaw, Poland
Submitted on: 28.11.2017 Keynote address to the IFLA Government Libraries Section at the World Library and Information Congress, Wroclaw, Poland Nick Poole CEO, Chartered Institute of Library and Information
More informationEnacting the university In a double sense URGE Workshop 2, DPU, 8-10 June 2011
Enacting the university In a double sense URGE Workshop 2, DPU, 8-10 June 2011 Sue Wright suwr@dpu.dk New Management, New Identities? Danish University Reform in an International Context Background to
More informationNATIONAL STRATEGY FOR PREVENTING AND COMBATING CORRUPTION TOWARDS 2020
THE GOVERNMENT SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Independence Freedom Happiness Hanoi, date..month.2008 DRAFT 7 September 2008 NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR PREVENTING AND COMBATING CORRUPTION TOWARDS 2020 (Promulgated
More informationStrategic Developments in East Asia: the East Asian Summit. Jusuf Wanandi Vice Chair, Board of Trustees, CSIS Foundation
Strategic Developments in East Asia: the East Asian Summit Jusuf Wanandi Vice Chair, Board of Trustees, CSIS Foundation Economic development in East Asia started 40 years ago, when Japan s economy developed
More informationUNLOCKING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PROPENSITY AMONG PRIME-AGE MALAYSIANS: A MULTI-ETHNIC ANALYSIS
UNLOCKING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PROPENSITY AMONG PRIME-AGE MALAYSIANS: A MULTI-ETHNIC ANALYSIS Noor Hazlina Ahmad, School of Management Universiti Sains Malaysia,Penang, Malaysia. T. Ramayah School of Management
More informationAustralian and International Politics Subject Outline Stage 1 and Stage 2
Australian and International Politics 2019 Subject Outline Stage 1 and Stage 2 Published by the SACE Board of South Australia, 60 Greenhill Road, Wayville, South Australia 5034 Copyright SACE Board of
More informationLearning to talk through our differences
Learning to talk through our differences Posted on Aug 5, 2014 12:28 AMUpdated: Aug 5, 2014 11:52 AM By Chan Heng Chee -- ST ILLUSTRATION: MANNY FRANCISCO With National Day around the corner, it is a good
More informationThree year plan for the Center on Child Protection
Three year plan for the Center on Child Protection Introduction The University of Indonesia, supported by Indonesian Ministry of Planning (BAPPENAS) and Columbia University established the Center on Child
More informationREGULATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (MIPA)
1 2013-14 REGULATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (MIPA) (See also General Regulations) Any publication based on work approved for a higher degree should contain a reference
More information2017 Edelman Trust Barometer. European Union
2017 Edelman Trust Barometer European Union 2017 Edelman Trust Barometer Methodology Online Survey in 28 Countries General Online Population Informed Public Mass Population 17 years of data 33,000+ respondents
More informationDraft Accra Declaration
Draft Accra Declaration World Press Freedom Day 2018 Keeping Power in Check: Media, Justice and the Rule of Law We, the participants at the UNESCO World Press Freedom Day International Conference, held
More informationOman. Authorities often have relied on provisions in the 2002 Telecommunications Act and 2011 Cybercrime Law to restrict freedom of expression online.
JANUARY 2017 COUNTRY SUMMARY Oman The government of Oman continued in 2016 to restrict the rights to freedom of expression, association, and assembly. Authorities continued to prosecute journalists, bloggers,
More information(March, 1996) 9.6 The rights/ obligations and exclusivity of the national broadcasters should be codified through law. (Para
Summary of the recommendations contained in the Working Paper on National Media Policy submitted by the Sub-Committee of the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting under
More informationEuropean Parliament resolution of 13 December 2007 on the EU-China Summit and the EU/China human rights dialogue The European Parliament,
European Parliament resolution of 13 December 2007 on the EU-China Summit and the EU/China human rights dialogue The European Parliament, having regard to the Joint Statement of the 10th China-EU Summit
More informationVIET Dan Que: Prisoner Of Conscience Sentenced To 20 Years
VIET NAM @Nguyen Dan Que: Prisoner Of Conscience Sentenced To 20 Years Nguyen Dan Que was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment and five years of house arrest by the People's Court in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly
More informationU.S.-Indonesia and U.S.-Malaysia Relations in the Trump Era
americanprogress.org U.S.-Indonesia and U.S.-Malaysia Relations in the Trump Era June 5, 2017 Since President Donald Trump took office, East Asia has rapidly emerged as one of both his and his foreign
More informationJudges and Public Policy : Issues of Accountability and Judicial Independence
Judges and Public Policy : Issues of Accountability and Judicial Independence The Honourable Judge Gerald T.G. SENIUK * INTRODUCTION... 169 AFTER WORD... 170 * Saskatchewan Provincial Court, Regina, Saskatchewan.
More informationThe Online Comment: A Case Study of Reader-Journalist-Editor Interactions
The Online Comment: A Case Study of Reader-Journalist-Editor Interactions Olivia Weitz University of Puget Sound The comment boards of online news organizations allow readers the chance to hold the journalist
More informationCHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION
CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION This chapter presents a summary of the findings in this research report and conclusions for the same. In addition the chapter offers recommendations for further research in a similar
More informationConcluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Sri Lanka. Third and fourth periodic reports
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Twenty-sixth session 14 January 1 February 2002 Excerpted from: Supplement No. 38 (A/57/38) Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination
More informationAFGHANISTAN INDEPENDENT HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION
AFGHANISTAN INDEPENDENT HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION From: Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC). Subject: Midterm progress report on the third phase (2015-2019) of the World Program for Human
More informationASEAN as the Architect for Regional Development Cooperation Summary
ASEAN as the Architect for Regional Development Cooperation Summary The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has played a central role in maintaining peace and security in the region for the
More informationTHE PROBLEM OF ISLAMIST EXTREMISM IN SERBIA: WHAT ARE THE DRIVERS AND HOW TO ADDRESS THEM
Policy brief Serbia THE PROBLEM OF ISLAMIST EXTREMISM IN SERBIA: WHAT ARE THE DRIVERS AND HOW TO ADDRESS THEM Predrag Petrović Summary The threat of Islamist violent extremism and terrorism in Serbia has
More informationCivic Education in an Emerging Democracy: Students Experiences in Malaysia s Projek Warga
Civic Education in an Emerging Democracy: Students Experiences in Malaysia s Projek Warga Azeem Fazwan Ahmad Farouk (Corresponding author) & Azrina Husin School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
More informationName of Project: Press freedom awareness Category: Editorial Sponsoring newspaper: South China Morning Post Address: Young Post, Morning Post Centre,
Name of Project: Press freedom awareness Category: Editorial Sponsoring newspaper: South China Morning Post Address: Young Post, Morning Post Centre, 22 Dai Fat Street, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong,
More informationUN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues: Questionnaire to National Human Rights Institutions
In recent sessions, the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues has recognized and appreciated the active inputs of national and regional human rights institutions at its sessions and recognized
More informationThe Irish Asia Strategy and Beyond The Role of Education
The Irish Asia Strategy and Beyond The Role of Education Education: An International Trade Commodity Reflecting : Increasing wealth in developing countries Limited availability of higher education places
More informationTECHNICAL COOPERATION ON MIGRATION HEALTH IN THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN
TECHNICAL COOPERATION ON MIGRATION HEALTH IN THE HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF JORDAN Project type: Health Promotion & Assistance for Migrants (H2) Secondary project type: N/A Geographical coverage: Jordan Executing
More informationJournalists in Denmark
Country Report Journalists in Denmark Morten Skovsgaard & Arjen van Dalen, University of Southern Denmark 7 October, 2016 Backgrounds of Journalists The typical journalist in Denmark is in his mid-forties,
More informationRESEARCH AND TEACHING INTERESTS
Yao-Tai Li Curriculum Vitae Department of Sociology University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive #0533 La Jolla, CA 92093-0533 yal059@ucsd.edu +1-626-231-9492 EDUCATION Ph.D., Sociology, University
More informationUnderstanding China s Middle Class and its Socio-political Attitude
Understanding China s Middle Class and its Socio-political Attitude YANG Jing* China s middle class has grown to become a major component in urban China. A large middle class with better education and
More informationThailand Surveys: On Priorities in Domestic Issues and On Reactions to International Criticism on Human Rights
RESEARCHERS AT ISEAS YUSOF ISHAK INSTITUTE SHARE THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF CURRENT EVENTS Singapore 15 October 2015 Special Feature Thailand Surveys: On Priorities in Domestic Issues and On Reactions to International
More informationMorocco. Comments on Proposed Media Law Reforms. June Centre for Law and Democracy democracy.org
Morocco Comments on Proposed Media Law Reforms June 2013 Centre for Law and Democracy info@law- democracy.org +1 902 431-3688 www.law-democracy.org Introduction The right to freedom of expression is a
More informationFITNESS TASMANIA - CODE OF PRACTICE FOR FITNESS FACILITIES
FITNESS TASMANIA - CODE OF PRACTICE FOR FITNESS FACILITIES PART 1 INTRODUCTION Objectives The objectives of the Fitness Tasmania Code of Practice are:- 1.1 To provide a high value service which will enhance
More informationPOLITICAL IDENTITIES CONSTRUCTION IN UKRAINIAN AND FRENCH NEWS MEDIA
POLITICAL IDENTITIES CONSTRUCTION IN UKRAINIAN AND FRENCH NEWS MEDIA Valentyna Dymytrova To cite this version: Valentyna Dymytrova. POLITICAL IDENTITIES CONSTRUCTION IN UKRAINIAN AND FRENCH NEWS MEDIA.
More informationNIGERIAN PRESS COUNCIL ACT
NIGERIAN PRESS COUNCIL ACT ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS 1. Establishment of the Nigerian Press Council. 2. Composition of the Council. 3. Functions of the Council. 4. Appointment and functions of the Executive
More informationAccra Declaration. World Press Freedom Day Keeping Power in Check: Media, Justice and the Rule of Law
Accra Declaration World Press Freedom Day 2018 Keeping Power in Check: Media, Justice and the Rule of Law We, the participants at the UNESCO World Press Freedom Day International Conference, held in Accra,
More informationProgramme Specification
Programme Specification Title: Social Policy and Sociology Final Award: Bachelor of Arts with Honours (BA (Hons)) With Exit Awards at: Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE) Diploma of Higher Education
More informationThis report has been prepared with the support of open society institutions
This report has been prepared with the support of open society institutions 1 Media Freedom Survey in Palestine Preamble: The Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA) conducted an opinion
More informationWalter Lippmann and John Dewey
Walter Lippmann and John Dewey (Notes from Carl R. Bybee, 1997, Media, Public Opinion and Governance: Burning Down the Barn to Roast the Pig, Module 10, Unit 56 of the MA in Mass Communications, University
More informationThe University of Hong Kong. Faculty of Law. Faculty-based Exchange Programme. Exchange Report
The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Faculty-based Exchange Programme Exchange Report Name: Tsang Kin Nam, Kliff Host University: National University of Singapore Period of stay: Second semester,
More information