Winners and Losers in the Global Political Economy - A Critical Perspective
|
|
- Fay Farmer
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Winners and Losers in the Global Political Economy - A Critical Perspective International Political Economy Final exam 19/12/2016 Nina Meiniche - CPR: Word count: 3531 STU-count: Page count: 9.8 standard pages BSc. International Business and Politics Copenhagen Business School, 2016 Question 4) One primary concern of International Political Economy is the identification of winners and losers. How should these winners and losers be identified and on what basis? Base your argument on one or more concrete aspects of the post war international political economy.
2 Introduction The question of who wins and who loses is central to the discipline of International Political Economy (IPE) as its main focus is on the continuing political conflict between the winners and losers of global economic exchange (Oatley, 2010, p. 2). But how should these winners and losers be identified and on what basis? The answer depends on the unit of analysis employed, and theories of IPE offer various views. The purpose of this paper is to address which theory of IPE offers the most valuable insights into the winners and losers in the global political economy. In order to do so, the paper conducts an analysis of economic globalisation as it is widely acknowledged that this process generates winners and losers (O Brien & Leichenko, 2003, p. 89). To delimit itself, the paper chose to assess two aspects of economic globalisation and the post war international political economy, namely global production and finance, which will be analysed by use of Neo-Marxism, and then a feminist perspective will be included as a complement to the preceding analysis. After, the findings will be discussed by drawing on realism and liberalism. Assessing the question from a critical perspective, this paper will argue that a Neo-Marxist approach, complemented by feminism, offers the clearest narrative of winners and losers in the international political economy. Essentially, winners and losers can be identified looking at social class dynamics in which the ruling transnational elite 1 exploits subordinate actors. The paper is divided into the following parts: First, the paper introduces relevant concepts and terms, and then presents its theoretical starting point. Third, the paper conducts a Neo-Marxist analysis of two aspects of economic globalisation, global production and finance. Fourth, building on the analysis, the paper includes a feminist perspective. Lastly, the paper discusses its critical approach before concluding. 1 Referring to market actors, i.e. primarily (transnational) corporate entities and high-income individuals (Broome, 2014, p. 231) 2
3 Concepts and terms First of all, the notion of winners and losers in the global political economy needs to be defined. The concept has been widely used, and it is generally accepted that winners succeed or gain, whereas losers experience disadvantages (O Brien & Leichenko, 2003, p. 90). This paper will focus on a dynamic characterization of structural winners and losers, that is, winners and losers occurring because of larger structural changes or processes that distribute gains and losses unequally (Ibid). Secondly, putting emphasis on globalization as liberalization, the term economic globalization will refer to the removal of restrictions to cross-border flows (O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 27). As the process of economic globalization is constantly in progress and increasing the interconnectedness and interdependency of the global economy, it is hard to establish when exactly it began. However, after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods System in 1971 and the Washington Consensus of the late 1980s and early 1990s, which was greatly influenced by neoliberal ideas indicating a break with Keynesian economics in favour of free market economics, the forces of economic globalisation clearly increased (Ibid). As such, the paper will look at two aspects of economic globalization and post war international political economy: global production and global finance. These processes will be analysed later on. Theoretical Starting Point Before examining two trends of economic globalisation global production and global finance the paper will present its theoretical starting point, Marxism, as well as its forthcoming answer to which actors might win and lose in the global political economy. Additional theories will be touched upon later following the analysis. Whereas the realist and liberal traditions of IPE can be classified as problem-solving theories since they take the world as it is and concentrate on addressing issues within the prevailing order, the Marxist tradition of IPE is critical since it opposes the existing system and recognises the role of social forces, which are largely ignored by the above-mentioned state-actor models (Cox, 1996, p. 88; O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 20). In general, Marxist approaches in IPE put emphasis on the social 3
4 dynamics of exploitation in wealth-making processes of the global political economy (Broome, 2014, p. 23). This paper will primarily draw on transnational historical materialism (THM) as it applies the Marxist approach to the study of transnational social relations (Overbeek, 2013, p. 162). Hence, unlike realism and liberalism, national interests are reflected in the interests of the ruling transnational economic class and state and interstate relations are seen as subordinate to the dynamics of social relations (Broome, 2014, p. 24). As such, social class dynamics is the primary unit of analysis (Ibid), and, given the increasingly transnational character of social groups, they should be understood as fractional (Overbeek, 2013, p. 167), in turn indicating that processes of change is a consequence of fractional struggle promoting a certain set of ideas. Finally, capitalism is the driving force in the global political economy, reflecting the class conflict in which the ruling transnational elite exploits subordinate actors. This gives rise to a transnational capitalist hegemon, which is described both as a social structure, an economic structure and a political structure (Cox, 1983 in Overbeek, 2013, p. 169). Accordingly, in terms of winners and losers in the global political economy, the capitalist hegemon will be the winner identified on a social, economic and political basis whereas the loser are the subordinate classes. Economic Globalisation and the Transnational Capitalist Elite In the following, the paper will use THM to analyse economic globalisation by examining global production and finance, and in turn see how these processes produce winners and losers in the global political economy. Global Production Global production is not a new phenomenon, but its size and the level of fragmentation in global value chains is; companies have unparalleled opportunities to restructure their activities in the globalised world. Globalisation and the liberalisation of trade is a major cause of this development as it is a fundamental precondition for its existence (Thun in Ravenhill, 2014, p. 286). Indications of the growth of global production can be found in the rising significance of trade in components as well as 4
5 the enormous escalation of FDI 2 flows, which are largely clustered in developing countries, and dominated by acquisitions and mergers between large corporations (Ibid). Certainly, the most evident enlargement of global production has been the rise of transnational corporations (TNCs) (O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 103). TNCs make up 50 per cent of global trade and constitute the majority of the global production structure, and, notably, the annual sales of the world s largest TNCs greatly outshine the GDP of the most nation-states (Ibid). This should furthermore be seen in the light of the fact that nearly 4/10 of the control over the economic value of TNCs in the world is held, via a complicated web of ownership relations, by a group of 147 TNCs in the core, which has almost full control over itself 3 (Vitali et al., 2011, p. 6). Thus, on top of the fact that TNC s undertake the role as the producers of wealth (O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 148), the global network of corporations is highly centralized in what Vitali et al calls a super-entity (2011, p. 6). Applying THM, these developments from the 1970s and onwards can be seen as a class project of capitalist globalization. In the view of THM, the formation of a transnational class is a major aspect of globalization as it redefines the relation between production and territoriality as well as between states, economic institutions and social class formation (Robinson & Harris, 2000, p. 4). As such, class structure is no longer bound to any geography or nation-state as illustrated by the said rise of market actors and the core of TNCs as a super-entity. In turn, the market actors are the winners as they successfully promote neo-liberal ideas and subordinate lower classes. As suggested by Wade in Ravenhill (2014, p. 338), even though the proponents speak of catch-up growth and win-win situations, what we have seen is extremely uneven benefits gained namely by giant firms centred largely in the West, by the top 10 per cent of the income distribution in the world, and by the US state standing out because of its high wealth and income inequality (Ibid). This further reveals the asymmetrical nature of the changes in social relations; the market actors profit, while the lower classes lose out. 2 Foreign Direct Investment 3 The network analysis of global corporate control by Vitali et al (2011) also finds that among TNCs the 737 top holders accumulate 80% of the control over the value of all TNCs (Vitali et al, 2011, p. 6) 5
6 To further elaborate on the empirics presented above and indicate the connection to global finance, the core of global corporate power is itself governed by finance as the top 50 are financial firms, except one (Wade in Ravenhill, p. 336). Moreover, as of 2014, the value of financial transactions to global GDP rose from about 14 in 1997 to almost 70 (Ibid), signifying that the realm of GDP, i.e. the real economy, is surmounted by that of finance. However, as shown by the global recession offset by the financial crisis of 2008, the negative effects of the financial realm rapidly spill over into the real economy (O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 173). The financial crisis highlighted the great inequality created by neoliberal (de-) regulation. The market actors who caused the crisis became the winners, as apparently, they had the advantage of being too big to fail, whereas the every day actors where the ones who lost their jobs, homes and savings (O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 181). Moreover, it has been argued that the financial crisis shows a shift in power from public to private as seen by private governance being institutionalized in the Basel process 4, which gave market actors the power to inflate bubbles and socialise the costs (Wigan, 2010, p. 120). Applying THM, this demonstrates how the transnational capitalist hegemon largely dominate and benefit from the capitalist system at the expense of the subordinate classes. Global Finance Since the post war era, the area of global finance has been through an immense transition marked by a shift from government-imposed restrictions to the current global system of enormously mobile capital and private market actors in the lead position (O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 103). Among the most frequently identified consequences of economic globalization, and a trend that has come along with this liberalization of capital mobility, is the increase in global tax competition 5 (Broome, 2014, p. 224). While this has not caused a complete race to the bottom, states now rely more heavily on tax revenue from personal income and consumption instead of tax revenue from capital gains or corporate income (Broome, 2014, p. 228). 4 Referring to the process revolving around the Basel Accords, which are recommendations on banking laws and regulations made by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (Wigan, 2010, p. 122) 5 Denoting the pressure on states to either decrease taxation to prevent losing tax income to countries with lower tax rates, or the deliberate effort to undercut taxes of other states to attract investment (Broome, 2014, p. 224) 6
7 An associated issue is that of offshore 6 finance and tax havens 7, driven by the reduction or removal of restrictions on cross-border capital flows, rising global trade flows as well as the globalization of production networks and, in turn, has facilitated the growth of market actors who minimalize their tax payments by sheltering their taxable revenues offshore (Broome, 2014, p. 231). It is one of the main fiscal problems that governments face, but the means that capitalist elites possess for tax avoidance and evasion markedly exceed the resources that states have at their disposal to persecute the behaviour (Broome, 2014, p. 229). What Palan denotes the paradox of the offshore is very much in effect; while the offshore world was created for market actors to escape regulations, taxations and public scrutiny, those creating this world have been the very state system it is supposed to evade (Palan, 2003, p. 21). Applying THM, this is not much of a paradox, however. Rather, it might simply illustrate the supremacy of the capitalist hegemon in promoting and exploiting the capitalist system to increase its power and profits. The losers of tax evasion and avoidance activities are easily identified; the everyday actors. According to Broome (2014, p. 231), everyday actors are the main losers of global tax competition for two reasons: Firstly, if a government s revenue problems result in cuts in public expenditure, they might be unevenly affected. Secondly, due to their income and economic transactions being far less mobile than those of transnational market actors, they may end up paying a higher level of tax in spite of their lower earnings (Ibid). At the other side of the coin we find market actors, the capitalist elite, who are the major beneficiaries since they are able to lawfully hide their taxable revenues. Further, the losses are immense and unequally distributed. A recent analysis reveals that the most harmful effects of the offshore world are on the worlds poorest (Kar et al, 2015). As of 2011, citizens of developing countries held US$4.4 trillion in assets in tax havens, and since the early 1980s, the developing world has experienced substantial capital outflows, especially outflows of illicit capital (which, as opposed to inflows of recorded capital, are not beneficial for developing countries). In addition, 6 Referring not to a geographical location but rather to a set of juridical realms marked by more or less withdrawal of regulations and taxation on the part of a growing number of states (Palan, 2003, p. 19) 7 Signifying jurisdictions with low or non-existent personal or corporate income taxes for non-residents (Broome, 2014, p. 229) 7
8 the report states there is perhaps no greater driver of inequality within developing countries than the combination of illicit financial flows and offshore tax havens. These mechanisms and facilitating entities benefit the rich we call them the 1 per cent for convenience and harm the middle class and poor (Kar et al, 2015, p. iv). Then, who wins and loses in the process of economic globalisation? The explanation provided by THM seems to grasp a lot of what goes on as it permits the conception of the global world as a world of transnational agency. Applying THM, the said empirics can be seen as indicators of the transnational integration of a capitalist elite. Indeed, the sharp rise of FDI, the great increase in the number of TNCs as well as the spread of mergers and acquisitions across borders, the super-entity of the global corporate network, and the rise of the global financial system points toward a transnational capitalist elite, or capitalist hegemon, increasingly in control and increasingly a winner at the expense of the exploited class, the losers. In the next section, a feminist framework will be applied to complement the findings. Feminism as a Complementary Theory Like the Marxist tradition, feminism can be categorized as a critical approach (Watson in Ravenhill, 2014, p. 45). Feminist IPE considers gender relations to be the primary unit of analysis as gender is constitutive of the global political economy (Broome, 2014, p. 26). According to feminists, authority operates through gendered power struggles and economic relations resulting in patriarchy or male dominance, which are reproduced at the global level (Ibid). Feminism and Marxism share their emphasis on the interests of the exploited and a critique of capitalism highlighting hegemony in state and society, which is why this paper choses to complement the two theories (O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 21; Watson in Ravenhill, 2014, p. 45). However, Marxism has ignored women and gender issues as focus is only on the interaction of economic classes (O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 203). For example, while a Marxist view on labour solely includes paid work in the formal economy, feminists also refer to unpaid work at home. Thus, pushing beyond the Marxist view of society, winners and losers can also arise because of gendered social relations. As such, a gendered analysis of the developments concerned with economic globalisation allows for the reveal of a patriarchal transnational capitalist hegemon as 8
9 the winner. While top positions in the corporate world are widely dominated by men, and women only account for 16 per cent of the seats in national parliaments, it has furthermore been argued that TNCs use the socially constructed gender-role ideology as a means to offer unequal pay for women relative to men and constrain access to particular jobs (Chow, 2003, in O Brien & Williams, 2013, p. 217). The feminist perspective reveals that women are major losers due to a number of factors. Firstly, men and women are affected differently from economic globalisation, and poor and working-class women are hurt the most by global crises (O Brien, 2013, p. 56). Secondly, the face of poverty tends to be female, implying that a large share of the losers identified above are women. Thirdly, structural adjustments are proportionately much more severe for women because they lose essential public services as exemplified from the debt crises in the 1980s to the recent financial crisis of 2008 (Ibid). As such, the feminist perspective can shed light on additional losers, so to speak, that would be forgotten if only THM was employed. In view of the arguments above, THM, complemented by feminism, offers the clearest narrative of who win and loses in the global economy. In the subsequent paragraphs, this analysis will be discussed by including realism and liberalism. A Conventional Critique The critical approach chosen in this paper certainly gives rise to criticisms as will be elaborated on by including two mainstream theories of IPE, realism and liberalism. Realism First and foremost, realists see the nation-state as the primary unit of analysis and the central actor within IPE. Second, the economy and markets are subordinate to the interests of the state, which in turn are the determinants of international outcomes (Broome, 2014, p. 20). Third, the international stage is characterized by anarchy in which states pursue their self-interests, by focusing on economic policies that provide relative gains and power, reflecting the view that cooperation is a zero-sum game (Ibid). According to the realist approach then, winners and losers can be found among states gaining or losing relative to each other. However, given the influence and immense gains of the market actors pointed out in the preceding paragraphs, the 9
10 realist perspective fails at providing a subtle account with its narrow focus on states and ignorance of the transnational character of capitalism. For example, regarding offshore finance and tax havens, the winners and losers would be found among states according to realism. But how can the winners be among states when even the largest states fail to tackle the issues? While states dwell upon their collective action problems, market actors continue to hide their tax liabilities. Liberalism A key feature of the liberal tradition in IPE is the focus on international cooperation and interdependence. Rather than zero-sum games the results of this reflect positivesum games involving mutual gains, even though some might benefit more relative to others. The unit of analysis is rather broad as it encompasses states, individual actors and interest groups (Broome, 2014, p. 22). Finally, liberal approaches favour limited state intervention in market mechanisms, economic integration and open capitalist markets (Ibid). Winners and losers can thus be multiple actors and by emphasising positive sum games mostly win-win situations are expected. Yet, like realism, the liberalism lacks explanatory power in this case. From a liberal view, with its commitment to free-market economics and positive-sum games, all actors can benefit. Neo-liberal deregulation should generate mutual gains, but as exemplified above with the processes global production and finance, the gains are largely one-sided and to the benefit of market actors at the expense of everyday actors, indicating that Liberalism, even with its broad level of analysis, fails at giving insight into who actually dominates, gains and loses. While there are arguably various beneficiaries of economic globalisation, liberalism and realism as state-centric analyses do not acknowledge this emerging transnational capitalist hegemony of classes and groups that are no longer tied to any nation-state or territory. Thus, by taking social class relations into consideration, one can provide a much more subtle explanation of who wins and loses in the global political economy. Conclusion This paper had sought to address which theory offers the clearest narrative of who the winners and losers are in the global political economy. To do so, two aspects of economic globalisation and the post war international political economy, specifically 10
11 global production and finance, have been analysed by using the framework of the theories of THM and feminism. Subsequently, the findings have been discussed by including a conventional critique. Based on this, the paper concludes that THM, complemented by feminism, gives the most valuable insight into who gains and loses in the global political economy of economic globalisation. The winners are the market actors, the transnational capitalist elite, who enjoy remarkable benefits and gains. The losers, in turn, are the everyday actors and the world s poorest - of which a large share are women - that are subjugated to the prevailing economic order and furthermore bearing the costs of crises grown out of the capitalist system. 11
12 References Broome, André (2014). Issues and Actors in the Global Political Economy. Palgrave MacMillan. Cox, Robert (1996) Social forces, States and World Orders: beyond international relations theory (1981) in Cox, Robert and Sinclair, Timothy, Approaches to World Order, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp Retrieved from: es_1981.pdf 16/12/2016 Kar, Dev, Schjelderup, Guttorm & Baker, Raymond W. (2015). Financial Flows and Tax Havens: Combining to Limit the Lives of Billions of People, Global Financial Integrity. Retrieved from: 17/12/2016 O Brien, K., & Leichenko, R. (2003). Winners and Losers in the Context of Global Change. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 93(1), ) Retrieved from: 16/12/2016 O Brien, R., & Williams, M. (2013). Global political economy: Evolution and dynamics (4th ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. O Brien, R. (2013) Labour shapes the global political economy in Palan, Ronen (ed.) Global Political Economy Contemporary Theories (2nd ed.), London & New York: Routledge, pp Retrieved from: %20labour%20in%20Palan% pdf, 17/12/2016 Oatley, T. (2010). International political economy: Interests and institutions in the global economy (4.th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. 12
13 Overbeek, Henk (2013). Transnational Historical Materialism: Neo-Gramscian theories of class formation and world order in Palan, Ronen (ed.) Global Political Economy: Contemporary Theories, London: Routledge, pp Retrieved from: pdf, 16/12/2016 Palan, Ronen (2003) The Offshore World, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Chap 1, pp Retrieved from: pdf, 17/12/2016 Ravenhill, J. (2014). Global political economy (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Robinson, W., & Harris, J. (2000). Towards a Global Ruling Class? Globalization and the Transnational Capitalist Class. Science & Society, 64(1), Retrieved from: 17/12/2016 Vitali, Stefania, Glattfelder, James B. & Battiston S, Stefano (2011). The Network of Global Corporate Control. Retrieved from: 17/12/2016 Wigan, Duncan (2010). Credit Risk Transfer and Crunches: Global Finance Victorious or Vanquished? New Political Economy, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp Retrieved from: 17/12/
International Political Economy
International Political Economy Question 2: Globalisation has not entailed any significant changes in the role of the state in the international political economy. Critically discuss this assertion. CPR-number:
More informationQuestion 4 BSc International Business and Politics International Political Economy Final Exam
One primary concern of International Political Economy is the identification of winners and losers. How should these winner and losers be identified and on what basis? Question 4 BSc International Business
More informationFrom capital controls to capital mobility: How the state orchestrated its own subjugation to the financial markets
From capital controls to capital mobility: How the state orchestrated its own subjugation to the financial markets Question 3: The power of the state has withered under the force of globalisation. Discuss
More informationALEXANDER GAMERDINGER INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS POLITICS FINAL EXAM International Political Economy Final Exam 2016
International Political Economy Final Exam 2016 IDEAS VS. INTERESTS Alexander Gamerdinger XXXXXX-XXXX 19.12.2016 Bsc. International Business and Politics Copenhagen Business School, Tutorial Class: XX
More informationNational self-interest remains the most important driver in global politics
National self-interest remains the most important driver in global politics BSc. International Business and Politics Copenhagen Business School 2014 Political Science Fall 2014 Final Exam 16-17 December
More informationUnit Four: Historical Materialism & IPE. Dr. Russell Williams
Unit Four: Historical Materialism & IPE Dr. Russell Williams Essay Proposal due in class, October 8!!!!!! Required Reading: Cohn, Ch. 5. Class Discussion Reading: Robert W. Cox, Civil Society at the Turn
More informationGlobalization and Inequality: A Structuralist Approach
1 Allison Howells Kim POLS 164 29 April 2016 Globalization and Inequality: A Structuralist Approach Exploitation, Dependency, and Neo-Imperialism in the Global Capitalist System Abstract: Structuralism
More informationUnit Three: Thinking Liberally - Diversity and Hegemony in IPE. Dr. Russell Williams
Unit Three: Thinking Liberally - Diversity and Hegemony in IPE Dr. Russell Williams Required Reading: Cohn, Ch. 4. Class Discussion Reading: Outline: Eric Helleiner, Economic Liberalism and Its Critics:
More informationOxfam Education
Background notes on inequality for teachers Oxfam Education What do we mean by inequality? In this resource inequality refers to wide differences in a population in terms of their wealth, their income
More informationInternational Trade Union Confederation Statement to UNCTAD XIII
International Trade Union Confederation Statement to UNCTAD XIII Introduction 1. The current economic crisis has caused an unprecedented loss of jobs and livelihoods in a short period of time. The poorest
More informationBBB3633 Malaysian Economics
BBB3633 Malaysian Economics Prepared by Dr Khairul Anuar L7: Globalisation and International Trade www.notes638.wordpress.com 1 Content 1. Introduction 2. Primary School 3. Secondary Education 4. Smart
More informationPOL 131 Introduction to International Relations Fall
1 POL 131 Introduction to International Relations Fall 2015-16 Instructor Room No. Email Rasul Bakhsh Rais 119 Main Academic Block rasul@lums.edu.pk Course Basics Credit Hours 4 Course Distribution Core
More informationGOVT 2060 International Relations: Theories and Approaches Fall Topic 11 Critical Theory
THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES ST. AUGUSTINE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE GOVT 2060 International Relations: Theories and Approaches Fall 2017 Topic 11 Critical Theory
More informationFinal exam: Political Economy of Development. Question 2:
Question 2: Since the 1970s the concept of the Third World has been widely criticized for not capturing the increasing differentiation among developing countries. Consider the figure below (Norman & Stiglitz
More informationMAINSTREAM THEORIES OF IPE ARE A SUFFICIENT BASIS UPON WHICH TO STUDY THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY. DISCUSS.
MAINSTREAM THEORIES OF IPE ARE A SUFFICIENT BASIS UPON WHICH TO STUDY THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY. DISCUSS. On the omission of gender analysis in liberalism, realism and Marxism. COPENHAGEN BUSINESS
More informationQuestion 4 GENDER & IPE
Question 4 The focus in International Political Economy on neo- realist, Marxist, liberal institutionalist and constructivist theories at the expense of alternatives obscures key political economic drivers
More informationWhich statement to you agree with most?
Which statement to you agree with most? Globalization is generally positive: it increases efficiency, global growth, and therefore global welfare Globalization is generally negative: it destroys indigenous
More informationThe End of Mass Homeownership? Housing Career Diversification and Inequality in Europe R.I.M. Arundel
The End of Mass Homeownership? Housing Career Diversification and Inequality in Europe R.I.M. Arundel SUMMARY THE END OF MASS HOMEOWNERSHIP? HOUSING CAREER DIVERSIFICATION AND INEQUALITY IN EUROPE Introduction
More informationInternational Relations Theory Nemzetközi Politika Elmélet szeptember 18. A globalizáció
International Relations Theory Nemzetközi Politika Elmélet - 2008. szeptember 18. A globalizáció György László egyetemi tanársegéd BME GTK, Pénzügyek Tanszék, Gazdaságpolitika és Gazdaságtörténet Szakcsoport
More informationCHAPTER 10: Fundamentals of International Political Economy
1. China s economy now ranks as what number in terms of size? a. First b. Second c. Third d. Fourth 2. China s economy has grown by what factor each year since 1980? a. Three b. Five c. Seven d. Ten 3.
More informationGlobalisation, Inequality and Health. Page 1
Globalisation, Inequality and Health Page 1 Inequality No question exists that the contemporary era of globalisation has been one of the great wealth producers in history. Also no question that income
More informationJustice, Sustainability and Diversity - Our Progressive Agenda
Input Paper Justice, Sustainability and Diversity - Our Progressive Agenda 19 20 September 2016, Denpasar, Indonesia In view of the dramatic increase of inequality within and among different countries,
More informationThe third debate: Neorealism versus Neoliberalism and their views on cooperation
The third debate: Neorealism versus Neoliberalism and their views on cooperation The issue of international cooperation, especially through institutions, remains heavily debated within the International
More informationSOCI 423: THEORIES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
SOCI 423: THEORIES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SESSION 10: NEOLIBERALISM Lecturer: Dr. James Dzisah Email: jdzisah@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing and Distance Education 2014/2015 2016/2017
More informationNeo-liberalism and the Asian Financial Crisis
Neo-liberalism and the Asian Financial Crisis Today s Agenda Review the families of Political Economy theories Back to Taiwan: Did Economic development lead to political changes? The Asian Financial Crisis
More informationITUC 1 Contribution to the pre-conference negotiating text for the UNCTAD XII Conference in Accra, April
ITUC 1 Contribution to the pre-conference negotiating text for the UNCTAD XII Conference in Accra, 20-25 April 2008 2 Introduction: Trade, Employment and Inequality 1. The ITUC welcomes this opportunity
More informationEconomic Globalization and its link to the. BSc. International Business and Politics
Economic Globalization and its link to the EU integration process Political Science BSc. International Business and Politics Final Exam 2012 2012-12-19 STU counts: 14032 1.1 Introduction After suffering
More informationExam Questions By Year IR 214. How important was soft power in ending the Cold War?
Exam Questions By Year IR 214 2005 How important was soft power in ending the Cold War? What does the concept of an international society add to neo-realist or neo-liberal approaches to international relations?
More informationJournal of Conflict Transformation & Security
Louise Shelley Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN: 9780521130875, 356p. Over the last two centuries, human trafficking has grown at an
More informationSOCIAL WORK AND HUMAN RIGHTS
SOCIAL WORK AND HUMAN RIGHTS The Human, the Social and the Collapse of Modernity Professor Jim Ife Western Sydney University j.ife@westernsydney.edu.au The context Neo-liberalism Neo-fascism Trump Brexit
More informationRealism and Liberalism
Theories of International Political Economy I: Realism and Liberalism Min Shu Waseda University 19 April 2017 International Political Economy 1 An outline of the lecture The subjects of IPE studies Four
More informationGeopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire. The Future of World Capitalism
Radhika Desai Geopolitical Economy: After US Hegemony, Globalization and Empire. The Future of World Capitalism 2013. London: Pluto Press, and Halifax: Fernwood Publishing. Pages: 313. ISBN 978-0745329925.
More informationCommittee: Special Committee on the Sustainable Development Goals
Committee: Special Committee on the Sustainable Development Goals Question of: Reduced Inequalities (SDG 10) Students Officer: Marta Olaizola Introduction: Inequality is becoming one of the biggest social
More informationTheories of International Political Economy II: Marxism and Constructivism
Theories of International Political Economy II: Marxism and Constructivism Min Shu Waseda University 17 April 2017 International Political Economy 1 An outline of the lecture The basics of Marxism Marxist
More informationCHAPTER 12: The Problem of Global Inequality
1. Self-interest is an important motive for countries who express concern that poverty may be linked to a rise in a. religious activity. b. environmental deterioration. c. terrorist events. d. capitalist
More informationDependency theorists, or dependentistas, are a group of thinkers in the neo-marxist tradition mostly
Dependency theorists and their view that development in the North takes place at the expense of development in the South. Dependency theorists, or dependentistas, are a group of thinkers in the neo-marxist
More informationPost-Crisis Neoliberal Resilience in Europe
Post-Crisis Neoliberal Resilience in Europe MAGDALENA SENN 13 OF SEPTEMBER 2017 Introduction Motivation: after severe and ongoing economic crisis since 2007/2008 and short Keynesian intermezzo, EU seemingly
More informationEdexcel (A) Economics A-level
Edexcel (A) Economics A-level Theme 4: A Global Perspective 4.2 Poverty and Inequality 4.2.2 Inequality Notes Distinction between wealth and income inequality Wealth is defined as a stock of assets, such
More informationIntroduction to International Relations
The Exeter College Oxford Summer Programme at Exeter College in the University of Oxford Introduction to International Relations Course Description The course aims to introduce students to the subject
More informationGlobalisation of Markets
Globalisation of Markets Definition of globalisation (1) The geographic dispersion of industrial and service activities, for example research and development, sourcing of inputs, production and distribution,
More informationMarxism and Constructivism
Theories of International Political Economy II: Marxism and Constructivism Min Shu Waseda University 2018/5/8 International Political Economy 1 An outline of the lecture The basics of Marxism Marxist IPE
More informationPanelli R. (2004): Social Geographies. From Difference to Action. SAGE, London, 287 pp.
Panelli R. (2004): Social Geographies. From Difference to Action. SAGE, London, 287 pp. 8.1 INTRODUCTIONS: UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL DIFFERENCE THROUGH QUESTIONS OF POWER While the past five chapters have each
More informationRewriting the Rules of the Market Economy to Achieve Shared Prosperity. Joseph E. Stiglitz New York June 2016
Rewriting the Rules of the Market Economy to Achieve Shared Prosperity Joseph E. Stiglitz New York June 2016 Enormous growth in inequality Especially in US, and countries that have followed US model Multiple
More informationCRISES and CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT
CRISES and CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT GLOBALIZATION AND CHALLENGES TO THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT With thanks to Bonn Juego from whom these slides have been selected 1 THE CONSTITUTIVE ROLE AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER
More informationRethinking critical realism: Labour markets or capitalism?
Rethinking critical realism 125 Rethinking critical realism: Labour markets or capitalism? Ben Fine Earlier debate on critical realism has suggested the need for it to situate itself more fully in relation
More informationSession 12. International Political Economy
Session 12 International Political Economy What is IPE? p Basically our lives are about political economy. p To survive we need food, clothes, and many other goods. p We obtain these provisions in the
More informationInternational Political Economy
Chapter 12 What is IPE? International Political Economy p Basically our lives are about political economy. p To survive we need food, clothes, and many other goods. p We obtain these provisions in the
More informationChapter 5. The State
Chapter 5 The State 1 The Purpose of the State is always the same: to limit the individual, to tame him, to subordinate him, to subjugate him. Max Stirner The Ego and His Own (1845) 2 What is the State?
More informationThe Conception of Modern Capitalist Oligarchies
1 Judith Dellheim The Conception of Modern Capitalist Oligarchies Gabi has been right to underline the need for a distinction between different member groups of the capitalist class, defined in more abstract
More informationWe the Stakeholders: The Power of Representation beyond Borders? Clara Brandi
REVIEW Clara Brandi We the Stakeholders: The Power of Representation beyond Borders? Terry Macdonald, Global Stakeholder Democracy. Power and Representation Beyond Liberal States, Oxford, Oxford University
More informationFeminist Critique of Joseph Stiglitz s Approach to the Problems of Global Capitalism
89 Feminist Critique of Joseph Stiglitz s Approach to the Problems of Global Capitalism Jenna Blake Abstract: In his book Making Globalization Work, Joseph Stiglitz proposes reforms to address problems
More informationREALISM INTRODUCTION NEED OF THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
REALISM INTRODUCTION NEED OF THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS We need theories of International Relations to:- a. Understand subject-matter of IR. b. Know important, less important and not important matter
More informationAmerican power in the age of financialisation: An appreciation of Peter Gowan s contribution to the field of International Political Economy
1 American power in the age of financialisation: An appreciation of Peter Gowan s contribution to the field of International Political Economy By Andrea Lagna Centre for Global Political Economy (CGPE)
More informationReserve Bank of India Occasional Papers Vol. 32. No. 1, Summer 2011
Reserve Bank of India Occasional Papers Vol. 32. No. 1, Summer 2011 The Rise of Indian multinationals: Perspective of Indian Outward Foreign Direct Investment, edited by Karl P. Sauvant and Jaya Prakash
More informationEconomic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention
Department of Economic & Social Affairs CDP Background Paper No. 1 ST/ESA/2000/CDP/1 2000 Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention Gao Shangquan* JEL Classification: F (International Economics);
More informationSociology is the study of societies and the way that they shape people s behaviour, beliefs,
The purpose of education viewed from a sociological perspective. Sociology is the study of societies and the way that they shape people s behaviour, beliefs, and identity. (Fulcher and Scott, 2001, p.4)
More informationFinance and the Rise of Neoliberalism. Dr Bruce Cronin University of Greenwich Business School, London
Finance and the Rise of Neoliberalism Dr Bruce Cronin University of Greenwich Business School, London Bruce Cronin 2004 The Rise of Financial Capital Creation of Reserve Banks Repeated banking crises 30s
More informationThoughts on Globalization, 1/15/02 Pete Bohmer
Thoughts on Globalization, 1/15/02 Pete Bohmer I. Class this week, Wednesday optional to come in, Dan and I will be here at 10:00, turn in paper by 1:00 Friday-not enough time for both movies; Global Assembly
More informationCommission on the Status of Women Fifty-fourth session New York, 1-12 March 2010 INTERACTIVE EXPERT PANEL
United Nations Nations Unies Commission on the Status of Women Fifty-fourth session New York, 1-12 March 2010 INTERACTIVE EXPERT PANEL Linkages between implementation of the Platform for Action and achievement
More informationCrisis Resistance of Inequailty
Crisis Resistance of Inequailty Lars Bräutigam & Stephan Pühringer Wien, 24.9.2014 AK-Conference, The Future of Capitalism: Development, Un(der)employment and inequality, Wien. Part I Crisis Policies and
More informationExpert group meeting. New research on inequality and its impacts World Social Situation 2019
Expert group meeting New research on inequality and its impacts World Social Situation 2019 New York, 12-13 September 2018 Introduction In 2017, the General Assembly encouraged the Secretary-General to
More informationAssumptions Critiques Key Persons 1980s, rise after Cold War Focus on human in world affairs. Neo-Realism
Constructivism Assumptions Critiques Key Persons 1980s, rise after Cold War Focus on human in world affairs Neo-Realism Social aspect of IR rather than material aspect (military power, Norms exist but
More informationBook Reviews on global economy and geopolitical readings
Book Reviews on global economy and geopolitical readings ESADEgeo, under the supervision of Professor Javier Solana 3and Professor Javier Santiso 1 The Future of Power Nye Jr., Joseph (2011), New York:
More informationwhat are the challenges, stakes and prospects of the EU accession negotiation?
17/10/00 CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE EUROPE : ECONOMIC ACHIEVEMENTS, EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROSPECTS Roadshow EMEA Strategy Product London, October 17, and New York, October 25, 2000 The European Counsel
More informationAQA Economics A-level
AQA Economics A-level Microeconomics Topic 7: Distribution of Income and Wealth, Poverty and Inequality 7.1 The distribution of income and wealth Notes Distinction between wealth and income inequality
More informationGlobal Political Economy
Global Political Economy 1 Big Deal After 2016 election, the Trump Administration withdrew US from the Trans-Pacific Partnership. More than a year later, in early 2018, the remaining 11 members reconstituted
More informationChapter II European integration and the concept of solidarity
Chapter II European integration and the concept of solidarity The current chapter is devoted to the concept of solidarity and its role in the European integration discourse. The concept of solidarity applied
More informationHow s Life in the United Kingdom?
How s Life in the United Kingdom? November 2017 On average, the United Kingdom performs well across a number of well-being indicators relative to other OECD countries. At 74% in 2016, the employment rate
More informationBuilding the South African Developmental State: Elusive Pipe Dream?
Building the South African Developmental State: Elusive Pipe Dream? Khwezi Mabasa (FES Programme Manager ) Society Work and Development Institute, University of Witwatersrand) (Department of Political
More informationGlobal Sociology ROBIN COHEN PAUL KENNEDY. and
r JJ Global Sociology ROBIN COHEN and PAUL KENNEDY Contents List of Illustrations List of Boxes List of Tables Acknowledgemen ts Abbreviations and Acronyms XVI xviii xx xxi xxiii part one Interpretations
More informationA Global Caste System and Ethnic Antagonism
A Global Caste System and Ethnic Antagonism By Shawn S. Oakes SOCI 4086 CRGE in the Workplace Research Paper Proposal Shawn S. Oakes Student #: 157406 A Global Caste System and Ethnic Antagonism Written
More informationThe character of the crisis: Seeking a way-out for the social majority
The character of the crisis: Seeking a way-out for the social majority 1. On the character of the crisis Dear comrades and friends, In order to answer the question stated by the organizers of this very
More informationChapter 7: CONTENPORARY MAINSTREAM APPROACHES: NEO-REALISM AND NEO-LIBERALISM. By Baylis 5 th edition
Chapter 7: CONTENPORARY MAINSTREAM APPROACHES: NEO-REALISM AND NEO-LIBERALISM By Baylis 5 th edition INTRODUCTION p. 116 Neo-realism and neo-liberalism are the progeny of realism and liberalism respectively
More informationForeign Direct Investment and Macroeconomic Changes In CEE Integrating In To The Global Market
Foreign Direct Investment and Macroeconomic Changes In CEE Integrating In To The Global Market ABSTRACT Lucyna Kornecki Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University This study relates to the post communist era
More information1) Is the "Clash of Civilizations" too broad of a conceptualization to be of use? Why or why not?
1) Is the "Clash of Civilizations" too broad of a conceptualization to be of use? Why or why not? Huntington makes good points about the clash of civilizations and ideologies being a cause of conflict
More informationIntellectual property (f)or development?
Intellectual property (f)or development? A critical analysis of the inclusion of Intellectual Property in the Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU and ACP countries Masterthesis International
More informationHow Can Globalization Become More Pro-Poor?
How Can Globalization Become More Pro-Poor? Presentation Based on UNU-WIDER Program of Research on The Impact of Globalization on the World s Poor Machiko Nissanke and Erik Thorbecke Prepared for the Brookings
More informationChapter 9: Fundamentals of International Political Economy
Chapter 9: Fundamentals of International Political Economy MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. International political economy can be defined as a. the international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund
More informationFragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises*
Financial and Economic Review, Vol. 17 Issue 2., June 2018, pp. 151 155. Fragile by Design: The Political Origins of Banking Crises* Charles. W. Calomiris Stephen H. Haber: Princeton University Press,
More informationGlobalization: It Doesn t Just Happen
Conference Presentation November 2007 Globalization: It Doesn t Just Happen BY DEAN BAKER* Progressives will not be able to tackle the problems associated with globalization until they first understand
More informationQuestion 1: How rising nationalism increases the relevance of. state- centric realist theory. Political Science - Final exam - 22/12/2016
Question 1: How rising nationalism increases the relevance of state- centric realist theory Political Science - Final exam - 22/12/2016 International Business and Politics, Copenhagen Business School 2016
More informationExecutive summary. Part I. Major trends in wages
Executive summary Part I. Major trends in wages Lowest wage growth globally in 2017 since 2008 Global wage growth in 2017 was not only lower than in 2016, but fell to its lowest growth rate since 2008,
More informationDivided kingdom: Social class and inequality in modern Britain
Divided kingdom: Social class and inequality in modern Britain Start date 22 nd April 2016 End date 24 th April 2016 Venue Madingley Hall Madingley Cambridge Tutor Dr Nigel Kettley Course code 1516NRX134
More informationMacroeconomics and Gender Inequality Yana van der Meulen Rodgers Rutgers University
Macroeconomics and Gender Inequality Yana van der Meulen Rodgers Rutgers University International Association for Feminist Economics Pre-Conference July 15, 2015 Organization of Presentation Introductory
More informationInternational Conference on Federalism Mont-Tremblant, October 1999 BACKGROUND PAPER GLOBALIZATION AND THE DECLINE OF THE NATION STATE
International Conference on Federalism Mont-Tremblant, October 1999 BACKGROUND PAPER GLOBALIZATION AND THE DECLINE OF THE NATION STATE John Whalley Universities of Western Ontario and Warwick 1. INTRODUCTION
More information2017 SADC People s Summit Regional Debates and Public Speaking Gala. Strengthening Youth Participation in Policy Dialogue Processes
2017 SADC People s Summit Regional Debates and Public Speaking Gala Strengthening Youth Participation in Policy Dialogue Processes Constitutional Hill, Johannesburg South Africa 16 18 August 2017 Introduction
More informationINTL 313 / ECIR 313. Introduction to Global Political Economy. Fall 2015
INTL 313 / ECIR 313 Introduction to Global Political Economy Fall 2015 Instructor Professor Ziya Öniş Professor Office CASE 150 Professor Email zonis@ku.edu.tr Lecture Time Tuesday and Thursday, 13.00-14.15
More informationProgramme Specification
Programme Specification Non-Governmental Public Action Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Programme Objectives 3. Rationale for the Programme - Why a programme and why now? 3.1 Scientific context 3.2 Practical
More informationContradictions in the Gender-Poverty Nexus: Reflections on the Privatisation of Social
1 Chapter in Silvia Chant (ed.) 2010. The International Handbook of Gender and Poverty: Concepts, Research and Policy. Edward Elgar Publishers. Pp. 644-648. Contradictions in the Gender-Poverty Nexus:
More informationGlobalisation, Trade and Resistance. Professor Andreas Bieler. Relations/International Political Economy (IR/IPE) and it is most frequently related to
US$ Billions Globalisation, Trade and Resistance Professor Andreas Bieler Introduction Globalisation has become an increasingly important concept in International Relations/International Political Economy
More informationThe International Law Annual Senior Lecturer, Kent Law School, Eliot College, University of Kent.
MULTILATERAL TRADE IN A TIME OF CRISIS -Dr. Donatella Alessandrini 1 The decline of world trade has attracted a lot of attention in the past three years. After an initial recovery in 2010, due in large
More informationPoverty & Inequality
Sociology 125 Lecture 12/13 Poverty & Inequality October 18 & 23, 2006 Film #2: Bread & Roses 7:00 p.m. Tuesday and Wednesday, October 17 & 18 125 Ag Hall 1450 Linden Drive U.S. Household Income Distribution
More informationGlobalisation and Economic Determinism. Paper given at conference on Challenging Globalization, Royal Holloway College, September 2009
Globalisation and Economic Determinism Paper given at conference on Challenging Globalization, Royal Holloway College, September 2009 Luke Martell, University of Sussex Longer version here - http://www.sussex.ac.uk/users/ssfa2/globecdet.pdf
More informationIntroducing Marxist Theories of the State
In the following presentation I shall assume that students have some familiarity with introductory Marxist Theory. Students requiring an introductory outline may click here. Students requiring additional
More informationGlobalization and Shifting World Power
Globalization and Shifting World Power Which statement to you agree with most? Globalization is generally positive: it increases efficiency, global growth, and therefore global welfare Globalization is
More informationIntroduction: the moving lines of the division of labour
Introduction: the moving lines of the division of labour Robert M. Solow and Jean- Philippe Touffut How is labour allocated between men and women, between North and South, on the farm and in the plant?
More informationWe all love ourselves Why national self-interest remains the main driver of global politics
We all love ourselves Why national self-interest remains the main driver of global politics Author: Anonymous CPR: XXXXXX-XXXX Study programme: B.Sc. International Business and Politics Course: Political
More informationEPI BRIEFING PAPER. Immigration and Wages Methodological advancements confirm modest gains for native workers. Executive summary
EPI BRIEFING PAPER Economic Policy Institute February 4, 2010 Briefing Paper #255 Immigration and Wages Methodological advancements confirm modest gains for native workers By Heidi Shierholz Executive
More informationSocial integration of the European Union
Social integration of the European Union European Business and Politcs Final Exam 2016 xxxx JUNE 21 ST xxxxx INTRODUCTION Despite the fact that the basic constitutional features of the European Union have
More informationThere is a seemingly widespread view that inequality should not be a concern
Chapter 11 Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Do Poor Countries Need to Worry about Inequality? Martin Ravallion There is a seemingly widespread view that inequality should not be a concern in countries
More information