Making of the Modern World 15. Lecture #8: Fascism and the Blond Beast
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1 Making of the Modern World 15 Lecture #8: Fascism and the Blond Beast
2 The Blond Beast
3 Friedrich Nietzsche German Philosopher Genealogy of Morals (1887) Good/Evil vs Good/Bad Slave morality Priestly revenge The Blond Beast All men are not created equal
4 ?
5 US House of Representatives
6 The Growth of European Fascism From fasces, Roman symbol of authority Axe surrounded by wooden rods Originates with Benito Mussolini Influenced Europe, Asia, Latin America
7 Fascism: Common Elements 1. Primacy of state over individual -strength through unity 2. Distrust of democracy: the Führerprinzip 3. Hostility to Communism 4. Chauvinistic/nationalistic 1. Counteracting humiliation 2. Strength through struggle 5. Militaristic
8 Fascism in Italy Poor showing of post-wwi Italian government Public disappointed with weak territorial gains Economic and social turmoil Mussolini, former newspaper editor, electoral successes in 1921 March on Rome October, King Emmanuel III offers him office of prime minister 1926 seizes power as Il Duce, the leader
9 Adolf Hitler ( ) and the Nazi Party 1921 becomes Chairman of the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis) Attempts to overthrow government in 1923 Writes autobiography Mein Kampfin jail, massively popular Capitalizes on public discontent with post-war era War guilt clause Reparation payments Inability of major parties to come to consensus Anti-Semitism
10 Triumph of the Will
11 Consolidation of Power Nazis become single largest party in parliament, Weak president Paul von Hindenburg ( ) appoints Hitler as Chancellor Suppresses opposition, abrogates constitutional and civil rights Makes the Nazis the sole legal party Destroys trade unions Purges judiciary, civil service of perceived enemies
12 The Racial State Theories of racial superiority, racial purity Policies of eugenics Compulsory sterilization of 30,000 Germans Abortions illegal for healthy Germans, mandatory for hereditary ill and racial aliens Euthanasia program kills 200,000 people with physical or mental handicaps between Precursors to massacres of Jews, gypsies
13 Anti-Semitism Influence of 19 th -century racism 1935 Nuremburg laws define Jew on racial basis Prohibits marriages between Jews and non-jews Removal of Jews from civil service, schools Liquidation of Jewish-owned businesses or purchase by non-jews Kristallnacht: major country-wide pogromon Jews, November 9-10, 1938 night of broken glass
14 The Second World War Allies vs. Axis Powers Italy, Germany and Japan form Axis Revisionists: wished to revise post-world War I peace treaties Allies initially follow policy of appeasement War erupts 1939, global by 1941, over 1945
15 Axis Rally in Tokyo
16 Italian Aggression Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia with overpowering force 2,000 Italian troops killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed Also takes Libya, Albania
17 Germany Adolf Hitler ( ) withdraws from League of Nations Remilitarizes Germany Anschluss( Union ) with Austria, 1938 Pressure on Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
18 Do you agree with our leader?
19 Munich Conference (1938) Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany meet Allies follow policy of appeasement Hitler promises to halt expansionist efforts British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain ( ) promises peace for our time Hitler signs secret Russian-German Treaty of Non-Aggression (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, August 1939)
20 Invasion of Poland and France September 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg: lightning war strategy Air forces soften up target, armored divisions rush in German U-boats (submarines) patrol Atlantic, threaten British shipping
21 The Fall of France 1940: Germany occupies Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France Hitler forces French to sign armistice agreement in same railroad car used for the armistice imposed on Germany in 1918
22 The Battle of Britain Air war conducted by the German Luftwaffe The Blitz 40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids Especially London Royal Air Force prevents Germans from invading
23 Operation Barbarossa Lebensraum( living space ) June 22, 1941 Hitler double-crosses Stalin and invades USSR Stalin caught off-guard, rapid advance But severe winter, long supply lines weakened German efforts Soviets regroup and attack Spring 1942 Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad (ends February 1943)
24 High tide of Axis expansion in Europe and North Africa,
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