Aggressors Invade Nations. Chapter 12, Section 5 Chapter 13, Sections 3-5 Chapter 14, Section 1

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1 Aggressors Invade Nations Chapter 12, Section 5 Chapter 13, Sections 3-5 Chapter 14, Section 1

2 Objectives By the end of this PowerPoint you will be able to: Describe Japan s attempts to build an empire. Trace the moves of European Fascists in seeking world power. Summarize why British and French appeasement and American isolationism failed to stop Fascist aggression.

3 12.5 Conflicting Forces in Japan Essential Question: How did Japan change in the 1920s and 1930s?

4 Kobe, Japan in the 1880s 4 of 7

5 Kobe, Japan in the 1920s 4 of 7

6 Japan on the Rise in the 1920s Through policies of democratization and limited foreign expansion, along with the enjoyed peace and economic well-being, Japan s economy grew until an earthquake hit Tokyo in 1923 and government corruption led to protests. 1 of 7

7 Emperor Hirohito: The Head of State Japan Empire (dictatorship)

8 Rise to Power Write in a detailed description of the dictator s rise to power. What family, social, and/or economic crises might have influenced his actions? In 1921 he visited Europe, becoming the first Japanese crown prince to travel abroad. Upon his return he was named prince regent when his father, the emperor Taishō, retired because of mental illness. In 1924 he married the princess Nagako Kuni. Hirohito became emperor of Japan on Dec. 25, 1926, following the death of his father. He broke the precedent of imperial silence on Aug. 15, 1945, when he made a national radio broadcast to announce Japan s acceptance of the Allies terms of surrender. In a second historic broadcast, made on Jan. 1, 1946, Hirohito repudiated the traditional quasi-divine status of Japan s emperors He was the longest-reigning monarch in Japan s history. His reign was designated Shōwa, or Enlightened Peace.

9 Wearing a sokutai in 1926 at his enthronement ceremony. Hirohito, 1939

10 Political Influence He came to power as next in line to the throne of the oldest remaining dynasty in the world His people thought he was descended from a god. He wanted to establish a New Order in Asia led by the Japanese Empire.

11 Political Influence The Japanese constitution invested him with supreme authority, but in practice he merely ratified the policies that were formulated by his ministers and advisers. Many historians have asserted that Hirohito had grave misgivings about war with the United States and was opposed to Japan s alliance with Germany and Italy but that he was powerless to resist the militarists who dominated the armed forces and the government. Other historians assert that Hirohito might have been involved in the planning of Japan s expansionist policies from 1931 to World War II.

12 People s Rights A League of Nations committee recommended in October 1932 that Japanese troops be withdrawn, Chinese sovereignty restored, and a large measure of autonomy granted to Manchuria. The League called upon member states to withhold recognition from the new puppet state. Japan s response was to formally withdraw from the world body in On July 7, 1937, Japanese troops engaged Chinese units at the Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing, leading to warfare between China and Japan. Japanese armies took Nanking, Han-k ou (Hankow), and Canton despite vigorous Chinese resistance; Nanking was brutally pillaged by Japanese troops

13 People s Rights A national-mobilization law (1938) gave the Konoe government sweeping economic and political powers, and in 1940, under the second Konoe cabinet, the Imperial Rule Assistance Association was established to merge the political parties into one central organization; yet, the institutional structure of the Meiji constitution was never altered, and the wartime governments never achieved full control over interservice competition. The Imperial Rule Assistance Association failed to mobilize all segments of national life around a leader. The emperor remained a symbol, albeit an increasingly military one, and no führer could compete without endangering the national polity.

14 Timeline 1931: Invasion of China Sept. 27, 1940: Tripartite, or Axis Pact negotiated by Japanese foreign minister Matsuoka Yosuke, the pact pledged its signatories to come to one another s help in the event of an attack by a power not already engaged in war. April 13, 1941: Japan concluded a neutrality pact with the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union) December 7 (December 8 by Japanese time) 1941: a surprise attack on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet in its base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands

15 August 14 (August 15 in Japan): The Pacific war came to an end. The formal surrender was signed on September 2 in Tokyo Bay aboard the battleship USS Missouri. USS Missouri

16 Actions that led to WWII Began World War II in Asia when he invaded China in The Pearl Harbor attack, unannounced beforehand by the Japanese as it was, unified the American public and swept away any remaining support for American neutrality in the war. On December 8 the U.S. Congress declared war on Japan with only one dissenting vote.

17 The Nationalist Reaction When the Great Depression hit in 1929, Japanese exports fell and its people suffered. Ultranationalists seized the moment to demand renewed expansion for land and natural resources. In 1931, Japanese army officers provoked an incident that led to the invasion of Manchuria (The Mukden Incident). September 18, 1931 an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese owned the railway. The U.S. issued the Stimson Doctrine stating that the United States would not recognize any agreements between the Japanese and Chinese that limited free commercial intercourse in the region Japan withdrew from the League of Nations when this act was condemned. The actual damage was small enough that a train drove over the rails with no difficulties the same day. 2 of 7

18 Japan s Expanding Empire 7 of 7

19 Japan Seeks an Empire

20 Militarists in Power To alleviate a struggle with ultranationalists, the Japanese government suppressed most democratic freedoms and built a cult around Emperor Hirohito. Militarists wanted to solve the country s economic problems through foreign expansion. The goal of the conquest of China was renewed. The Japanese killed tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians during the Rape of Nanjing (1937) when the Chinese capital of Nanjing fell to Japanese invaders. During World War II, Japan allied with Germany and Italy and spread the war into the Pacific region. 3 of 7

21 Rape of Nanjing "The bodies in the villages, piled up in tens or hundreds, laid in ditches, ponds, fields or among haystacks. The horror of the scenes is hard to describe. Especially women..., their faces were dark, teeth fell, cheeks broken, blood in their mouth, their breasts had been cut off, chest and abdomen had been pierced through, intestines dragged on the ground, lower abdomens had been kicked at, their bodies had been bayoneted randomly."

22 Rape of Nanjing "December 14th, noon, Japanese soldiers broke into a house in JianYin street, they kidnapped four girls, raped them for two hours.

23 Rape of Nanjing

24 Rape of Nanjing

25 Rape of Nanjing

26 Nationalism and Revolution Around the World: Section 5 Color Transparency 167: Japanese Military Build-Up, of 7

27 Copy on page 109 of your packet Note Taking Transparency of 7

28 Copy on page 111 of your packet

29 Copy on page 113 of your packet

30 Copy of page 113 of your packet

31 Chapter 13, Section 3 Essential Question: How and why did fascism rise in Italy?

32 Mussolini s Rise to Power Italian nationalists, led by Benito Mussolini, felt betrayed by the government and the Allies from World War I. They revolted and became powerful through terror. These Fascists, as they were known, were finally handed the reins of government by the king in order to avoid a civil war. 1 of 8

33 Mussolini s Rule and the Nature of Fascism Mussolini s Rule Although Italy was officially a parliamentary monarchy, under Mussolini, it became a dictatorship. He used propaganda and terror to control the people. The Fascists wanted everyone to live and work only for the state. The Nature of Fascism Fascism glorified action, violence, discipline, and blind loyalty to the state. They pursued foreign expansion through warfare. They distrusted reason and used emotion to their advantage. The state was all. 2 of 8

34 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 3 Color Transparency 170: The Triumph of Musssolini 5 of 8

35 Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia October Mussolini takes Ethiopia. Mussolini s army was stronger than Ethiopia's. Ethiopian emperor asked the League of Nations for help. Condemned the attacks, did nothing. Britain allowed Italian Troops through the Suez Canal. Hoped to keep peace in Europe.

36 Benito Mussolini Wanted to restore Italy to the glory days of the Roman Empire Created the Fascist Party in 1919 Came to power when he forced his appointment as Prime Minister Ruled Italy from 1922 until 1944 Became involved in WWII when he invaded Ethiopia and then allied with Germany

37 Looking Ahead Democracy, Communism, and Fascism competed for influence in postwar Europe. Fascism was on the fast track during the Great Depression. 3 of 8

38 Copy on page 115 of your packet

39 Copy on page 115 of your packet

40 Chapter 13, Section 4 The Soviet Union Under Stalin Essential Question: How did Stalin transform the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state?

41 The Soviet Union Under Stalin A Totalitarian State In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin set up a totalitarian state. He took away all free market rights and made every enterprise and farm state owned. This gave workers little incentive to produce quality products or extra food and the country struggled to feed its people. 1 of 8

42 The Rise of Totalitarianism Stalin s Terror Tactics Stalin was ruthless against anyone perceived as being disloyal. He set up Gulags where people would be sent to work and he even took food away from farm families in what was called the Terror Famine. The country lost many of its best and brightest. Communist Attempts to Control Thought Stalin used propaganda to boost his popularity. Posters, loudspeaker announcements, and newspaper articles extolled Communism. Books, music, and other art forms that were critical of Stalin were censored. He also tried to replace religion with communist ideology. 2 of 8

43 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 4 Color Transparency 170: Gulag Prisoners, by Nikolai German 6 of 8

44 The Rise of Totalitarianism Soviet Society Under Stalin There was still a class order under Communism, but this one put party members at the top. All others endured shortages of food and consumer goods, although they did get free education and health care, and women were treated as equals to men in the workplace. Soviet Foreign Policy The Soviets encouraged communist revolutions in other countries through an organization called Comintern. This organization supported revolutionary groups around the world and created a Red Scare in the United States.

45 Looking Ahead Stalin succeeded in making his country a military superpower, but it was also home to people with a much lower standard of living than the rest of the developed world. 4 of 8

46 Copy on page 117 of your packet Note Taking Transparency of 8

47 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 4 Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2) 7 of 8

48 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 4 Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2) 8 of 8

49 Josef Stalin Led the Soviet Union Totalitarianism

50 Chapter 13, Section 5 Essential Question: How did Hitler and the Nazi party establish and maintain a totalitarian government in Germany?

51 Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany The Weimar Republic s Rise and Fall The democratic government known as the Weimar Republic suffered from the competition of too many small parties and economic disasters. Still, it was a prolific time for artists, who stimulated new movements, such as Dadaism. 1 of 8

52 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5 Color Transparency 173: Ethnic Groups of Eastern Europe, of 8

53 Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany The Nazi Party s Rise to Power The Great Depression and the feeling that the Weimar government was weak, led to the rise of Adolf Hitler. He appealed to veterans, workers, the lower middle classes, and business people with his promises to rearm Germany, create jobs, and end reparations. The Third Reich Controls Germany Hitler and the Nazis moved quickly to change Germany s course. They put people to work through public works programs; they terrorized dissenters; they placed restrictions on Jews, who were blamed for Germany s loss in World War I; and they denounced modern art and Christianity. 2 of 8

54 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5 Color Transparency 172: Hitler at Nuremburg Stadium 5 of 8

55 Authoritarian Rule in Eastern Europe Just as in Germany, many nations in Eastern Europe came under dictatorships. Ethnic and religious conflicts rose in the new states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and elsewhere. 3 of 8

56 Copy on page 119 of your packet Note Taking Transparency of 8

57 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5 Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2) 7 of 8

58 The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5 Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2) 8 of 8

59 Adolf Hitler Believed in supreme nature of the Aryan or Germanic races Wrote the book Mein Kampf His blueprint for a new Europe, and talked about the extermination of all Jews. Came to power through free elections Ruled Germany from 1933 until 1945 Began WWII when he invaded Poland September 1, 1939

60 Rhineland Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty March 7, German troops moved into the Rhineland. The Treaty had forbidden German troops to go here. Britain urged appeasement- giving in to an aggressor to keep peace. Hitler s growing strength convinced Mussolini that he should seek an alliance with Germany. Rome-Berlin Axis

61 The Axis Powers Germany, Italy and Japan came to be called the Axis Powers.

62 Keeping the Peace

63 Chapter 14, Section 1 Essential Question: How did the Spanish Civil War involve combatants from other countries?

64 From Appeasement to War: Aggression Goes Unchecked When the aggressive actions of dictators in Japan, Germany, and Italy went virtually unchallenged, these regimes grew bolder. The Western policy of appeasement and widespread pacifism fed the ambitions of the three countries, which formed a pact not to interfere in each other s expansion. 1 of 7

65 Nazis and Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact Stalin bargained with Britain and France as well as Hitler. August 23, Germany and the Soviet Union make a pact NEVER to attack each other non-aggression pact.

66 World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 1 Color Transparency 174: Wonder How Long the Honeymoon Will Last? 6 of 7

67 Spain Collapses into Civil War When conservatives led by Francisco Franco revolted against the new reformist government in Spain, a civil war broke out that drew help from Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. Franco s rebels won, and he set up a fascist dictatorship. 2 of 7

68 Francisco Franco Spain s Fascist Dictator

69 Francisco Franco In full Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde, by name El Caudillo ( The Leader ) (b. December 4, 1892, El Ferrol, Spain d. November 20, 1975, Madrid), general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War ( ); thereafter he was the head of the government of Spain until 1973 and head of state until his death in 1975.

70 Background Background: Spain becomes a republic in 14 April 1931 when King Alfonso XIII abdicates and goes into exile. However, the country is unable to maintain any political stability. A provisional administration is replaced first by a republican left government in October 1931 then a conservative government in November 1933 and finally by the Popular Front, a coalition of socialists and left republicans, in February Spanish conservatives become concerned that the Popular Front will turn the country into a communist state. The right-wing National Bloc openly appeals to the military to save Spain. The military acts in July 1936, sparking the Spanish Civil War.

71 Background 1931 Franco's career is halted when the leftist leaders of the new Spanish republic (known as the Second Republic) adopt a policy to reform the army. The leaders of the Second Republic introduce numerous other reforms. Women are given the vote, the Catholic Church is excluded from the education system and divorce is legalized. Catalonia and the Basque provinces are given some political autonomy. Land reform measures seek to divide large estates in the south of the country among local peasants. However, social conservatives view the reforms with alarm; while the Spanish economy stagnates and

72 Spain collapses into Civil War When conservatives led by Francisco Franco revolted against the new reformist government in Spain, a civil war broke out that drew help from Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. Franco s rebels won, and he set up a fascist dictatorship.

73 Civil War Erupts in Spain Republicans overthrow monarchy Fascist Francisco Franco raises army to take control of govt. Hitler & Mussolini send troops, tanks, airplanes to Franco s troops NATIONALISTS Franco becomes dictator.

74 Kill Tally Kill tally: Tens to hundreds of thousands. One source says 500,000 killed in the Spanish Civil War, another claims two million executed alone. More sober estimates for executions put the figure at 35,000 killed either summarily or after a hasty court martial. According to military historian Antony Beevor, the figure for non-combatants and surrendered troops killed by Franco's Nationalists during the war "must exceed 100,000 and may be closer to 200,000."

75 Britain and France officially recognize Franco's regime on 27 February. On 28 March the Nationalists take Madrid. The Civil War ends on 1 April. Franco has won a complete and unconditional victory. Up to 500,000 people are estimated to have died during the conflict and much of Spain's infrastructure has been ruined. The population is further depleted as between 250,000 and 500,000 Republican refugees stream out of the country to find safety abroad. The new regime faces massive debt, owing 400 million Reichsmarks to Germany and five billion lira to Italy alone. Now commander-in-chief of the armed forces, head of state, and leader of the government, Franco quickly acts to impose order, suppressing all those who present a potential threat to the new regime. "The war is over," he declares, "But the enemy is not dead. A state of martial law remains in effect until Hundreds of thousands of Republicans are imprisoned. Between 1939 and 1943 nearly 200,000 are summarily executed or killed.

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77 Francisco Franco After he gained power: Oppressed his enemies Faced a starving nation Dictator of Spain:

78 German Aggression Continues Hitler annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia s Sudetenland in his quest to bring all German-speaking people in to the Third Reich. Britain and France were not willing to go to war over either move. 2 of 7

79 Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace Britain and France wanted to avoid a war b/c: They were both dealing w/economic troubles They were not over the horrors caused by WWI United States remains isolationist- avoids political ties/involvement w/other countries. Banned loans and sale of arms to countries in war.

80 The German Reich Expands November 5, Hitler announced that he planned to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich- or German Empire. Prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles. March Hitler sent his army into Austria and annexed it. Hitler then turned to Czechoslovakia: Sudetenland residents did not give in easily.

81 So What s Next?

82 Europe Plunges Toward War When Germany seized the rest of Czechoslovakia, Britain and France decided they would move to stop Hitler if he attacked Poland. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin made a pact with Hitler that they would not interfere with each other in annexing parts of Eastern Europe. Two days after German forces invaded Poland, on September 3, 1939, World War II began. 3 of 7

83 Severe economic Depression in U.S. France and Britain G.B, U.S, and F remember WWI and wish to keep peace Germany and Italy seek power move to conquer other nations 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia Germany invades Rhineland Germany annexes Austria and claims Sudetenland Appeasement Giving in to a potential enemy in order to keep peace G.B. and F. do not Stop G. and I. Munich Conference F and B allow G to take Sudetenland Isolationism Policy of avoiding political or economic ties to other countries U.S. Congress wishes to stay out of European Affairs, passes 3 Neutrality acts in 1935 March 1939 Germany occupies Czechoslovakia, April Italy invades Albania, Sept 1, Germany invades Poland. Sept 3, G.B and F declare war on Germany

84 Copy on page 121 of your Study Guide and add p.121 and 122 to your E3 packet Note Taking Transparency 171A 4 of 7

85 Copy on page 121 of your Study Guide and add p.121 and 122 to your E3 packet Note Taking Transparency 171B 5 of 7

86 World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 1 Progress Monitoring Transparency 7 of 7

87 Review Who is the leader of Germany? What is the party in power in Germany? Who is the leader of Italy? How did they gain power? What is fascism? What was Kristallnacht?