1. Read the study guide for the chapter in this document, paying attention to the questions and terms that are provided.

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1 Study Guide, Bulliet, The Earth and Its Peoples, 5 th ed., vol. C This document includes a study guide for each chapter we'll read in Bulliet. Each study guide provides an overview of what the chapter is about, some questions to keep in mind as you read the chapter, and some important terms you should understand and be able to explain after you've finished your reading. Before reading the chapter, take a look at the study guide; it will give you an idea of what to expect and what to focus on4. There also are several online resources for each chapter provided through CourseMate. Some of these are primary source readings; the ones you are expected to read are listed on the class schedule. In addition, CourseMate provides for each chapter an electronic text, an outline, a glossary of important terms, and several types of study/review materials (there are also a few things we won't be using). Your exams will largely be based on the questions provided for each chapter. I'd suggest the following approach to reading each chapter (remember you're supposed to read each chapter before coming to class the day the chapter is assigned): 1. Read the study guide for the chapter in this document, paying attention to the questions and terms that are provided. 2. Look at the chapter outline and focus questions provided in CourseMate. 3. With these in mind, read the chapter. Mark, outline, highlight whatever works for you important points while reading. This can help at review time, and also can help you keep focused while you're reading. 4. Read (and take) the Flashcards, Fill-in-the-Blank Questions, Sample Quiz, and Graded Quiz for the chapter in CourseMate most of your exam questions will come from these sources. 5. Look at the Chapter Glossary in CourseMate and make sure you understand all the terms there, just as you understand the terms included in the chapter study guides here and at the end of each chapter (there's a lot of overlap between these lists of terms, so there aren't as many as it might seem). However you approach the text, be sure to use the resources I've identified: these chapter study guides and, in CourseMate, the Chapter Outline, Focus Questions, Flashcards, Sample Quiz, Graded Quiz, and Chapter Glossary. Putting these resources together should help you complete your reading assignments efficiently and effectively. 1

2 Study Suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 22, "Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, " Beginning around the middle of the 18th century, the West entered a period--a "revolutionary cycle"--in which its politics changed drastically. At the start, most nations were monarchies, and most rulers had great power. A century or so later, western politics looked more contemporary: more citizens had a voice (even if very limited) in government, governments were more concerned with serving their citizens, political parties competed with one another for power, monarchs had found their power limited or taken away--in short, the West was on the way to creating political and government structures that we now recognize as "modern." These changes happened during a particular period and for particular causes. The first thing you should be able to do is explain the general factors that contributed to this "revolutionary cycle." Beyond these general factors, pay attention to the specific reasons for the American Revolution, one of the two most important revolutions of these years. What were the primary ideological and economic causes of the rebellion against British royal authority? The French Revolution, even more influential at the time than the American, soon followed. Again, what kinds of ideological and economic causes contributed to crisis and revolution? Why was the early, more "moderate" part of the Revolution succeeded by the "Terror"? Why did this lead to a dictatorship under Napoleon? Finally, if France was again a monarchy by the end of its revolutionary crisis in 1815, why is the French Revolution seen as such an important event? Didn't things just end where they started? Note that North America was not the only part of the New World to experience revolution: Haiti also gained its independence, foreshadowing the wave of revolution and nationalism that would sweep across Central and South America. Note, finally, that those who supported the "old order" in Europe tried very hard to contain the forces of nationalism and revolution that had been unleashed; how successful were they by the point at which this chapter ends? Here are some terms you should be familiar with. You should be able to define each and tell why it is historically significant: Seven Years War Louis XVI National Convention Benjamin Franklin Estates General Robespierre Stamp Act Congress Jacobins Reign of Terror Second Continental Congress National Assembly Directory Declaration of Independence Bastille Napoleon Bonaparte Constitution Declaration of the Rights of Man 2

3 Study Suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 23, "The Early Industrial Revolution, " This chapter deals with the emergence of industrial society in the West. The experience of industrialism and all it involves is one of the things that set western society apart from other world societies in the 19th and much of the 20th century, and it's an important reason western nations for a long time were (and still are) among the most wealthy, powerful nations in the world. "Industrial revolution" doesn't just mean the use of machinery, or the appearance of factories: there's much more to it than that. The transition to industrialism as a way of life involved many changes in how people worked, lived, and thought. While we'll pay some attention to machinery and technology, now and later we'll also look at other aspects of this revolution, especially how work changed and how this affected people's lives. As you review this chapter, see if you can respond to the following general questions: What were some of the reasons the Industrial Revolution began when and where it did? What factors affected its spread from where it began? Identify what the authors see as the main "revolutionary innovations" involved in the Industrial Revolution. What did each of these involve? How did the United States' experience with industrialization compare with industrialization in Britain? What other types of experiences with industrialization did some other nations have? Industrialization obviously had tremendous social and environmental effects. What are some of the effects identified by Bulliet? Historians usually identify both positive and negative effects of industrialization as far as working people were affected. What types of effects are identified in the reading? Here are some important terms; be sure to understand them: agricultural revolution steam engine Josiah Wedgwood mass production James Watt utopian socialism division of labor laissez faire business cycle Richard Arkwright positivism 3

4 Study Suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 24, "Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, " This chapter discusses the wave of revolutions that swept across the Americas for most of the 19th century. After the American revolution, and partly (but only partly) in response to it, rebellions against European rule developed in Central and South America, and soon most European countries had lost their colonies in the western hemisphere. But former colonists in the Americas soon learned, as those in the United States and France had learned, that conducting a successful revolution was only the start of building a nation. Throughout the century, the new nations of the Americas struggled to build viable, stable nations, with varying degrees of success. After you've read this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the main causes that led to the revolutions in Latin America Discuss the main types of difficulties these newly independent nations faced in establishing stable governments Discuss the difficulties these nations faced in putting into practice the Enlightenment ideals of freedom and individual liberty Discuss the main economic changes that took place in this period, as well as why some nations followed the path called development and others the path called underdevelopment Identify the primary environmental effects of the processes discussed in this chapter Note that all of these issues still shape contemporary political and economic life in the Americas. As someone once said, the past not only isn t dead, it s not even past. Here are some terms to watch out for: Simon Bolivar abolitionists Napoleon III personalist leaders development Andrew Jackson underdevelopment 4

5 Study Suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 26, "Africa, India, and the New British Empire, " This chapter directs our attention, for the first time, to the nonwestern world, or more accurately to the relationship between the West and parts of the nonwestern world. Many of themes that first appear here will receive more extended attention in a couple of weeks, when we turn to the topic of imperialism (from 1870 on). For now, your concern with this chapter should be with the ways in which European nations (particularly Britain and France) exerted significant influence in India and in parts of Africa. You also should pay attention to the population movements and steps toward world economic integration that already had taken place by these processes would speed up after 1870, soon creating a world that was interconnected to an extent never seen before. If you can address the following general questions, you will have gotten what you need from this chapter: What major political changes (eg., what the text calls "state growth") did Africa experience in the century before 1870? What caused these changes? At the same time, Africa experienced major economic changes. Again, what were these changes, and what caused them? What were some of the ways European nations tried to extend their influence in Africa? Note that these developments paved the way for the "Scramble for Africa" after 1870 that we'll look at in a couple of weeks. During the period up to 1870, why did European commercial, cultural, and colonial expansion have a greater effect in South Asia than in Africa? What forms did this expansion take? What purposes did the British hope their "Eastern Empire" would serve? Note that this period saw the beginnings of some massive population movements, as groups of people began moving across great distances. What were some of the reasons they did so? Note that, again, this anticipates a later, larger international migration that would change the world after Some important terms: Zulu modernization Muhammad Ali Company Men British Raj Indian National Congress clipper ship contract of indenture 5

6 Study Suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 27, "The New Power Balance, " This chapter ties together some of the developments we've looked at over the past several weeks. As the chapter introduction says, it describes how industrialism and nationalism transformed western society, economics, environments, and politics. (Notice that in this chapter Japan often is included because it consciously set out to follow the same path as the West in some ways.) This chapter also is relevant to a general theme we keep returning to: as you read it, you'll see western nations achieving a level of political and economic power that will provide them with dominance in world affairs for some time. You'll also see the complete emergence of the industrial nation-state that is a central feature of the modern era. After completing this chapter, you'll be ready for the series of more focused topics that will occupy us for most of the remainder of the semester. When reading, focus on the following general questions: Some people call what happened during this period in history "second industrial revolution," because the changes brought by new technologies brought such profound changes to everyday life and to the world economy: What were the most important changes in technology, and what were some of their most important effects? What developments were most important in creating a "world economy" in this period? Just as the "first" industrial revolution brought important social changes, so did this one; what would you consider the most important social changes that appeared in these years? How were these related to the changes in technology and economics? This period is sometimes called the "Victorian Age." What were some of the central values and ideals that characterize this age? Which ones were of particular importance in defining women's behavior and roles? This is also the period when we see the appearance of "nationalism" in its modern form. As you read, think about the ways in which nationalism was a threat to the "old order," as well as the ways in which it could be harnessed to create nations that were more powerful than any the world had ever seen. What were the "Great Powers" in the world by the late 19th century? How would you describe their attitudes about themselves, about other nations, and about their place in the world? Some terms to understand: socialism nationalism Communist Manifesto labor unions liberalism Karl Marx separate spheres" Victorian Age Otto von Bismarck Meiji Restoration 6

7 Study Suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 28, "The New Imperialism, " The first major topic of the second half of the semester, imperialism, is discussed in this chapter. Understanding imperialism is crucial to understanding the world today: we continue to live with the consequences of imperialism. That's something to keep in mind as we move through this topic: what are some ways contemporary world continues to reflect the developments discussed in this chapter? In the second half of the 19th century, there began what is typically called the "new" imperialism. One obvious thing to consider here is, why "new"? There had been periods of imperialist expansion before; what reasons might there be for considering this phase of imperialism as "new," as somehow different from earlier ones? Along a somewhat related line, think of the words "imperialism" and "colonialism." Do they have the same meaning? Here are a few questions to help "walk" you through the chapter in Bulliet and to think about this topic: Why do the authors choose the opening of the Suez Canal (discussed later in the chapter, too) as the start of their chapter? What is this event meant to illustrate? What kinds of effects did it have? What's meant by the term "economic imperialism"? Is it still a feature of world affairs? Imperialism required not only a desire for empire, but the ability to create one. Here, technology was a factor. What kinds of technology (both military and nonmilitary) made empire possible by the second half of the 19th century? Note the different ways in which western nations governed their colonies in this period. What factors determined the type of government they sought to impose? Thinking ahead, would you expect these different types of governing to have different impacts on the indigenous population (i.e., the nonwesterners who already lived in these colonies)? The "Scramble for Africa" was the most dramatic episode of the New Imperialism. What was this? What motivated it? What kinds of effects did Africa feel as a result? How did imperialism in Latin America compare with imperialism in other regions of the world? Think about the intellectual, political, and industrial revolutions we've already considered. How did these help produce the "new imperialism"? Some terms/names to be familiar with: Suez Canal New Imperialism colonialism scramble for Africa Berlin Conference Afrikaners effective occupation Zulu King Leopold II Cecil Rhodes free-trade imperialism Panama Canal 7

8 Study Suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 29, "The Crisis of the Imperial Order, World War I (or "The Great War" as it was called until there was a second one), is one of most important twentieth-century experiences in terms of shaping the contemporary world. Because what happened on the battlefield is less significant than the effects the war produced, we'll look not only at how the war was fought, but also at why it came about and what effects it had. The chapter begins with a discussion of causes that led to war; understand them! Ask yourself how they reflect the further development of changes/developments we talked about earlier. After the fighting started, it became clear why this would be the first "industrial war." Look for ways in which the advances in technology changed warfare--and remember, when Europeans (and others) entered this war, they generally were expecting it to be pretty much like the Napoleonic wars were fought a century earlier. How did modern technology help create stalemate? While civilians are never uninvolved in a war, with World War I civilian involvement on the homefront became crucial to every nation's war effort. This had seldom been true before, but it has been the case ever since--modern wars (at least large ones) are won both on the battlefield and behind the lines. Look for ways in which nations reorganized their lives to conduct war. Can you see why after the war historians soon began calling it the first total war? This war not only failed to solve most sources of international conflict, it even created some new ones. This is a theme that is considered at several points in the chapter, beginning with the discussion of the Treaty of Versailles in Be aware of the ways in which the war, and the treaty provisions at its end, actually made the international system less stable. For example, if you watch or read much news, you should have no trouble identifying some modern legacies of World War I that still affect the Middle East and the Balkans. Finally, how do the authors describe the postwar period ? Do you see why they describe "the spirit of the twenties" as an illusion? Some terms/names to be familiar with: military alliances Battle of the Marne Treaty of Versailles Franz Ferdinand submarine warfare New Economic Policy mobilization Bolsheviks mandate system Western Front Lenin League of Nations stalemate Zionism Balfour Declaration Lusitania self-determination trenches Woodrow Wilson Chiang Kai-shek Goumindang 8

9 Study Suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 30, "The Collapse of the Old Order, " World War II is, despite its name, in many ways the first truly global war (just as World War I was the first "total war"): over half the people in the world were citizens of nations involved in it. The first issue to consider is the causes of the war. Economic crisis often leads to political and social crisis; certainly the Great Depression of the 1930s helped lead to the war. After reading the chapter, be able to: identify the Depression's political consequences and discuss economic collapse as one cause of the war. recognize that the Depression affected various nations differently, and produced different responses Other causes of the war trace back to World War I, especially to problems with how the postwar settlement (treaties and an international peacekeeping system). How did it happen that the victorious allies soon found not only that World War I was not, after all, "the war to end war," but in fact that it helped produce a second, even greater world conflict? We won't do too much with the Soviet Union or Japan, but you should at least be able to describe the general outlines of the Soviet state as it emerged under Josef Stalin during the 1930s and understand the main goals of Japanese foreign foreign policy during this same decade. On the other hand, we ll devote quite a bit of attention to Fascism in Europe, and specifically to Naziism in Germany. Pay attention to Nazi ideology: its basic ideas and values, the kind of Germany it envisioned, the reasons it was able to rise to power in Germany, and why the Nazi government pursued an aggressive foreign policy. As for the war itself, our main concern will be with its effects: how it affected the nations involved, the role of science and technology, and the economic consequences it had. If World War I was the first total war, how does World War II reflect a further development of "total war"? Some terms/people to identify: normalcy Franklin D. Roosevelt Joseph Stalin Great Depression Five-Year Plans Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Nazis Stalingrad Long March Mao Zedong appeasement 9

10 Study suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 32, "The Cold War and Decolonization, " This chapter deals with some of the main international developments in the post-world War II period (many of which were results of that war). The Cold War was the dominating reality of international relations for fifty years after World War II, so it's obviously very important in recent history. Pay attention to the issues that touched off this international rivalry. What were the main sources of conflict between the US and the USSR? What forms did this rivalry take--that is, since these nations never went to war with one another, in what ways did they express their hostility and rivalry with one another? Much of the chapter follows the breakup of western empires after the war, and you should pay attention to this process and the various ways in which it happened, as well as the different situations in which the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa found themselves. What kinds of challenges did these nations face with independence? Why is Latin America included in this discussion of the international quest for freedom, when the nations in that region long had been independent? What was its struggle for freedom about? While the superpowers dominated world affairs, they did not control everything that happened in the world. What were some ways in which the newly independent states tried to survive in this world of US-Soviet conflict? How did nations like Japan and China adapt to this international situation? In what ways was the war in Vietnam, and subsequent wars in Angola, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, made part of the larger international conflict? There also were regional situations that the superpowers tried to control but couldn't. Chief among these was the situation in the Middle East, the Arab-Israeli conflict. What were US and Soviet aims in this region? Why did they seem never to attain those aims? And, finally, why do some (but not all) people see the year 1975 as an appropriate time to consider the "end" of the postwar era? Terms to define/people to recognize: Third World Warsaw Pact Cultural Revolution Cold War Marshall Plan European Community iron curtain Truman Doctrine OPEC nonaligned nations Cuban Missile Crisis Fidel Castro North Atlantic Treaty Korean War Vietnam War Organization (NATO) 10

11 Study suggestions, Bulliet, Chapter 33, "The End of the Cold War and the Challenge of Economic Development and Immigration, " Several big issues are considered in this chapter, including the end of the "bipolar world," the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc, crises in the postcolonial areas of the world, economic expansion and population growth, and selected technological and environmental changes. We will focus particularly on three of the questions laid out at the start of the chapter (p. 855): how the Cold War affected politics in Latin America and the Middle East, the reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the relationship between population growth and economics. First, pay attention to the ways in which US-Soviet rivalry affected politics in Latin America and the Middle East. What nations seem to have been most strongly affected? How? How about the Middle East? It, too, was affected by the superpowers, but in different ways. The "bipolar" world ended during the period this chapter covers (you should know by now what bipolar means). Why? What provoked the final crises in the Soviet Union, and why did it (and its control of the Soviet bloc) collapse? Another feature of recent years has been dramatic population growth. What do we mean when we say western nations experienced the "demographic transition"? Has most of the non-industrialized world experienced this? How do population patterns in the industrialized and developing nations compare? What can we say about the distribution of wealth in these years? What effects has this distribution had? Some important terms: proxy wars Salvadore Allende Sandinistas Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Demographic transition keiretsu Asian Tigers newly industrialized economies Deng Xiaoping Tiananmen Square Mikhail Gorbachev perestroika Solidarity Thomas Malthus 11