Classical China. From the Warring States to the Northern and Southern Dynasties

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1 Classical China From the Warring States to the Northern and Southern Dynasties

2

3 Oracle Bones: Earliest Writing

4 Geographic Context Farming settlements in China develop on the fertile plains along Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow) Rivers Natural barriers (mountains, deserts, sea) protect China from large scale invasions Nomadic tribes from the NW create frequent security concerns The Huang He was (and is) prone to extremely violent flooding

5 Historical Context Shang attempts at fortune-telling lead to oracle bone script, China's first writing Shang artisans probably invented the silk- making process Subordinate Jin clan overthrew the Shang citing Mandate of Heaven, establish Zhou Zhou feudal order and advent of iron lead to loss of centralized power, Warring States period

6 Warring States With society in turmoil, a number of philosophers seek to return order.

7 孔子 /Kong Fuzi/Confucius Kong Fuzi ( BCE) lived during Spring & Autumn Period, preceding Warring States Served as minor official in Lu; resigned the post, became wandering teacher Sought a king who would put his ideas in practice, none would Years after his death, Kong's students compiled his teachings into The Analects

8 儒家 /Confucianism According to The Analects, order would be restored if society was organized around the five basic relationships Filial piety: one must respect and bring honor to parents and grandparents, even after their deaths Civil servants must be educated & ethical Heavy emphasis on study ( 學 )

9 孔子 Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself.

10 老子 / Laozi Laozi, legendary founder of Daoism, believed turmoil in China was because nature was out of balance Dao ( 道 ) means path, refers to the way to return balance and order to the world. Urges people to seek wisdom in nature. Divides world into light/dark, masculine/feminine, etc

11 Legalism/ 法家 Legalists argued that society must be controlled by a powerful government Law more important than ruler Advocate harsh punishments for even small crimes (ex: cutting off noses for not filing correct paperwork). Legalists did not believe that individuals have rights

12 Qin and Shi Huangdi

13 Qin and Shi Huangdi

14 Shi Huangdi/ 始皇帝 From Warring States Era, Shi Huangdi, king of Qin, achieved domination over all other states, named himself First Emperor of Qin ( 秦始皇帝 ) Shi Huangdi employed harsh Legalism, united China and founded Qin Dynasty Connected roads, standardized weights and measures and created a common currency

15 Qin Dynasty/ 秦 Used peasants as forced labor to build the Northern Wall; many died in harsh conditions According to Sima Qian, Shi burned books and had hundreds of Confucian scholars buried alive Chinese people rebelled and overthrew the 2 nd Qin emperor only three years after Shi Huangdi s death

16 皇帝

17

18 Han Dynasty/ 漢 After fall of Qin, Liu Bang emerges from brief civil war as emperor of new dynasty Series of rebellions force the Han to centralize power, staff appointments and policies made from imperial court Adoption of Confucianism; court staffs bureaucracy with scholars rather than nobles, further weakening noble families

19 Han Dynasty/ 漢 Ongoing conflict with Xiongnu; Han Wudi sends in army, Xiongnu forced to flee NW Wudi's forces clear Hexi Corridor, extending far into Tarim basin, protecting Silk Road Under Wudi, Han empire extends south to Guandong and Vietnam, north to Korea

20

21 Life in the 漢軍 All men had to serve a 2-year term in the military between ages 23 and 56 Many made the 8-week march to garrison the Hexi Corridor; some served in watch towers, others in support (cooking, etc) In addition to defense, garrison officers responsible for ensuring people going in & out of China had proper paperwork

22 Hundreds of watchtowers were strung out in a line from Chang an to the Tarim Basin.

23 The Watchtowers Towers between 15' and 30' tall Flags & fires used to communicate between towers & with HQ Crossbow was most common small arm

24 Economy Maintaining the massive Han Army was extremely expensive; emperor raised taxes & issued a tightly controlled currency Owners of salt and iron mines were often wealthy enough to raise private armies To counter this, the emperor monopolized the salt and iron mining industries paying the previous owners to manage them

25 Economy Han fully developed the money economy: all trade, taxes, & salaries were to be paid in coin Coins were minted with hole in the middle so they could be strung in amount of 1000 Despite emphasis on coin, payment was often in silk or grain

26 Han Government Historically, noble families and relatives of the king served as officials These families had been proven unreliable, or even treacherous, during various crises Han Dynasty relied increasingly on professional bureaucracy and eunuchs

27 Confucian Education Han sought men of virtue and intellect for official posts; education was to instill these qualities Provided them with rank & privilege: high salaries, tax exemptions, immunities, etc. Officials got one day off in every five, accumulated sick leave Officials were held in great respect by Chinese society, culturally important

28 Writing 木林森日東

29 Eunuchs Fully castrated males, typically served within the harem and/or served the emperor himself Preferred with sensitive information: could not have families with which to challenge the court Often wielded significant power and seen as rivals to Confucian scholar-bureaucrats Wang Mang temporarily deposed the Han (9-23 CE); divides Former Han from Later Han

30 Eunuch and Confucian Scholar

31 Science and Technology Magnetic compass Natural lodestone, pointed South Not used for Not used for navigation until late Han

32 Science and Technology Paper Invented during Later Han Made of softened Made of softened hemp fiber

33 Science and Technology Seismometer Indicated direction of distant earthquakes Complex internal mechanism

34 Science and Technology Other inventions: Water mill Air conditioning Gas Pipeline Seed Drill Sternpost rudder

35 Fall of the Han Empire Diseases from the West (measles) undermined Chinese economy As wealth flowed in to China from the Silk Road, social inequality increased Yellow Turban and other peasant rebellions weakened the imperial court Powerful Cao family deposed last emperor in 220 CE

36

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