Spain s Conflicts King Philip II championed Catholic causes throughout his lands, while England became the leader of Protestant nations of Europe.

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1 Spain s Conflicts King Philip II championed Catholic causes throughout his lands, while England became the leader of Protestant nations of Europe. 1

2 Spain s Conflicts (cont.) In the sixteenth century, religious wars broke out in Europe as Calvinists and Catholics became more militant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to consolidate the lands of his empire Spain, the Netherlands, and possessions in the Americas and Italy under Catholicism. Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II, c Spain s Conflicts (cont.) Philip II attempted to strengthen his control in the Netherlands by crushing Calvinism, but was resisted by a rebellion led by William the Silent. In 1558, Elizabeth Tudor came to power in England. The Church of England began to follow a moderate form of Protestantism and England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe. Spain s Conflicts (cont.) Philip II tried to invade England to restore Catholicism to the island nation. In 1588, the Spanish armada was defeated by the faster English ships. Upon its return to Spain, the fleet was battered by storms en route around Scotland and Ireland. Route of the Spanish Fleet,

3 Spain s Conflicts (cont.) By the end of Philip s reign in 1598, Spain was not the great power that it appeared to be, and England began to create a world empire. Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588 The French Wars of Religion Conflict between Catholics and Protestants was at the heart of the French Wars of Religion. The French Wars of Religion (cont.) During the 1500s, France encountered a series of civil wars, known as the French Wars of Religion ( ). Huguenots were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. About half the nobility were Huguenots, a political threat to the Crown. The ultra-catholics opposed the Huguenots and recruited large armies to fight them. 3

4 The French Wars of Religion (cont.) In 1589 a Huguenot political leader named Henry of Navarre succeeded to the throne as Henry IV, bringing the French Wars of Religion to an end. Henry IV converted to Catholicism, but issued the Edict of Nantes, recognizing Catholicism as the state religion and giving Huguenots religious and political rights. France Crises in Europe Population decline in Europe and the hysteria of witchcraft trials contributed to economic and social problems in seventeenth-century Europe. Crises in Europe (cont.) During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Europe witnessed severe economic and social problems. Economic problems were caused by the loss of Jewish and Muslim artisans and merchants, economic problems in Italy, and currency policies in Spain. One major economic problem was inflation, or rising prices. 4

5 Crises in Europe (cont.) Europe s population growth during the sixteenth century increased the demand for food and land, while driving up prices. Europe s population had leveled off by War, famine, and plague led to declining population numbers. Religious zeal and hunts for heretics were extended to witchcraft. Crises in Europe (cont.) Fear of witchcraft led to the accusations and trials of over 100,000 people, mostly single or widowed women. The Thirty Years War Started over religious conflicts, the Thirty Years War was sustained by political conflicts. 5

6 The Thirty Years War (cont.) The Thirty Years War was fought primarily in the Holy Roman Empire. It began between Catholics, led by the Hapsburg dynasty, and Protestant forces in Bohemia. All of the major powers in Europe (except England) were involved in the war. Europe After the Peace of Westphalia, 1648 The Thirty Years War (cont.) In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia ended the war and divided the Holy Roman Empire into independent states that could determine their own religion and foreign policy. This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity. Revolutions in England Civil war raged over what roles the king and Parliament should have in governing England. 6

7 Revolutions in England (cont.) James I, the king of Scotland, came to power with the death of Queen Elizabeth. The Stuart line of rulers began in James I believed in the divine right of kings. This contradicted the beliefs of most Englishmen, who accepted that the king and Parliament ruled England together. Revolutions in England (cont.) When Charles I came to the throne, many Puritans were upset that he attempted to put more rituals into the Church of England. This led thousands of Puritans to leave for America. In 1642 England was faced with a civil war between the king s soldiers, known as Cavaliers, and the Roundheads under Oliver Cromwell. Revolutions in England (cont.) Cromwell s forces were victorious, and Charles II was executed. In 1649 England was declared a commonwealth. After Cromwell s death in 1658, England restored the Stuart line of rulers with Charles II. Charles II ruled until his death in 1685, when James II ascended the throne. 7

8 Revolutions in England (cont.) James II was a devout Catholic. Parliament objected to his policies of appointing Catholics because its members were afraid a Catholic dynasty might be possible. In 1688 English nobles invited William and Mary of Orange, who were Protestants, to invade England. William and Mary were offered the throne and accepted the English Bill of Rights. Revolutions in England (cont.) Bill of Rights: Parliament could make laws and levy taxes. Armies could not be raised without the consent of Parliament. Citizens could keep arms and have a jury trial. Revolutions in England (cont.) The Bill of Rights ensured that Parliament would be part of the English government and laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy. Parliament also enacted the Tolerance Act of 1689, which granted Puritans, but not Catholics, the right of free public worship. 8

9 France under Louis XIV Louis XIV was an absolute monarch whose rule was admired and imitated throughout Europe. France under Louis XIV (cont.) Louis XIV is regarded as the best example of absolutism in the seventeenth century. Louis XIV strengthened control of the government and stabilized France politically, economically, and socially. Prior to Louis XIV becoming king, Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin weakened Protestant power and strengthened royal power. 9

10 France under Louis XIV (cont.) Louis ruled without the assistance of a royal council, and had complete control of foreign policy, the Church, and taxes. Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped to make France more powerful economically by improving trade, communications, transportation, and by creating a merchant marine. France under Louis XIV (cont.) To ensure that his Bourbon dynasty dominated Europe, Louis developed a standing army and waged four wars between 1667 and Louis left the legacy of an absolute ruler who strengthened France. Louis s political policies and lavish lifestyle left France with great debts and surrounded by enemies. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe Prussia and Austria emerged as great European powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 10

11 Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.) Following the Thirty Years War, there were more than three hundred independent German states. Prussia and Austria rose to become European powers. Frederick William the Great Elector laid the foundation for Prussia by creating the fourth-largest military force in Europe. Expansion of Prussia and Austria to 1720 Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.) Frederick William centralized power by setting up the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army and govern the state. The new Austrian Empire was established by the Hapsburg family, who had previously provided emperors for the Holy Roman Empire. Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe (cont.) The Hapsburgs created a new empire, including present-day Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. The Austrian monarchy never became a centralized, absolutist state, but remained a collection of territories held together by the Hapsburg emperor. 11

12 Peter The Great Russia emerged as a great power under Peter the Great. Peter The Great (cont.) In sixteenth-century Russia, Ivan IV became the first ruler to take the title of czar. Ivan expanded Russian territory and crushed the power of the boyars. He became known as Ivan the Terrible. Following the end of Ivan s dynasty in 1598, the national assembly selected Michael Romanov as the new czar in Expansion of Russia, Peter The Great (cont.) In 1689 Peter the Great became czar. He modernized the military and made Russia a power in European affairs. Peter introduced Russians to the culture of Western Europe, and built the new capital city of St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea to open a window to the West. 12

13 Art after the Renaissance The artistic movements of Mannerism and the baroque began in Italy and reflected the spiritual perceptions of the time. Art after the Renaissance (cont.) Mannerism was an art form that emerged in Italy before spreading throughout Europe. Mannerism broke away from the Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation and represented people as elongated, to show suffering and heightened emotion. The characteristics of Mannerism are reflected in the work of El Greco, whose figures are elongated and contorted. Art after the Renaissance (cont.) A new movement known as baroque replaced Mannerism. It was embraced by Catholic architecture, especially in the Hapsburg courts of Madrid, Prague, Vienna, and Brussels. Baroque churches and palaces were magnificent and reflected a search for power. 13

14 Art after the Renaissance (cont.) The baroque artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini captured these ideas with his work on Saint Peter s Basilica in Rome. Golden Age of Literature Shakespeare and Lope de Vega were prolific writers of dramas and comedies that reflected the human condition. Golden Age of Literature (cont.) William Shakespeare was a famous playwright and actor whose understanding of human psychology enabled him to write comedies and tragedies that are still studied today. In Spain, Miguel de Cervantes wrote one of the greatest literary works of all time, Don Quixote. 14

15 Golden Age of Literature (cont.) The story of Don Quixote elicits the idea that hard work and visionary dreams are requisite of the human condition. As in England, Spanish plays became very popular, and touring companies of actors brought current productions to all parts of the empire. Lope de Vega is the most famous Spanish playwright, writing nearly 1,500 plays that are considered witty, charming, realistic, and action-packed. Political Thought Hobbes and Locke wrote very different books about political thought in response to the English revolutions. Political Thought (cont.) Seventeenth-century political thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke wrote about political power and influenced future philosophies of government. Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan to deal with the problem of disorder. Hobbes asserted that people made a social contract to form a state in exchange for protection and peace. Absolute power was needed to preserve order in society, and rebellions must be suppressed. 15

16 Political Thought (cont.) John Locke believed that man in his natural state enjoyed freedom and had certain natural rights. In Locke s Two Treatises of Government, Locke argued against the absolute rule of one person. He stated that the government and the people have mutual obligations to protect each other, and if the government usurps its power, then man has the right to abolish the government. Political Thought (cont.) Locke s ideas were used by American and French revolutionaries in the eighteenth century, and his influence can be found in the American Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. 16

17 RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS in Europe Religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics were widespread. French kings persecuted Protestants. Philip II of Spain was a great supporter of militant Catholicism. The Thirty Years War was triggered by religious and political conflicts. POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL CRISES in Europe Civil war arose in England from power struggles between King Charles I and Parliament. English Protestant forces triumphed in the civil war and tried and executed King Charles I. Population growth, famine, and plague contributed to social tensions throughout Europe. The conflicts in seventeenth-century Europe were reflected in art, literature, and political works. ABSOLUTISM as a Response to Crises Frederick William of Prussia used the General War Commissariat to maintain his power. The Austrian monarchy tried but failed to achieve a centralized, absolutist state. The absolute rule of Louis XIV of France influenced monarchs throughout Europe. Russia emerged as a great power under the absolute rule of Peter the Great. 17

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23 militant combative armada a fleet of warships conflict opposition; a fight, battle, or war 23

24 policy an overall plan embracing the general goals and acceptable procedures of a governmental body inflation a rapid increase in prices witchcraft magic 24

25 divine right of kings the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God commonwealth a republic restoration a bringing back to a former position or condition 25

26 convert to change over from one belief to another absolutism a political system in which a ruler holds total power boyar a Russian noble 26

27 czar Russian for caesar, the title used by Russian emperors stability the state of being stable; strong enough to endure authority power; person in command 27

28 Mannerism an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation natural rights rights with which all humans are born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property baroque an artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements 28

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