Exploring the fast/slow thinking: implications for political analysis: Gerry Stoker, March 2016
|
|
- Aileen Hart
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Exploring the fast/slow thinking: implications for political analysis: Gerry Stoker, March 2016 The distinction between fast and slow thinking is a common foundation for a wave of cognitive science about the way people acquire knowledge, use reason and intuition in order to make judgements 1. This broad body of work is strongly supported by laboratory and field experiments and it is justifiably regarded as the state-of-the-art understanding of active cognitive processing. This short note outlines the essence of the fast/slow distinction; it addresses a few caveats and clarifies the significance of the distinction before identifying a number of potential implications for political analysis. Fast/slow divide The distinction between fast and slow thinking is based on relative differences between forms of reasoning. The first, fast or System 1, thinking is intuitive. It tends to require little effort and is characterised by the use of short cuts and heuristics to inform judgements. The second slow, or System 2 thinking, tends, in contrast, to require considerable mental effort, concentration and more systematic sifting of evidence and argument. Intuitive fast thinking provides humans with a powerful tool but it is a tool that has its limitations and can carry costs. Intuitive thinking can use small amounts of information and with little effort support good decisions but equally it can lead to misjudgements reflecting its inherent biases and fallibilities. Fast, intuitive thinking is dominant and that even when humans move to a slower, reflective mode their judgements are often still influenced by intuitive thinking. Table 1 summarises the distinction. Table 1: Properties of fast and slow thinking System 1 (fast thinking) Intuitive More influenced by emotions and feelings Greater use of heuristics and cues Relatively undemanding of cognitive capacity Innately present but also acquired through socialisation and reinforced through experience and exposure System 2 (slow thinking) Analytic Less influenced by emotions and feelings More controlled and reflective More cognitively demanding Learnt through more formal tuition and cultural inputs and developed/sustained through critical reflection 1 The key work is Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Penguin. 1
2 There are several things to bear in mind when looking at a stylised representation of this kind, in order not to misunderstand the argument it carries about the differences between System 1 and System 2 cognitive processing. First, the properties listed for the two systems capture family resemblances that enable the two types of thinking to be differentiated; but most of the features reflect relative rather than absolute or categorical distinctions. To argue that fast or slow thinking is present it is not necessary for all the properties to be in evidence. Moreover both fast and slow thinking are broad categories capturing several modes of thinking that could in a more developed analysis be separated. In particular fast thinking can refer to a number of variants of intuitive thought - the expert and the heuristic- as well as the automatic activities of perception and memory. Some of these forms of thinking especially the more automatic ones are literally fast (at speeds of less than 100 milliseconds). But others are less so and are more consciously formed and expressed, as in the case of many of the heuristics that help to drive the intuitive judgements, such as those to do with how people anchor their decision-making, measure risk or forecast the future. Caveats About But Significance of Fast/Slow Divide There are a number of caveats to consider. First the domains of fast and slow thinking vary across individuals; a topic that requires effortful slow thinking for some might be a focus for fast thinking by experts more familiar with the issues involved. Second there are tricky questions about the relationship between System 1 and 2 thinking. How does System 1 feed into System 2 and how is a move to System 2 thinking triggered? Within psychology some question the distinction between fast and slow thinking 2. Some argue that there is a single process going on others that there are more. Others query the boldness and seeming rigidity of the distinction between the two forms of reasoning and the failure to explore the weaknesses of System 2 reasoning. From a sociological starting point focusing on the dynamic comes from processes taking place in minds of individuals might lead to overlooking the collective processes that lead to shared understandings in order to create meaning. Some within political science may challenge that the distinction is not new. Does the argument just repackage the idea of bounded rationality familiar to many political scientists and deeply embedded in work on policymaking and decision-making about politics by citizens? But the point made by the concept of bounded rationality is that even in System 2, slow thinking mode, decision-making is not perfect: searches are limited and only a few available options are considered as time pressures kick in. But the argument here is that most initial decision-making by policymakers and citizens is intuitive 2 Evans, J., (2012). Questions and challenges for the new psychology of reasoning. Thinking & Reasoning 18(1):
3 and may never get even to the position of bounded rationality in slow thinking mode. In short the cognitive dynamics underlying political judgement may be more intuitive, emotion influenced and subject to biases than allowed for in much contemporary political analysis. Implications for political analysis An understanding of the impact of fast thinking in particular could lead to a reassessment of several debates within political science. Voter choice and the limits to political cues A standard argument has been that time-poor citizens in the information- and opinion-rich world of politics do not require an encyclopaedic knowledge of the political world but just sufficient information to enable them to pass judgements on the platforms and positions of parties and the trustworthiness and/or competence of those standing for political office. The cues and heuristics used by citizens and the resulting judgements are good enough; indeed they are their only realistic response to the complex nature of modern democratic politics. The need to be an informed citizen is less pressing as long as the right cues enable uniformed citizens to parallel the practices of others who are better informed. The fast/slow division reopens this debate by focusing not on whether access to information is selfgained or driven by cues but on the capacity of citizens to process the information they received. If in fast or intuitive thinking mode citizens do not weigh evidence too carefully, infer or even invent causes of events and the intentions of others and operate in a context of reduced vigilance for countervailing evidence and argument then questions about the quality of political citizenship in contemporary democracies cannot be sidestepped by arguing that political cues can hone citizen choice. Deliberation Undermined Deliberation theory might be labelled as an argument for slow thinking. The practice of slow thinking has an educational effect as citizens increase their knowledge and understanding of the prospective consequences of their political actions. Citizens need to be given the opportunity to think differently and as such deliberative theorists support measures to increase the prospects for slow thinking through the development of forms of democratic innovation. But if the grip of fast thinking is as extensive as some suggest, with it not only being a default mode of thinking but colouring and affecting slow thinking, then an issue for deliberation theory becomes: can citizens reasonably be expected first to escape from and then prevent themselves from regressing back into fast thinking? Given a concern with deliberative systems rather than deliberative forums the challenge would appear greater, as a forum to establish slow thinking moments appears an achievable aim but developing a political 3
4 system that can escape the domination of fast thinking would seem more difficult. The reforms to support slow thinking favoured by deliberative democrats may be difficult to deliver because of the embedded preference for intuitive mode thinking in human decision-making. Fast thinking and anti-politics In fast thinking mode focus group participants in our research 3 invariably identified substantial concerns about how politics works and in particular its (seemingly pervasive and inexorable) tendency to deception, corruption, feather nesting and so forth. If politics is conducted only through a series of fast thinking exchanges in contemporary democracies then it appears likely that citizens will be trapped in a cycle of negativity about politics that in turn supports a level of cynicism and disengagement from politics that leads to questions about its sustainability. For a citizen on the margins of politics, System 1 is screaming at them that when they engage with politics they should fear being duped; when dealing with something unknown and something that it would take considerable effort to get to know it is reasonable to jump from that fear to the assumption that one is likely to be tricked. Similarly, the fears of citizens about feather-bedding and expenses scandals may reflect a judgement driven by another classic System 1 type error, the tendency to extrapolate and generalise too readily from vivid (yet still anecdotal) examples. Too much System 1 judgement thrown at any institution or process may create a negative prism for the focus of attention. In fast thinking mode the very nature of politics - its conflicts, rhetoric and practices - tend to attract negative judgements. In addition the way that politics has increasingly been packaged over the last few decades opens up opportunities for fast thinking responses to it. Modern marketing techniques favoured by political elites lead invariably down the path of reinforcing the fast thinking mode. Developments in contemporary politics have facilitated System 1 fast thinking responses from citizens. Voters are not to be engaged in reflective debate but hooked by sound bites, dog whistle issues and above all through targeted marketing. The emergence of intense 24 hour media coverage of politics, and the parallel developments in social media, has developed a sense that politics is obsessively short-term, focused on spin and presentation and lacks the substance to demand engaged public attention. Fast thinking may smooth the path of politics in contemporary democracies but it may also be having a long-term corrosive effect on citizens attitudes to politics and their faith in the political system. 3 Gerry Stoker, Colin Hay and Matthew Barr (2015) Fast Thinking: Implications for Democratic Politics European Journal of Political Research doi: / This article on which the arguments presented here draws is available at: 4
5 Political elites trapped by fast thinking A set of factors-time constraints, complex array of issues confronted, 24hour media pressure, enclosed and limited bubble for thinking- would appear to create conditions for fast thinking among political elites. Fast thinking is an unavoidable and necessary part of human reasoning but it has its faults. It tends disproportionately to confirm existing explanations, neglects ambiguity and suppresses doubt, it focuses on existing evidence rather than prompting the search for new information, it uses potentially misleading prototypes to make judgements, it prefers to answer an easier question rather than prompt a more challenging one, it overweighs low probability actions in coming to a judgement, it is more sensitive to change than stable states, it can exaggerate risk based on high intensity or high profile events and it frames decisions narrowly. Some of these faults can be carried over to slow thinking mode as it is fast thinking mode that sets the agenda. In that sense political elites may well not only be prone to fast thinking but also trapped by it. Institutional devices seen as a way of coping with the limits of bounded rationality may not be sufficient to overcome the effects of fast thinking. The checks and balances created by a plural, competitive policy environment may be undermined if the system is captured in a fast thinking loop. Evidence may be abused or misused rather than a driver of decision-making. Muddling through may still occur but the prospects of fast thinking being a dominant factor suggests that policy failures may also be common. Fast thinking is central to human decision-making and makes the complex choices and judgements for both elites and citizens manageable. But it does so in a way that political analysis needs to better appreciate and explored Kahneman (2011: 45, 85 and 86) comments: If System 1 is involved, the conclusion comes first and the arguments follow... The measure of success for System 1 is the coherence of the story it manages to create... System 1 is radically insensitive to both the quality and the quantity of information that gives rise to impressions and intuitions 4. For observers of politics that insight appears to be reflected in much of its practice and is sometimes a strength but also a potential weakness. 4 Kahneman, 2011, Thinking, Fast and Slow,pp 45,
Anti-immigration populism: Can local intercultural policies close the space? Discussion paper
Anti-immigration populism: Can local intercultural policies close the space? Discussion paper Professor Ricard Zapata-Barrero, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Abstract In this paper, I defend intercultural
More informationKent Academic Repository
Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Seyd, Ben (2013) Is Britain Still a 'Civic Culture'? Political Insight, 4 (3). pp. 30-33. ISSN 2041-9058. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-9066.12035
More informationFemale Genital Cutting: A Sociological Analysis
The International Journal of Human Rights Vol. 9, No. 4, 535 538, December 2005 REVIEW ARTICLE Female Genital Cutting: A Sociological Analysis ZACHARY ANDROUS American University, Washington, DC Elizabeth
More informationThe Politics of Emotional Confrontation in New Democracies: The Impact of Economic
Paper prepared for presentation at the panel A Return of Class Conflict? Political Polarization among Party Leaders and Followers in the Wake of the Sovereign Debt Crisis The 24 th IPSA Congress Poznan,
More informationEnlightenment of Hayek s Institutional Change Idea on Institutional Innovation
International Conference on Education Technology and Economic Management (ICETEM 2015) Enlightenment of Hayek s Institutional Change Idea on Institutional Innovation Juping Yang School of Public Affairs,
More informationResearch Note: Toward an Integrated Model of Concept Formation
Kristen A. Harkness Princeton University February 2, 2011 Research Note: Toward an Integrated Model of Concept Formation The process of thinking inevitably begins with a qualitative (natural) language,
More informationRunning Head: POLICY MAKING PROCESS. The Policy Making Process: A Critical Review Mary B. Pennock PAPA 6214 Final Paper
Running Head: POLICY MAKING PROCESS The Policy Making Process: A Critical Review Mary B. Pennock PAPA 6214 Final Paper POLICY MAKING PROCESS 2 In The Policy Making Process, Charles Lindblom and Edward
More informationIntroduction: The Challenge of Risk Communication in a Democratic Society
RISK: Health, Safety & Environment (1990-2002) Volume 10 Number 3 Risk Communication in a Democratic Society Article 3 June 1999 Introduction: The Challenge of Risk Communication in a Democratic Society
More informationCHAPTER 6: Bureaucracies, Groups, and Individuals in the Foreign Policy Process
CHAPTER 6: Bureaucracies, Groups, and Individuals in the Foreign Policy Process MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The level of analysis that looks at actors within the state is called a. state level analysis c. international
More informationCHAPTER 1 PROLOGUE: VALUES AND PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 1 PROLOGUE: VALUES AND PERSPECTIVES Final draft July 2009 This Book revolves around three broad kinds of questions: $ What kind of society is this? $ How does it really work? Why is it the way
More informationCHAPTER 1 PROLOGUE: VALUES AND PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 1 PROLOGUE: VALUES AND PERSPECTIVES Final draft July 2009 This Book revolves around three broad kinds of questions: $ What kind of society is this? $ How does it really work? Why is it the way
More informationDemocracy and Common Valuations
Democracy and Common Valuations Philip Pettit Three views of the ideal of democracy dominate contemporary thinking. The first conceptualizes democracy as a system for empowering public will, the second
More informationThe principles of science advice
The principles of science advice Sir Peter Gluckman ONZ FRS Chief Science Advisor to the Prime Minister of New Zealand Chair, International Network of Government Science Advice Science in the 21st century
More informationMaking good law: research and law reform
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Social Sciences - Papers Faculty of Social Sciences 2015 Making good law: research and law reform Wendy Larcombe University of Melbourne Natalia K. Hanley
More informationNudge Nudge, Think Think: Two Strategies for
Nudge Nudge, Think Think: Two Strategies for Changing Civic Behaviour* Peter John+, Graham Smith^ and Gerry Stoker^ Draft for an article submission to The Political Quarterly + University of Manchester,
More informationCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCING GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCING GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA Chapter 1 PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES p. 4 Figure 1.1: The Political Disengagement of College Students Today p. 5 Figure 1.2: Age and Political Knowledge: 1964 and
More informationExam Questions By Year IR 214. How important was soft power in ending the Cold War?
Exam Questions By Year IR 214 2005 How important was soft power in ending the Cold War? What does the concept of an international society add to neo-realist or neo-liberal approaches to international relations?
More informationTHE ACCURACY OF MEDIA COVERAGE OF FOREIGN POLICY RHETORIC AND EVENTS
THE ACCURACY OF MEDIA COVERAGE OF FOREIGN POLICY RHETORIC AND EVENTS MADALINA-STELIANA DEACONU ms_deaconu@yahoo.com Titu Maiorescu University Abstract: The current study has extended past research by elucidating
More informationConstitutional Democracy and World Politics: A Response to Gartzke and Naoi
Constitutional Democracy and World Politics: A Response to Gartzke and Naoi Robert O+ Keohane, Stephen Macedo, and Andrew Moravcsik Abstract According to our constitutional conception, modern democracy
More informationThe Soft Power Technologies in Resolution of Conflicts of the Subjects of Educational Policy of Russia
The Soft Power Technologies in Resolution of Conflicts of the Subjects of Educational Policy of Russia Rezeda G. Galikhuzina, Evgenia V.Khramova,Elena A. Tereshina, Natalya A. Shibanova.* Kazan Federal
More informationClive Barnett, University of Exeter: Remarks on Does democracy need the city? Conversations on Power and Space in the City Workshop No.
Clive Barnett, University of Exeter: Remarks on Does democracy need the city? Conversations on Power and Space in the City Workshop No. 5, Spaces of Democracy, 19 th May 2015, Bartlett School, UCL. 1).
More information3. Framing information to influence what we hear
3. Framing information to influence what we hear perceptions are shaped not only by scientists but by interest groups, politicians and the media the climate in the future actually may depend on what we
More informationInstitutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance by Douglass C. North Cambridge University Press, 1990
Robert Donnelly IS 816 Review Essay Week 6 6 February 2005 Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance by Douglass C. North Cambridge University Press, 1990 1. Summary of the major arguments
More informationSeptember Tax Reform Research
September Tax Reform Research Qualitative Findings, Analysis, and Recommendations America First Policies Paid for by America First Policies America First Policies, All Rights Reserved Table of Contents
More informationChapter 8: Power in Global Politics and the Causes of War
Chapter 8: Power in Global Politics and the Causes of War I. Introduction II. The quest for power and influence A. Power has always been central to studies of conflict B. Hard power C. Soft power D. Structural
More informationIdeas for an intelligent and progressive integration discourse
Focus on Europe London Office October 2010 Ideas for an intelligent and progressive integration discourse The current debate on Thilo Sarrazin s comments in Germany demonstrates that integration policy
More informationPolice-Community Engagement and Counter-Terrorism: Developing a regional, national and international hub. UK-US Workshop Summary Report December 2010
Police-Community Engagement and Counter-Terrorism: Developing a regional, national and international hub UK-US Workshop Summary Report December 2010 Dr Basia Spalek & Dr Laura Zahra McDonald Institute
More informationBetter data. Better lives. Statistics to serve society.
Eurostat Better data. Better lives. Statistics to serve society. 34 th IARIW General Conference Dresden, 22 August 2016 Walter J. Radermacher The world we live in Data revolution: "What steam was to the
More informationJournal of Conflict Transformation & Security
Louise Shelley Human Trafficking: A Global Perspective Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN: 9780521130875, 356p. Over the last two centuries, human trafficking has grown at an
More informationPrison Safety and Reform
Prison Reform Trust response to the White Paper Prison Safety and Reform This document sets out the high level response of the Prison Reform Trust (PRT) to the white paper. A recurring theme in our response
More informationTheories of the Historical Development of American Schooling
Theories of the Historical Development of American Schooling by David F. Labaree Graduate School of Education 485 Lasuen Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-3096 E-mail: dlabaree@stanford.edu Web:
More information9. What can development partners do?
9. What can development partners do? The purpose of this note is to frame a discussion on how development partner assistance to support decentralization and subnational governments in order to achieve
More informationPOLITICAL CULTURE CITIZENS ORIENTATIONS TOWARD THE POLITICAL SYSTEM, THE POLITICAL AND POLICYMAKING PROCESS AND THE POLICY OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES
POLITICAL CULTURE CITIZENS ORIENTATIONS TOWARD THE POLITICAL SYSTEM, THE POLITICAL AND POLICYMAKING PROCESS AND THE POLICY OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES LEVELS OF POLITICAL CULTURE citizens and leaders views of
More informationChapter 12. Representations, Elections and Voting
Chapter 12 Representations, Elections and Voting 1 If Voting Changed Anything They d Abolish It Title of book by Ken Livingstone (1987) 2 Representation Representation, as a political principle, is a relationship
More informationJames M. Buchanan The Limits of Market Efficiency
RMM Vol. 2, 2011, 1 7 http://www.rmm-journal.de/ James M. Buchanan The Limits of Market Efficiency Abstract: The framework rules within which either market or political activity takes place must be classified
More informationPLS 540 Environmental Policy and Management Mark T. Imperial. Topic: The Policy Process
PLS 540 Environmental Policy and Management Mark T. Imperial Topic: The Policy Process Some basic terms and concepts Separation of powers: federal constitution grants each branch of government specific
More informationSecretariat Distr. LIMITED
UNITED NATIONS ST Secretariat Distr. LIMITED ST/SG/AC.6/1995/L.2 26 June 1995 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TWELFTH MEETING OF EXPERTS ON THE UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMME IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE New York,
More informationJING FORUM. Connecting Future Leaders. Create the Future Together. Applicant Brochure
JING FORUM Connecting Future Leaders Applicant Brochure 2009 Students International Communication Association (SICA), Peking University Partner: JING Forum Committee, the University of Tokyo Director:
More informationSECTION 4: IMPARTIALITY
SECTION 4: IMPARTIALITY 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Principles 4.3 Mandatory Referrals 4.4 Practices Breadth and Diversity of Opinion Controversial Subjects News, Current Affairs and Factual
More informationPolitical Communication in the Era of New Technologies
Political Communication in the Era of New Technologies Guest Editor s introduction: Political Communication in the Era of New Technologies Barbara Pfetsch FREE UNIVERSITY IN BERLIN, GERMANY I This volume
More informationKnowledge about Conflict and Peace
Knowledge about Conflict and Peace by Dr Samson S Wassara, University of Khartoum, Sudan Extract from the Anglican Peace and Justice Network report Community Transformation: Violence and the Church s Response,
More informationSPOTLIGHT: Peace education in Colombia A pedagogical strategy for durable peace
SPOTLIGHT: Peace education in Colombia A pedagogical strategy for durable peace October 2014 Colombian context: Why does peace education matter? After many years of violence, there is a need to transform
More informationGlobal Changes and Fundamental Development Trends in China in the Second Decade of the 21st Century
Global Changes and Fundamental Development Trends in China in the Second Decade of the 21st Century Zheng Bijian Former Executive Vice President Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC All honored
More information3. Public Choice in a Direct Democracy
3. Public in a Direct 4. Public in a 3. Public in a Direct I. Unanimity rule II. Optimal majority rule a) Choosing the optimal majority b) Simple majority as the optimal majority III. Majority rule a)
More informationTOWARDS A JUST ECONOMIC ORDER
TOWARDS A JUST ECONOMIC ORDER CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS AND MORAL PREREQUISITES A statement of the Bahá í International Community to the 56th session of the Commission for Social Development TOWARDS A JUST
More informationOn the New Characteristics and New Trend of Political Education Development in the New Period Chengcheng Ma 1
2017 2nd International Conference on Education, E-learning and Management Technology (EEMT 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-473-8 On the New Characteristics and New Trend of Political Education Development in the
More informationMeeting Plato s challenge?
Public Choice (2012) 152:433 437 DOI 10.1007/s11127-012-9995-z Meeting Plato s challenge? Michael Baurmann Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 We can regard the history of Political Philosophy as
More informationParticipation in European Parliament elections: A framework for research and policy-making
FIFTH FRAMEWORK RESEARCH PROGRAMME (1998-2002) Democratic Participation and Political Communication in Systems of Multi-level Governance Participation in European Parliament elections: A framework for
More informationPart III Presidential Republics: Their Past and Their Future Introduction
Part III Presidential Republics: Their Past and Their Future Introduction If, as has been argued from the start of this volume, the key characteristic of presidential republics is that they are presidential,
More informationThe Populist Persuasion: An American History
The Annals of Iowa Volume 55 Number 1 (Winter 1996) pps. 65-67 The Populist Persuasion: An American History ISSN 0003-4827 Copyright 1996 State Historical Society of Iowa. This article is posted here for
More informationThe Spanish housing bubble burst and stabilization measures.
COLLEGIUM OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Piotr Kasprzak, M.A. Dissertation Summary The Spanish housing bubble burst and stabilization measures. Doctoral dissertation written under the guidance of Prof. Marek
More informationLaw Society Practice Note Litigants in person
Law Society Practice Note Litigants in person 19 April 2012 1. Introduction 1.1 Who should read this practice note? All solicitors who may need to deal with litigants in person (LiPs) as part of their
More informationE-LOGOS. Rawls two principles of justice: their adoption by rational self-interested individuals. University of Economics Prague
E-LOGOS ELECTRONIC JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY ISSN 1211-0442 1/2010 University of Economics Prague Rawls two principles of justice: their adoption by rational self-interested individuals e Alexandra Dobra
More informationThe Culture of Modern Tort Law
Valparaiso University Law Review Volume 34 Number 3 pp.573-579 Summer 2000 The Culture of Modern Tort Law George L. Priest Recommended Citation George L. Priest, The Culture of Modern Tort Law, 34 Val.
More informationSummary. A deliberative ritual Mediating between the criminal justice system and the lifeworld. 1 Criminal justice under pressure
Summary A deliberative ritual Mediating between the criminal justice system and the lifeworld 1 Criminal justice under pressure In the last few years, criminal justice has increasingly become the object
More information2 Theoretical framework
2 Theoretical framework 2.1 Studying WCIs: A policy analysis perspective In this chapter, the analysis is first placed within the realm of policy analysis. Then historical institutionalism and its expansion
More informationRECLAIMING GOVERNMENT FOR AMERICA S FUTURE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Almost every high-profile public debate today is, to some degree, a referendum on the role of government. Whether it is a tax debate, an effort to strengthen environmental regulations,
More informationCivil Society Organisations and Aid for Trade- Roles and Realities Nairobi, Kenya; March 2007
INTRODUCTION Civil Society Organisations and Aid for Trade- Roles and Realities Nairobi, Kenya; 15-16 March 2007 Capacity Constraints of Civil Society Organisations in dealing with and addressing A4T needs
More informationSocial fairness and justice in the perspective of modernization
2nd International Conference on Economics, Management Engineering and Education Technology (ICEMEET 2016) Social fairness and justice in the perspective of modernization Guo Xian Xi'an International University,
More informationFIFTH MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDITERRANEAN OMBUDSMEN May Radisson Blu Resort, St Julian s MALTA
FIFTH MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDITERRANEAN OMBUDSMEN 30-31 May 2011 - Radisson Blu Resort, St Julian s MALTA The role of the Ombudsman in reinforcing good governance and democracy Summing up by
More informationPOLI 359 Public Policy Making
POLI 359 Public Policy Making Session 10-Policy Change Lecturer: Dr. Kuyini Abdulai Mohammed, Dept. of Political Science Contact Information: akmohammed@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of Continuing
More informationPakistan Coalition for Ethical Journalism. Election Coverage: A Checklist for Ethical and Fair Reporting
Pakistan Coalition for Ethical Journalism Election Coverage: A Checklist for Ethical and Fair Reporting (NOTE: These are suggestions for individual media organisations concerning editorial preparation
More informationPOLI 359 Public Policy Making
POLI 359 Public Policy Making Session 9-Public Policy Process Lecturer: Dr. Kuyini Abdulai Mohammed, Dept. of Political Science Contact Information: akmohammed@ug.edu.gh College of Education School of
More informationDealignment Argument. Feeding frenzy
Amicus curiae brief Fairness doctrine Dealignment Argument Feeding frenzy Divided government Free rider problem Elite theory Horse race coverage factions Iron triangle FCC rule (no longer in Effect) that
More informationMoney flow and its impacts in Ethiopian Politics a Causal Loop Diagram analysis
Money flow and its impacts in Ethiopian Politics a Causal Loop Diagram analysis By Yishrun Kassa Money is a crucial factor for a serious political assessment of any given political environment and political
More informationHeikki Patomäki Professor of World Politics Department of Political and Economic Studies University of Helsinki
Heikki Patomäki Professor of World Politics Department of Political and Economic Studies University of Helsinki » Reflexive self-regulation consciously aiming at planetary homeostasis there is no automatic
More informationReflections on Citizens Juries: the case of the Citizens Jury on genetic testing for common disorders
Iredale R, Longley MJ (2000) Reflections on Citizens' Juries: the case of the Citizens' Jury on genetic testing for common disorders. Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics 24(1): 41-47. ISSN 0309-3891
More informationProject: ENLARGE Energies for Local Administrations to Renovate Governance in Europe
www.enlarge.eu +39 0246764311 contact@enlarge-project.eu Project: ENLARGE Energies for Local Administrations to Renovate Governance in Europe WP4: Deliberative event Report: Manifesto for boosting collaborative
More informationFinal exam: Political Economy of Development. Question 2:
Question 2: Since the 1970s the concept of the Third World has been widely criticized for not capturing the increasing differentiation among developing countries. Consider the figure below (Norman & Stiglitz
More informationBackground. Response Rate and Age Profile of Respondents. Community Facilities and Amenities. Transport Issues. Employment and Employment Land Issues
Background Response Rate and Age Profile of Respondents Community Facilities and Amenities Transport Issues Employment and Employment Land Issues Housing and Housing Land Issues Telecommunications Tourism
More informationAgent Modeling of Hispanic Population Acculturation and Behavior
Agent of Hispanic Population Acculturation and Behavior Agent Modeling of Hispanic Population Acculturation and Behavior Lyle Wallis Dr. Mark Paich Decisio Consulting Inc. 201 Linden St. Ste 202 Fort Collins
More informationBRIEFING PAPER 14 4 December 2007 A COLLAPSING FAÇADE? Sinikukka Saari
BRIEFING PAPER 14 4 December 2007 A COLLAPSING FAÇADE? The Russian Duma Election in Perspective Sinikukka Saari The Duma election and its results reinforce the prevailing undemocratic trends in Russia.
More informationPOLI 111: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Session 8-Political Culture
POLI 111: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Session 8-Political Culture Lecturer: Dr. Evans Aggrey-Darkoh, Department of Political Science Contact Information: aggreydarkoh@ug.edu.gh Session
More informationIntroduction. Animus, and Why It Matters. Which of these situations is not like the others?
Introduction Animus, and Why It Matters Which of these situations is not like the others? 1. The federal government requires that persons arriving from foreign nations experiencing dangerous outbreaks
More informationThe uses and abuses of evolutionary theory in political science: a reply to Allan McConnell and Keith Dowding
British Journal of Politics and International Relations, Vol. 2, No. 1, April 2000, pp. 89 94 The uses and abuses of evolutionary theory in political science: a reply to Allan McConnell and Keith Dowding
More informationPractice Verbal Reasoning 1 Explanatory Answers
Explanatory Answers By Ken Evans, MSc, MD Wynne Evans, BA Philip Menard, PhD Passage I 1. B Governments are placing a higher value on national security than on scientific freedom since scientific knowledge
More informationGARDEN COURT CHAMBERS CIVIL TEAM. Response to Consultation Paper CP25/2012: Judicial Review: proposals for reform
GARDEN COURT CHAMBERS CIVIL TEAM Response to Consultation Paper CP25/2012: Judicial Review: proposals for reform Introduction 1. This is a response to the Consultation Paper on behalf of the Civil Team
More informationStrategic Insights: Getting Comfortable with Conflicting Ideas
Page 1 of 5 Strategic Insights: Getting Comfortable with Conflicting Ideas April 4, 2017 Prof. William G. Braun, III Dealing with other states, whom the United States has a hard time categorizing as a
More information1 The Drama of the Commons
1 The Drama of the Commons Thomas Dietz, Nives Dolšak, Elinor Ostrom, and Paul C. Stern Pages contained here from the original document pag 3-36 The tragedy of the commons is a central concept in human
More informationIslamic Law in Africa Conference Dakar 2001
Islamic Law in Africa Conference Dakar 2001 Bruce Lawrence The Centre for Contemporary Islam (CCI), a research unit based at the University of Cape Town convened the second ILAP conference held in Dakar,
More informationKey Concepts & Research in Political Science and Sociology
SPS 2 nd term seminar 2015-2016 Key Concepts & Research in Political Science and Sociology By Stefanie Reher and Diederik Boertien Tuesdays, 15:00-17:00, Seminar Room 3 (first session on January, 19th)
More informationExecutive Summary Don t Always Stay on Message: Using Strategic Framing to Move the Public Discourse On Immigration
Executive Summary Don t Always Stay on Message: Using Strategic Framing to Move the Public Discourse On Immigration This experimental survey is part of a larger project, supported by the John D. and Catherine
More informationEntrepreneurship Development & Project Management Theories of Entrepreneurship
Paper 9: Entrepreneurship Development & Project Module 06: Principal Investigator Co-Principal Investigator Paper Coordinator Content Writer Prof. S P Bansal Vice Chancellor Maharaja Agrasen University,
More informationWhite Rose Research Online URL for this paper:
This is an author produced version of Mahoney, J and K.Thelen (Eds) (2010) Explaining institutional change: agency, ambiguity and power, Cambridge: CUP [Book review]. White Rose Research Online URL for
More informationTransformations to Sustainability: How do we make them happen?
Photo: Flow, paint on acrylic sheet, Tone Bjordam, 2016 Transformations to Sustainability: How do we make them happen? Karen O Brien Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo, Norway
More informationTHE HEALTH AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE
THE HEALTH AGENDA FOR THE FUTURE JAMES P. DIXON Two clear ideological lines seem to run through discussions concerning public policy with regard to health and welfare. These arguments are based on assumptions
More information1 What does it matter what human rights mean?
1 What does it matter what human rights mean? The cultural politics of human rights disrupts taken-for-granted norms of national political life. Human rights activists imagine practical deconstruction
More informationPower: A Radical View by Steven Lukes
* Crossroads ISSN 1825-7208 Vol. 6, no. 2 pp. 87-95 Power: A Radical View by Steven Lukes In 1974 Steven Lukes published Power: A radical View. Its re-issue in 2005 with the addition of two new essays
More informationPath Forward For The Future
Path Forward For The Future Introduction This document contains recommendations first discussed in 2008 by the American League of Lobbyists Work Force on Lobbying, which the National Institute For Lobbying
More informationSocial accountability: What does the evidence really say?
Social accountability: What does the evidence really say? Jonathan Fox School of International Service American University www.jonathan-fox.org fox@american.edu October, 2014 What do evaluations tell us
More informationChapter 1 Introduction and Goals
Chapter 1 Introduction and Goals The literature on residential segregation is one of the oldest empirical research traditions in sociology and has long been a core topic in the study of social stratification
More informationMelbourne School of Government Conference: Democracy in Transition. Conference Program. 6-8 December 2015 Venue: The Langham Hotel, Melbourne
Melbourne School of Government Conference: Democracy in Transition Conference Program 6-8 December 2015 Venue: The Langham Hotel, Melbourne Day 1: Monday, 7 December Time 8.30am 9.00am Registration Welcome
More informationECONOMIC POLICIES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLAUSES IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN BILL OF RIGHTS.
ECONOMIC POLICIES AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLAUSES IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN BILL OF RIGHTS. The general ( or pre-institutional ) conception of HUMAN RIGHTS points to underlying moral objectives, like individual
More informationThomas Piketty Capital in the 21st Century
Thomas Piketty Capital in the 21st Century Excerpts: Introduction p.20-27! The Major Results of This Study What are the major conclusions to which these novel historical sources have led me? The first
More informationLUISS University Guido Carli Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali. PhD Dissertation in Political Theory XXV Cycle
LUISS University Guido Carli Libera Università Internazionale degli Studi Sociali PhD Dissertation Doctoral Program in Political Theory - XXV Cycle PhD Candidate: Supervisors : Federica Liveriero Dr. Daniele
More informationDemographic Processes, Technological Change
Ulrich Blum and Josef Schmid (Eds.) Demographic Processes, Occupation and Technological Change Symposium held at the University of Bamberg from 17th to 18th November 1989 With 43 Figures Physica-Verlag
More informationPersuasion and Influence
MEDIA THEORY http://www.flickr.com/photos/26323050@n02/2919233325/ María Luengo Media Theory 2013 Week 4 Persuasion and Influence By María Luengo This work is under licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual
More informationRESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE STUDY NOTES CHAPTER ONE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE STUDY NOTES 0 1 2 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE Politics is about power. Studying the distribution and exercise of power is, however, far from straightforward. Politics
More informationPost-Socialist Neoliberalism and the Ethnography of Uncertainty
Acta Univ. Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies, 13 (2018) 107 111 Post-Socialist Neoliberalism and the Ethnography of Uncertainty A Review of the Volume Brkovic, C arna: Managing Ambiguity: How Clientelism,
More informationThe Precautionary Principle, Trade and the WTO
The Precautionary Principle, Trade and the WTO A Discussion Paper for the European Commission Consultation on Trade and Sustainable Development November 7th 2000 Peter Hardstaff, Trade Policy Officer,
More information