N martlmsajuleba 4(27) '10 Justice and Law #4(27)'10 Legal Journal

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1 martlmsajuleba martlmsajuleba '10 Justice and Law Justice and Law Legal Journal #4(27)'10

2 N martlmsajuleba 4(27) '10 Justice and Law #4(27)'10 Legal Journal

3 martlmsajuleba Justice and Law saqartvelos uzenaesi sasamartlosa saqartvelos mosamartleta asociaciis iuridiuli Jurnali LEGAL JOURNAL OF THE SUPREME COURT OF GEORGIA AND OF THE JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA reqtori nino ZiZiguri reqtoris TanaSemwe irma beqauri nomerze musaobdnen: beqa Wedia leila koskaze marine vasaze dizaini: besik nelia fotouzrunvelyofa: vit xizanisvili sareqcio sabwo: diana berekasvili Tamar zambaxize inga kvawantiraze konstantine kublasvili zaza meisvili valeri cercvaze Editorial Board: DIANA BEREKASHVILI TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE INGA KVACHANTIRADZE KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI ZAZA MEISHVILI VALERI TSERTSVADZE saqartvelos mosamartleta asociacia JUDGES ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA akrzalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis gabewdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba komerciuli miznit, saqartvelos mosamartleta asociaciisa saqartvelos uzenaesi sasamartlos werilobiti nebartvisa wyaros mititebis garese. Editor: NINO DZIDZIGURI Assistant to Editor: IRMA BEKAURI The issue was prepared by: BEKA CHEDIA LEILA KOSHKADZE MARINE VASADZE Designed by BESIK DANELIA Photo support by DAVIT KHIZANISHVILI English version of articles has been provided by Candites of Law faculty of Tbilisi State University bewdilia Sps `formasi~ Printed in Forma Ltd uak (UDC) m-306 ISSN X gamocema momzadebulia proeqtis `sasamartlo xelisuflebis mxarwera~ farglebsi, romelsac axorcielebs gaeros ganvitarebis programa (UNDP) saqartvelos uzenaesi sasamartlo. gamocemasi gamotqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa ar emtxveodes gaeros ganvitarebis programis (UNDP) saqartvelos uzenaesi sasamartlos mosazrebebs. Published by United Nations Development Programme Georgia (UNDP) and Supreme Court of Georgia within the frame of the project Support to Justice System. Views expressed in the edition belongs to its authors and don t necessarily reflects the official position of UNDP and Supreme Court Georgia 2

4 sarcevi/contents 5 mixeil fxakaze: `Cveni musaobis ganmsazrvreli mosamartleebis mier gamotanili gawyvetilebebis xarisxia~ MIKHEIL PKHAKADZE: NUMBER AND QUALITY OF THE JUDICIAL DECISIONS DEFINE OUR WORK 14 Teimuraz Tordia faqtisa samartlis sakitxis urtiertgamijvna THE ISSUE OF SEPERATION BETWEEN THE FACT AND LEGAL MATTER TEIMURAZ TORDIA ilona gagua 21 mtkicebis tvirtis Tavisebureba saerto samartalsi _ didi britanetisa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samartlis mixedvit SPECIFICITY OF THE BURDEN OF PROOF IN A COMMON COURT ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF THE GREAT BRITAIN AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ILONA GAGUA 33 ekaterine ninua pasuxismgebloba misi Taviseburebani ertobliv saqmianobasi RESPONSIBILITY AND ITS FEATURES IN JOINT ACTIVITIES EKATERINE NINUA 41 giorgi barabaze TanamonawileTa sjadobis sakitxi kanonmdeblobasi ISSUE OF ACCOMPLICE PUNISHMENT IN THE LAW GIORGI BARABADZE 49 vit geferize evropis kavsiris samartlis safuzvlebis Sesaxeb ON BASICS OF LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION DAVID GEFERIDZE 3

5 martlmsajuleba 56 ia xarazi, nato uertasvili, maka orjonikize sabajo samartlis normata ganmartebis Taviseburebani SPECIFICITIES OF THE CUSTOMS LAW PROVISIONS INTERPRETATION IA KHARAZI, NATO UERTASHVILI, MAKA ORJONIKIDZE 67 murman gorgosaze kanonproeqtis eqspertiza _ cneba, saxeebi, nisnuleba ANALYSIS OF THE DRAFT LAW CONCEPT, TYPES, PURPOSE MURMAN GORGOSHADZE 77 levan kokaia saqartvelos kanonsi Tqmis instituti saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb misi srulyofis zogierti sakitxi INSTITUTION OF RESERVATIONS IN THE LAW OF GEORGIA ON INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW AND SOME REFINEMENT RELATED ISSUES LEVAN KOKAIA 88 zurab Wyonia samoqalaqo samartalwarmoeba arsruleba saqartvelosi XIX saukunesa XX saukunis sawyissi CIVIL PROCEEDINGS AND ENFORCEMENT IN GEORGIA IN 19 TH AND BEGINNING OF 20 TH CENTURY ZURAB CHKONIA 102 axali wignebi 4

6 `Cveni musaobis ganmsazrvreli mosamartleebis mier gamotanili gawyvetilebebis xarisxia~ Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamartlos Tavmjdomare mixeil fxakaze ramdenime Tvea rac am ert-ert yvelaze msxvil sasamartlos Caudga satavesi. Tumca, igi manamde Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamartlos samoqalaqo saqmeta kolegiisa administraciul saqmeta kolegiis Tavmjdomare gaxlt es sistema mistvis ucxo ar yofila. `reformis uzarmazari Sedegebi gvaqvs, rasac sasamartlosi SemosvlisTanave igrznobt. garkveuli etapebi vasrulet vagrzelebt ganvitarebas _ Cven vizrdebit Sesabamisad, mimdinare procesebsi aqtiurad vart Cabmuli~, _ ase afasebs sasamartlo reformis Sedegebs Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamartlos Tavmjdomare mixeil fxakaze, romeltan interviusac qvemot SemogTavazebT. 1 oqtombrin amoqmed sisxlis samartlis axali saproceso kodeqsi, Sesabamisad, amoqmed sruliad axali tipis martlmsajuleba. ukve ori Tve gavi sainteresoa, rogor `moergo~ Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamartlo axal process? _ mosamartleebi kodeqsis musavebisa mirebis periodsi, sistematurad gadiodnen momzadebas intensiuri se- 5

7 martlmsajuleba minarebita treningebit. Cveni mosamar- Tleebi ara ertxel iyvnen amerikasa savletis sxva qveynebsi, sac praqtikulad gaecnen iqaur martlmsajulebas. amitomac, Tavisuflad SeiZleba Tqma, rom sasamartlo Teoriulad kargad iyo momzadebuli, rac ukve Catarebul procesebzec aisaxa, romelic xarvezebis garese mimdinareobs. realurad procesi gamartiv, gatavisufl manamde arsebuli zedmeti formaluri sakitxebisagan, ufro metaa culi amianis uflebebi rac mtavaria, moqmedebs SejibrebiTobis principi _ cvisa braldebis mxareebi Tanasworni arian. mxareebi Tanabar pirobebsi voben piris unasaulobisa Tu mnasaveobis Taobaze mosamartle aris arbitri, romelic ismens mxaris poziciebs masze yrdnobit gamoaqvs gawyvetileba. sainteresoa, Tqveni azri kodeqsit gatvaliswinebul kidev ert seriozul siaxlestan _ nafic msajulta sasamartlostan kavsirebit. am instituts gar momxreebisa, mowinaarmdegeebic mravlad hyavs, romlebic acxadeben, rom es instituti saqartvelosi ver imusavebs. _ bolo periodsi, sazogadoebis samartlebrivi Segnebis done sagrznoblad gaizar. arsanisnavia, rom xelisuflebis ZalisxmeviT Zalze mnisvnelovani nabijebi gaidga mkvidrebuli mankieri stereotipebis sangrevad. aqen gamomdinare, vfiqrob, rom am etapze samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ukve Camoyalibebulia nafic msajulta sasamartlostvisac mzaa. gar amisa, xelisuflebam politikuri neba gamoicina, moqalaqeebi martlmsajulebis ganxorcielebasi CarTo sazogadoebas uzarmazari ndoba gamoucxa. saxelmwifo endoba 12 moqalaqes _ nafic msajulebs, rom gawyviton amianis mna- Saveobisa Tu unasaulobis sakitxi. am instituts is tvirtvac aqvs, rom sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi Tavad naxaven, Tu rogori sapasuxismgebloa martlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba ra rtulia mosamar- Tleoba. me sakmaod optimisturad var ganwyobili rwmunebuli var, rom es instituti warmatebulad amusavdeba pirvelive saqmeze. swored Tqveni Tavmjdomareobis dros Semova sasamartlosi saqme, romelsac nafic msajulta sasamar- Tlo ganixilavs, rogor emzadebit saqartvelosatvis sruliad axali procesistvis? _ kargia, rom aqamde am kategoriis nasauli ar momxra sasurvelia arc moxdes. Tumca, Cveni valdebulebaa sasamartlo nafic msajulta sasamartlo procesistvis sauketesoa momzadebuli. sxvasxva saertasoriso organizaciebis xmarebit, im qveynebsi, sac es instituti moqmedebs saukunovani tradiciebi aqvt, adgilze gavecanit nafic msajulta sasamartlos musaobis specifikas, teqnikur sakitxebs Tavisuflad SeiZleba Tqma, rom procesistvis mzad vart. batono mixeil, es weli mtavrdeba sainteresoa Tqveni analizi, rogor SeafasebdiT Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamartlos musaobas 2010 wels? 6

8 _ swored ramdenime dris winat SevajameT Sedegebi. mnisvnelovania arinisnos, rom mosamartleta raodenobisa saqmeebis simravlis gatvaliswinebit, am wels sasamartlom sakmaod efeqtianad imusava. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom realurad, SarSandelTan SerebiT samive kolegiam meti saqme amtavra. rac Seexeba vadebis gawianurebis problemas, esec minimumamdea yvanili, faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs. maqsimalurad vcdilobt, gawyvetilebis mirebit mokle vadebsi vamtavrot yvela saqme. arsanisnavia, rom iklo gasacivrebis Sedegad gawyvetilebebis Secvlis macvenebelmac _ anu, pirveli instanciis mier gamotanili gawyvetilebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi, zemdgom instanciasi ZalaSi rceba. warmatebebi bevri gvaqvs mati CamoTvla axla Sors wagviyvans. Tumca, aqve getyvit, rom CvenTvis prioritetulia sazogadoebriv RonisZiebebSi monawileobac. arsanisnavia, rom Zalze xsirad gvaqvs Sexvedrebi axalgazrdobastan, mati samartlebrivi Segnebis ganvitarebis miznit. xsiria moswavleebisa studentebis vizitebi sasamartlosi, rata mat ufro meti detaluri informacia miiron, Tu ra aris sasamartlo, pasuxi gaeces mattvis saintereso SekiTxvebs. am vizitebis Taobaze gawerili gvaqvs gegma _ ufrosklaselebi xvdebian samive kolegiis mosamartleebs mattvis saintereso sakitxebze saubroben. aseve, isini atvaliereben Senobas, rata warmodgena hqondet sad rogor xorcieldeba martlmsajuleba. mnisvnelovania erti garemoebac, moswavleebi studentebi xsirad saintereso yuradsareb ideebs gamotqvamen. magali- Tad, iyo SemTxveva, roca ert-erti Sexvedris dros studentebma nafic msajulta sasamartlos Taobaze iseti SekiTxvebi sves iseti problematuri sakitxebi wamowres, rom Semdeg Cven vimsjelet kidec mati gawris gzebze. arsebobs sasamartlo reformis ramdenimewliani gegma. sainteresoa, sasamartlo reforma saqalaqo sasamartlosi rogor mimdinareobs reformis romel etapze xart axla? _ sasamartlo reformis procesi kvlavac mimdinareobs vfiqrobt, kidev gvwirdeba garkveuli dro saboloo Sedegis misa- Rebad. reformis pirobebi mimdinare mzardia, TiToeuli etapi sazogadoebisa zogad, qveyanasi samartlis ganvitarebastanaa kavsirebuli. amitomac, gvaqvs uzarmazari Sedegebi, rasac sasamartlosi SemosvlisTa- 7

9 martlmsajuleba nave igrznobt. anu, garkveuli etapebi vasrulet vagrzelebt ganvitarebas _ Cven vizrdebit Sesabamisad, mimdinare procesebsi Zalze aqtiurad vart Cabmuli. sareformo cvlilebebis CamoTvla axla Zalian Znelia, imitom, rom uzarmazari samusaoebi Catar, ris gamoc, miviret srulyofili, swrafi, efeqtiani, rac yvelaze mtavaria, yvelastvis xelmisawvdomi martlmsajuleba. moqalaqes, romelsac ara aqvs advokatis ayvanis sasualeba axla Tavisuflad SeuZlia, sasamartlos sarcelis forma, romelic imdenad kargaa Sedgenili, rom Tavad Seavsos, rac imis sturia, rom martlmsajuleba sazogadoebis yvela wevristvis xelmisawvdomia, rac adre warmoudgeneli iyo. rac Seexeba mosalodnel siaxleebs _ Tbilisis saapelacio sasamartlosi ukve moqmedebs CvenTanac amusavdeba eleqtronuli programa, romlis sasualebitac nebismier moqalaqes SeeZleba misi saqmis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciis mireba. anu, nebismieri moqalaqe Tavis saqmis mimdinareobis Taobaze martivad miirebs operatiul informacias mosamartlis TanaSemwesTan sasamartlos sxva TanamSromleb- Tan urtiertobis garese. cota xnis winat kievsi gaimarta saertasoriso konferencia, sac postsabwota qveynebsi administraciuli samartalwarmoebis Sesaxeb sxvasxva qveynebis warmomadgenlebma moxsenebebi gaaketes. armocn, rom postsabwota qveynebs Soris administraciuli samartalwarmoebis mxriv, saqartvelo lideria. rogor SeafasebdiT Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamartlos administraciuli kolegiis saqmianobas? _ saqartvelosi administraciuli martlmsajuleba ukve 10 welia moqmedebs. rac Seexeba administraciul kolegias, vinain am kolegiis Tavmjdomare viyavi, SemiZlia Tqma, rom iq Sromismoyvare profesionali amianebi musaoben, Tumca igive itqmis sxva kolegiebzec. es kolegia 15 mosamartlitaa kompleqtebuli mat mier ganxiluli saqmeebi, romlebic sakmaod mravlaa, srulyofili obieqturia. administraciuli visas, ertmane- Tis pirispir dgas moqalaqe saxelmwifo sajaro samsaxuris saxit... _ swored amitomac, sasamartlo obieqturia Cveni musaobis sturi administraciuli kolegiis mosamartleebis mier gamotanili gawyvetilebebis macvenebeli xarisxia. rogoria es macvenebeli? _ arsebuli macvenebelit, gawyvetilebebis axloebit 60 procenti mosarceleta sasargeblod gamodis. aseti gawyvetilebebi xsiria amis Taobaze Cveni pressamsaxuri informaciebs xsirad aqveynebs. es statistika asturebs, rom sasamartlo irebs martlac obieqtur gawyvetilebebs. Tumca, aqve arsanisnavia, rom bolo periodsi, sajaro samsaxurebi sakmaod seriozulad miudga msgavs procesebs mimdi- 8

10 nare visas, sajaro samsaxurebis poziciac Zalze sabutebuli eria. albat metanxmebit, rom mosamar- TleTa moukideblobis sruli garanti mati uvadod nisvnaa, ra azris xart sakonstitucio cvlilebaze, romlis mixedvitac, mosamar- Tleebi uvadod inisnebian. batono mixeil, axla TiTqmis arar saubroben mosamartleta korufcirebulobis Sesaxeb. faqtia, rom korufcia sasamartlo sistemasi nulamdea yvanili. Tumca, xsirad moisment saubrebs mosamartleta kvalifikaciisa moukideblobis bal xarisxze. sainteresoa, gqoniat praqtikasi, rom mosamartles miuti- TeT, romelime konkretul saqmeze rogori gawyvetileba gamoetana? _ vfiqrob, es cvlileba Zalze mnisvnelovania, vinain, roca mosamartlem icis, rom man Tu araferi asava, raime gacdomas ar hqon mis saqmianobasi adgili _ is Tanamdebobas mudmivad SeinarCunebs. yvela TvalsazrisiT, mosamartleta uvadod nisvna Zalze mnisvnelovania. didi stimulia mosamartleebisatvis, mati profesiuli ganvitarebis TvalsazrisiTac. _ Cven ukve visaubret mosamartleta profesionalizmze vfiqrob, rom amis sturi mat mier gamotanili gawyvetilebebis xarisxia. rac Seexeba gavlenas _ arsebobs, romlis mixedvitac, piri, romelic ecdeba mosamartleze zegavlena moaxdinos, mkacrad isjeba. merwmunet, es Cvenma mosamartleebma kargad ician aset faqts adgili rom hqono, axla TqvenTan ar visaubrebdi. Tumca, msgavsi saubrebi arsebobs amas aketebs mxare, romlis sasargeblo gawyvetilebac ar gamovi. statistika asturebs, rom Cveni sasamartlos mosamartleebis mier gamotanili gawyvetilebebi samartliania mati didi nawili zemdgom instanciasic arar icvleba. 9

11 martlmsajuleba NUMBER AND QUALITY OF THE JUDICIAL DECISIONS DEFINE OUR WORK It is several months, since the Chairman of the Tbilisi Appellate Court, Mikheil Pkhakadze, was assigned to this position. Although, he was chairman of the civil chamber and administrative chamber of Tbilisi Appellate Court and this is not the new system for him. We have tremendous results of the reform that is visible immediately when one enters the court. We finalized certain stages and continue to develop and accordingly we are actively involved in the ongoing processes, this is how the Chairman of the Tbilisi City Court, Mikheil Pkhakadze, evaluates the results of the judicial reform. Below we offer the interview with him. New Criminal Procedure Code entered the legal force starting October 1 and accordingly entirely new type of administration of justice started functioning. Two months passed and it is interesting to know, how could Tbilisi City Court adjust to the new Procedure Code? Judges were systematically trained in the process of elaboration and adoption of the Code. Our judges have been to US and other European Countries several times, where they shared practical experience of administration of justice. Thus, we can easily say that courts were very well prepared theoretically. This has been already reflected in the conducted trials that are handled without any shortcomings. In reality, the process has been simplified, was exempted from the previously existing formalities, provides better guarantees for human rights protection 10

12 and what is the most important, the adversarial principle is enforced defense and prosecution sides are equal. Parties are placed in equal positions to argue on the innocence or guiltiness of a person and a judge is arbiter that hears the positions of the parties and makes decisions based on that. so. However, it is our obligation and the court is really well prepared for the jury trail process even more than that, in the best manner. Thanks to different international organizations, we shared the experience and practice of jury trail with the courts of the countries where this system is functioning and have long traditions. We can indeed say easily that we are fully ready for this trails. It is interesting to know your opinion regarding one more serious novelty envisaged by the Code, regarding the jury trial. This institute, has supporters as well people who are aginst this, who state that this institute will not function successfully in Georgia. Let me say that the legal awareness of public has been significantly increased in Georgia. It is worth mentioning that the State has made very important steps forward in order to break the stereotypes, to eliminate the thiefs in law institute. Based on this, I belive that civil society is already established and ready for the jury trail. State showed the political will and involved public in the administration of justice thus showing huge confidence to public. State trusts 12 citizens jurors to decide the issue of guilt and innocence of a person. The positive side of this institute is also that public will realize how huge responsibility this is to be in charge of administering the justice, how difficult is to be a judge. I m quite optimistic and confident that this institute wil have positive effect on the very first case. You will be the chairman of the court, when the first jury trail case will be deliberated in the court. How are you preparing for this entirely new trail? It s indeed good that this category of crime has not been conducted so far and we wish that it does not happen Mr. Mikheil, this is the end of the year and it is interesting to know your opinion, assessment of the year 2010 in the court? Exactly few ys ago we have summarized the results. It is important to mention that due to the number of judges and high number of cases, court has worked very effectively this year. The ta prove that all three chambershave finished more cases than were admitted to the court. As for the problem of delays in case deliberation, this is also minimized, factually, does not occur. We use maximum efforts to finalize all cases in the shortest possible terms. It is worth mentioning that the number of altering decisions made in the first instance has been significantly reduced in other words, the decisions made in the first instance courts are remained in the appeal instance. We have a lot of successes and I would not start listing them all now. However, I can tell you that it is our priority to participate in the public events. We have a lot of meetings with the young people, in order to develop their legal awareness. We organize a lot of visits for the students in the courts, in order to provide to them maximum information about the courts and to answer their questions. We have developed the plan for such visits undergraduate schools students meet with the judges of all three chambers and discuss the issues of their 11

13 martlmsajuleba interest. They also have sightseeing of the court building to show them the place of administration of justice. There is one more important circumstance, students usually ask questions or express opinions that the adults would never think of. There was an occasion, when students asked questions regarding the jury trail and emphasized the problematic issues that we had discussion on this afterwards and practically, even found the solution. There is an action plan for the judicial reform for several years, it is interesting, how is the judicial reform progressing in the city court and on which stage are you currently? The judicial reform is still going on and we believe, we will need ceratin time to see the final outcomes. Conditions of the reform is actual and growing, each stage is related with the developments within the country and justice sector. That s why I would like to tell you that we have tremendous results in the country that becomes visible as soon as you enter the court. In other words, we finalized certain stages and continue to develop we are growing and accordingly we are actively involved in the ongoing processes. soon will start functioning in our court as well. Through this program, any citizen can get the detailes of the case consideration at any stage what is the stagem additional information, etc. In other words, any citizen can get the operative information without the communication with the judge s assistant or other staff members of the court. An International Conference was held in Kiev recently, where representatives of different post soviet countries made presentations regarding the administrative case proceedings. It appeared, that Georgia is leader in this regard among the post soviet countries. How would you evaluate the activties of the administrative collegium of the Tbilisi City Court? We have to say that the administrative case processing has been enforced for 10 years already. As for the administrative collegium, I was the chairman of this collegium and can say that very hardworking and high professaional persons are working, however, we can say the same regarding the other collegiums as well. This collegium is composed of 15 judges and decisions that they render are perfect and objective. It is difficult to list the changes that were introduced with the reforms, tremendous work has been done and as a result, we have received the well functioning, speedy, effective justice and what is most important every citizen has access to justice. A citizen that cannot efford to hire a defence lawyer can now easily get the template of the court law suit, that is so easy to fill that everyone can do it. This proves that public has full access to justice, that was impossible to emagine before. During the administrative disputes, a citizen and a state through the public organization are the openents... For this very reason, court is very objective, the indicator and quality of the decisions made by the judges of the administrative collegium and us, are the prove if that. As for the novelties to be expected electronic program is already functioning in the Appellate Court and And what is the indicator? 12

14 According to the existing indicators, more than 60 % of the decisions are made ijn favor of the plaintiffs. Similar decisions are made frequently and our press centre often publishes information regarding this. This statistics prove that court indeed makes objective decisions. However, it s worth-mentioning here that in recent times, position of the public orgnizations are well reasoned as well. I believe that this change is extremely important, when a judge knows that if he / she does not make the violation in his activities, he / she will keep the post for the life time. This is significantly important for judges, very good motivation for their professional development as well. Mr. Mikheil, now one can never hear the heresays about the corrupt judges. It is the fact, that the corruption in the judiciary is brought down to zero. However, you will often hear conversations regarding the law qualification of judges and low level of jidcial independence. I would like to know, whether or not, you had the practive when you instructed a judge what kind of decision he / she should make? We have already discussed the professionalism of judges and I believe, it is unnecessary to further discuss this. Decision that they make prove it. As for the influence there is a law that envisages strict punishment for a person who will make effort to influence judges. Believe me, our judges know this law very well and if similar facts would happen, we would discuss it here now. These opinions are expressed by the parties, who does not like the decision. However, the statistics prove that the decisions made by our court judges are fair and their decisions are not altered in the higher instances. You will probably agree that the full guarantee of judicial independence is their life time appointment, what do you think about the constitutional amendments, according to which judges shall be appointed for the life time. 13

15 martlmsajuleba faqtisa samartlis sakitxis urtiertgamijvna Teimuraz Tordia saqartvelos uzenaesi sasamartlos mosamartle saqartvelos sakasacio sasamartlos mier gasacivrebuli gawyvetilebis samartlebrivi mxaris SemowmebisaTvis didi mnisvneloba aqvs Semowmebis obieqtis sworad gansaz- Rvras. vfiqrobt, rom arnisnul sakitxsi sicxadis Sesatanad un SevexoT faqtisa samartlis sakitxis gansxvavebis problemas. kerzod, faqtisa samartlis sakitxis ganxilva gvainteresebs, rata gamovkvetot sakasacio sasamartlos mier samartlebrivi Sefasebis obieqti, anu am sakitxebis ganxilvit vecdebit isini ertmanetisagan gavmijnot. xsir SemTxvevaSi, rtulia imis garkveva, rastan gvaqvs saqme _ faqtisa Tu samartlis sakitxtan. mati gamijvnis problema SeiZleba artulebdes sakasacio sasamartlos mier gasacivrebuli gawyvetilebis samartlebrivi mxaris Semowmebas. rogorc cnobilia, samartlis sakitxs exeba samartlebrivi skvnis mtavari winadeba (wanamzrvari), romelsic moiazreba, aseve, samartlis normit mocemuli faqtobrivi situaciis normatiuli arweris srulyofisa zustebisatvis gamoyenebuli ganvrcobiti normebi. faqtobrivi sakitxi exeba, Tu ramdenad moiazreba warmodgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebi mtavar winadebasi (wanamzrvarsi). 1 14

16 magram rodesac vsaubrobt sakasacio sasamartlos uflebamosilebis iset arsebit nisanze, rogoricaa samartlebrivi Sefaseba, faqtisa samartlis sakitxis urtiertgamijvnisatvis aucilebelia gavitvaliswinot mravali mxare. gansakutrebit, roca sasamartlo axdens faqtebis kvalifikacias an amowmebs procesualur rrvevebs. 2 magalitad, germaniis federalurma sasamartlom ert-ert Tavis gawyvetilebasi arnisna, rom samartlebriv mxares adgili aqvs masin, Tu is exeba normis gamoyenebisa ganmartebis sakitxs an logikis kanonebsa praqtikul gamocdilebas. samartlebriv mxareze saubaria masin, rodesac mtkicebis processi sasamartlom arasworad gamoiyena logikis kanonebi an cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, ramac gamoiwvia Sesabamisi normis arasworad gamoyeneba. 3 arnisnuli ganpirobebulia sasamartlos gawyvetilebasi faqtis Sesaxeb sakitxis gamijvnit, rac ar SeiZleba Semowmdes sarevizio wesit aseve, samartlebrivi kutxit, rac SeiZleba gaisinjos sarevizio wesit, radgan samartlebrivi sakitxebi usualod exeba saqmestan kavsirebul faqtebs. 4 amdenad, am SemTxvevaSi mnisvnelovania gairkves, samartlebrivi sakitxis ganxilvisas ra moculobit exeba sakasacio sasamartlo faqtis sakitxs, Tu saertod aqvs mastan Sexeba. amdenad, rodesac vsaubrobt faqtis sakitxze, Cvens interess iwvevs meore wanamzrvari, anu faqtobrivi situacia, romelic ert SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba mivicniot mxolod faqtis sakitxad, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi _ samartlis sakitxad. un arinisnos, rom rodesac faqtobrivi situacia gvevlineba, rogorc qmedebis abstraqtuli sakanonmdeblo Semadgenlobis qves subsumirebis aucilebeli winapiroba, igi ar SeiZleba mivicniot wmin faqtis sakitxad, ufro metic, faqtis Sefaseba, rogorc subsumirebis ert-erti wanamzrvari, samartlis sakitxs warmoadgens. magalitad, safrangetis iuridiul literaturasi gamotqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, faqtebis kvalifikacia warmoadgens ara faqtis sakitxs, aramed samartlis sakitxs. 5 am mxriv, faqtis kvalificirebisas Svebuli Secdoma samartlis normis arasworad gamoyenebaa, rac sakasacio sasamartlos usualo kompetenciis sakitxs ganekutvneba. am SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivi garemoebebi warmoadgens samartlebrivi Sefasebis obieqts mati kvalifikaciit (subsumfciit) SesaZlebelia swori samartlebrivi Sedegis gansazrvra. 6 cxadia, rom sakasacio sasamartlosi faqtobrivi situacia samartlebriv sakitxad im SemTxvevaSi ganixileba, Tu is (faqtobrivi situacia) saapelacio sasamartlom gansazrvra adgina. am SemTxvevaSi, faqtobrivi garemoebebi samartlebrivi Sefasebis obieqtia. magram faqtobrivi sakitxi, kerzod, Tu ramdenad moiazrebian warmodgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebi mtavar winadebasi (wanamzrvrad), ukavsirdeba faqtobrivi garemoebebis ara marto gansazrvris (formirebis), aramed dgenis processac. vfiqrobt, rom faqtis samartlis sakitxi am SemTxvevaSi, Tavis gansakutrebul mnisvnelobas izens sakasacio sasamartlos iurisdiqciis WrilSi. arsanisnavia isic, rom faqtis sakitxi, romeltanac ara aqvs Sexeba sakasacio sasamartlos, iuridiuli normis realizaciis process warmoadgens saerto Semadgenlobis saqmesi. 15

17 martlmsajuleba realizaciis procesi, upirveles yovlisa, ukavsirdeba imas, Tu romeli faqtebi miicnia sasamartlom dgenilad rogor adgina isini. aqen gamomdinare, samartlis normit gansazrvruli realizaciis procesi faqtobrivi garemoebebis saqmesi ert Sem- TxvevaSi, ukavsirdeba faqtebs, romlebic sawiroebs mtkicebas meore SemTxvevaSi, faqtebs, romlebic ar sawiroebs mtkicebas. amdenad, sakasacio sasamartlos ar SeuZlia TviTon ganaxorcielos faqtobrivi garemoebebis dgenis procesi. mas SeuZlia mxolod Seamowmos, Tu ramdenad sworad ganaxorciela es procesi saapelacio sasamartlom, isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs saamisod gatvaliswinebuli procesualuri winapirobebi (ix.: par ). xolo mititebuli procesis Semowmebis wesi moculoba mocemulia procesualursamartlebrivi normebit. frangul iuridiul literaturasi arnisnulia, rom faqtobrivi samartlebrivi mxareebis gansxvavebas sakasacio sasamartlosatvis aqvs Zalian didi mnisvneloba. 7 nebismier vasi, romelic arsebiti mxaris ganmxilvel sasamartlo organos gaecema, ertoblivad fasdeba faqtobrivi samartlebrivi mxareebi. 8 arsebobs Sinagani kavsiri samartlis normasa faqts Soris. 9 mosamartlisatvis sirtule SeiZleba warmoiqmnas monacvleobit ertoblivad, sami sxvasxva kutxit: upirvelesad, faqtebis kutxit, romelta dgenisatvis sawiroa mxareebis mtkiceba. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba ertmane- Tis sawinaarmdego iyos. aseve, mxareebi SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen faqtobriv garemoebebze, romlebic zogierti mtkicebulebis mqone elementit uciloblad aris dgenili, magalitad, sagzao mozraobastan kavsirebuli ubeduri SemTxvevis dros policiis oqmita mowmeebis CvenebebiT dgin, rom fexit mosiarulem gza masin gakveta, rodesac mwvane Suqi ento mzroli mozraob 60km/sT sicqarit. 10 am SemTxvevaSi, mosamartle Tavs ikavebs yvelanairi samartlebrivi analizisa faqtebis kvalifikaciisgan. sirtule SeiZleba Semdeg warmoisvas samartlebrivi kutxit, normatiuli aqtis interpretaciisas, agretve s naklovanebin (xarvezin) gamomdinare. 11 am mxriv sainteresoa safrangetis sasamartlo praqtika, romelic exeba 1989 wlis 6 ivlisis kanons, igi awesrigebs urtiertobebs gamqiravebelsa mqiravebels Soris. bolo cvlileba am kanonsi Sevi 2002 wlis 17 ianvars. 12 kerzod, arnisnuli s me-14 muxli, romelic miznad isaxavs binis qiravnobastan kavsirebuli urtiertobebis gaumjobesebas, ganmartavs, rom `mqiraveblis garcvalebis SemTxvevaSi, qiravnobis xelsekruleba gaecema `...sayoveltaod ariarebul mastan uqorwinebel TanacxovrebaSi myof pirs.~ aqen gamomdinare, safrangetis sasamartlo praqtikasi wamoiwra sakitxi, SesaZlebelia Tu ara am s WrilSi erti imave sqesis pirovnebis micneva uqorwinebel TanacxovrebaSi myof pirebad. 13 arnisnultan mimartebasi, 1997 wlis 17 dekembris gawyvetilebasi sakasacio sasamartlom uaryofiti pasuxi gasca, radgan: `qorwinebis garese Tanacxovrebas SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves qorwinebis albatoba mxolod stabiluri uwyveti urtiertobin, e.i. mamakacsa qals Soris~. 14 amrigad, msgavsi sirtulis winase myof mosamartles aravitari faqtobrivi sakitxi ara aqvs gasawyveti (am SemTxvevaSi ar iyo gansaxilveli, rom ori amiani qorwinebis garese Tanacxovrobdnen es yvelastvis iyo cnobi- 16

18 li). sasamartlo axdens mxolod samartlebrivi normis interpretacias, imave n saertasoriso konvenciebis savaraudo gamoyenebin gamomdinare. 15 Tumca un arinisnos, rom mititebuli sasamartlo gawyvetileba ewinaarmdegeba 1999 wlis 15 maiss samoqalaqo kodeqssi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs. kerzod, safrangetis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 515-e (8) muxlis Tanaxmad, Tanacxovreba warmoadgens faqtobriv kavsirs ert an sxvasxva sqesis pirebs Soris, romeltac aqvt unari, Seqmnan myari xangrzlivi saerto cxovreba. 16 amdenad, zemoarnisnuli sasamartlos gawyvetileba exebo samartlis normis interpretaciis sakitxs. bolos mosamartles SeiZleba gasawreli hqondes faqtebis kvalifikaciis problema e. i. faqtobrivi mxrin samartlebriv mxareze gasvlis sir- Tule. 17 safrangetis samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis me-12 muxlis Tanaxmad, mosamar- Tle vas wyvets s wesebis Sesabamisad, romlebic gamoiyeneba am situaciisatvis. is azlevs an aradgens faqtebis swor kvalifikacias savo moqmedebebs sicxadisatvis safrangetis sasamartlo praqtikin movitanot magaliti: qmarma moitxova coltan ganqorwineba im motivit, rom coli uars ambob mistvis sadilis gaketebaze. saqmis masalebis mixedvit, mosamartle dgenilad miicnevs, rom coli uars ambob qmristvis sadilis momzadebaze. samoqalaqo kodeqsis 242-e muxli ganmartavs, rom ganqorwinebis motxovna SesaZlebelia meore meurlisatvis bralad wayenebuli faqtebis gamo, rodesac es faqtebi Seicavs qorwinebastan kavsirebuli movaleobebisa valdebulebebis seriozul ganmeorebit rrvevas, rac autanels xdis ertad cxovrebas. 19 amis Semdeg, mosamartlem un ganacxados, rom qmrisatvis sadilis ar momzadebis faqti zemot arnisnuli s WrilSi Seicavs Tu ara qorwinebastan kavsirebuli movaleobebis seriozul rrvevas. aq saqme gvaqvs sakvalifikacio proceduras- Tan, romelic samartlebrivi normis zogadi abstraqtuli arsis umusavebel faqtebtan SepirispirebaSi mdgomareobs, rac moicavs deduqciur kvlevas, romlitac faqtebs iuridiuli kvalifikacia un mieces. 20 am magalitis mixedvit SevajamoT mosamar- Tlis moqmedeba. samartlis norma: samoqalaqo kodeqsis 242-e muxlis Tanaxmad, ganqorwinebis motxovna SesaZlebelia erti meurlis mier meore meurlistvis bralad wayenebuli faqtebis gamo, rodesac es faqtebi Seicavs qorwinebastan kavsirebuli movaleobebisa valdebulebebis seriozul ganmeorebit rrvevas, rac autanels xdis ertad cxovrebas. 21 `umusavebeli~ faqtebi: dgenilia, rom coli uars ambobs meurlisatvis sadilis momzadebaze. faqtebis kvalifikacia: Seicavs Tu ara es qceva qorwinebastan kavsirebuli movaleobebisa valdebulebebis seriozul ganmeorebit rrvevas, rac autanels xdis ertad cxovrebas. 22 zemoarnisnuli magalitin Cans faqtis mdgeni sasamartlos kompetencia. faqtis sakitxi, romelic gamoixateba am faqtebis dgenis procestan kavsirebul specifikastan. magalitad, mtkicebis wesebi, romlebic gansazrvravs mtkicebulebis sasvebobasa gankutvnadobas (ix.: Tavi par ), gamoricxavs nebismier faqts, romelsac ara aqvs kavsiri saqmestan. 23 magram im faqtebis interpretaciis sakitxebs, romlebic ar ukavsirdeba s rrvevas, sakasacio sasamartlo ver ganixilavs. zemot gansazrvrul samive nawilsi mosamartle sargeblobs sruli uflebamosilebebit: faqtebis dgenis, samartlebrivi normisa faqtebis (an qmedebebis) kvali- 17

19 martlmsajuleba fikaciis dros. sakasacio sasamartlos ara aqvs igive uflebamosilebebi, rac saqmis arsebitad ganmxilvel sasamartlo organoebs. uzenaesi mosamartlis rangsi, ra Tqma un, is sargeblobs im pirobebis Semowmebis uflebit, romelsic saqmis arsebitad ganmxilvelma mosamartlem ganaxorciela Tavisi uflebamosilebebi, mas SeuZlia gaakritikos Secdomis gamo gauqmebuli gawyvetilebebi, ganmartos e.i. sajarod gamoacxados zogadi abstraqtuli normebi 24. magram aris situaciebi, rodesac safrange- Tis uzenaes sasamartlos ara aqvs Sefasebis aravitari ufleba mxolod is SeuZlia, rom saqmis arsebitad ganmxilveli sasamartlos gawyvetilebit Semoifarglos. asetia safrangetis sakasacio sasamartlos paradoqsi: sruliad uflebamosili _ zogiert SemTxvevaSi, zogiertsi ki _ ganiararebuli. 25 Cven SemTxvevaSic un arinisnos, rom samartlis sakitxs vexebit, rodesac sakasacio sasamartlo ert SemTxvevaSi, amowmebs saapelacio sasamartlos mier dgenili faqtobrivi garemoebebis samartlebriv Sefasebas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, amowmebs am faqtobrivi garemoebebis dgenis process (anu, faqtebs, romlebic dgenilad itvleba, radgan ar sawiroebs mtkicebas mtkicebis sagansi Semavali faqtebis dgenis process). Sesabamisad, faqtis sakitxs vexebit faqtobrivi garemoebebis dgenis procesis ganxorcielebisas. samartlis sakitxtan Sexebisas, ert SemTxvevaSi, sakasacio sasamartlo amowmebs materialursamartlebrivi normis rrvevis arsebobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ procesualursamartlebrivi rrvevis arsebobas. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi un arinisnos, rom gasacivrebuli gawyvetileba SeiZleba gauqmdes ara marto faqtebis dgenis processi Svebuli procesualuri rrvevebis SemTxvevaSi, aramed rodesac procesualuri rrvevebi warmoadgens gawyvetilebis gauqmebis absolutur safuzvels. miuxevad imisa, rom gasacivrebuli gawyvetilebit dga swori Sedegi, arnisnuli rrvevebis (sssk-is 394-e muxli) SemTxvevaSi (ert-ertis SemTxvevaSic), sasamartlo arar agrzelebs gamokvlevas, radgan am rrvevis stureba gasacivrebuli gawyvetilebis gauqmebis uvo safuzvelia. 26 sakasacio sasamartlom mxolod procesualuri xasiatis faqtebis sturebis miznit SeiZleba miiros gamoikvlios mtkicebulebebi. amastan, sakasacio sasamartlos Tvi- Ton ar SeuZlia dgenilad cnos esa Tu is ZiriTadi, saziebeli faqti, ar SeuZlia ganaxorcielos am faqtebsa mtkicebulebas Soris kavsiris procesis praqtikuli (procesualuri) realizacia, rac faqtis mdgeni sasamartlos kompetenciaa. zemoarnisnulin gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia vaskvnat, rom faqtisa samartlis sakitxis urtiertgamijvnis mnisvneloba vlindeba ara marto samartlebrivi Sefasebis obieqtis sworad gansazrvrasi, aramed am obieqtis Semowmebis TaviseburebaSi. 18

20 SeniSvnebi: 1 rainhold cipeliusi, iuridiuli metodebis mozrvreba, miunheni 2006, gv J. Biffet, Le contrôle de la Cour de cassation et le pouvoir souverain. La Cour de cassation et l élaboration du droit, Economica, 2004, p ix.: cit. mixedvit, Ãðàæäàíñêèé ïðîöåññ çàðóáåæíûõ ñòðàí, ïîä ðåä. À.Ã. Äàâòÿí, Ì ñ.340//bgh NIW 1987, 1557, 1558, 1991, 1894, ix.: iqve, gv Boré.J., La cassation en matière civile, Paris, 1997, 2-e partiè. p Ê. Â. Áàëàêèí, äèññåðòàöèÿ íà ñîèñêàíèå ó åíîé ñòåïåíè êàíäèäàòà þðèäè åñêèõ íàóê, Îáæàëîâàíèå ïîñòàíîâëåíèé ñóäîâ ãðàæäàíñêîé þðèñäèêöèè âî Ôðàíöèè, Ì., 2001, ñ J. L. Aubert, La distinction du fait et du droit ns le pourvoi en cassation en matière civile, D. 2005, Marie-Noëlle Jabard-Bachellier, La technique de cassation, pourvois et arrêts en matière civile, 2010, p.50 9 Cueto-Rua J. Judicial Methods of Interpretation of the Law p. 25/ citirebulia À. Áàðàê. Ñóäåéñêîå óñìîòðåíèå, Ì., 1999, ñ Marie-Noëlle Jabard-Bachellier, La technique de cassation, pourvois et arrêts en matière civile, 2010, p ix.: iqve, gv Loi n du 17 janvier 2002 de modernisation sociale / do?cidtexte=legitext &tetexte= Marie-Noëlle Jabard-Bachellier, La technique de cassation, pourvois et arrêts en matière civile, 2010, p ix.: iqve, gv ix.: iqve, gv Code civil art: 515 (8), Marie-Noëlle Jabard-Bachellier, La technique de cassation, pourvois et arrêts en matière civile, 2010, p Code de procédure civile, art. 12, Marie-Noëlle Jabard-Bachellier, La technique de cassation, pourvois et arrêts en matière civile, 2010, p ix.: iqve, gv Code civil art: 212, Marie-Noëlle Jabard-Bachellier, La technique de cassation, pourvois et arrêts en matière civile, 2010, p À. Áàðàê, Ñóäåéñêîå óñìîòðåíèå, Ì., 1999, Marie-Noëlle Jabard-Bachellier, La technique de cassation, pourvois et arrêts en matière civile, 2010, p ix.: iqve, gv v. xrustali. kasacia samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebasi. disertacia iuridiul mecnierebata kanditis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, 2004, gv

21 martlmsajuleba THE ISSUE OF SEPERATION BETWEEN THE FACT AND LEGAL MATTER TEMURAZ TODRIA Judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia It is crucially importnat that the Court of Cassation correctly determines the subject of appealed decision. We bilieve that in order to claify this issue, we need to define the difference between the fact and the legal matter. We are interested to differntiate between the fact and the legal matter as we have to identify the subject legal varification, in other words, through discussing these issues, we will try to seperate these issues. It is often difficult to determine what we are dealing with the fact or the legal matter. As it is known, the legal matter is the introduction to the legal conclusion. This icludes the extended norms used for varifying factual cicrumstances of the legal norm. Factual matters refer to what extent the presented facts are envisaged in the main sentence (introcudtion). 1 When we speak about the essential sign of the authority of the Court of Cassation, like the legal essessment, it is necessary to take into consideration many aspects. Especially when the court carries out the qualification of the facts and checks the procedural violations. 1 Rainhold Tsipelius, Science of Legal Methods, Munich 2006.page

22 mtkicebis tvirtis Tavisebureba saerto samartalsi _ didi britanetisa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samartlis mixedvit ilona gagua ivane javaxisvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti 1. mtkicebis cneba misi mnisvneloba inglisis samoqalaqo saproceso samartalsi inglisis samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs mtkicebis sakanonmdeblo gansazrvrebas 1. procesualur literaturasic didi yuradreba ar etmoba mocemuli procesualuri kategoriis Teoriul kvlevas. sasamartlo mtkiceba saqmesi monawile interesebuli pirebis saqmianobas warmoadgens, romelic mimartulia mtkicebulebata Segrovebis, warmodgenisa gamokvlevisaken 2. mtkicebulebata Segroveba ganxilva, rogorc wesi, mimdinareobs saqmis sasamartlo ganxilvisatvis momzadebis etapze. mtkicebulebata Sefasebis procesi mimdinareobs mosamartlis gonebasi emorcileba logikis kanonebs. mtkicebis procesi ar mimdinareobs yvela samoqalaqo vis ganxilvisas. mtkicebis procesis inicireba 21

23 martlmsajuleba xdeba im mopasuxis mier, romelic ar etanxmeba mis winaarmdeg wardgenil sasarcelo motxovnas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mopasuxe etanxmeba sasarcelo motxovnas, masin mosarcele gatavisuflebulia Tavisi simartlis mtkicebisagan. aset SemTxvevaSi, es ukanaskneli ar aris valdebuli warmoadginos gamoaqveynos mis xelt arsebuli mtkicebulebebi. 2. mtkicebulebata klasifikacia misi saxeebi inglisis samoqalaqo saproceso samartalsi mtkicebulebad micneulia nebismieri masala, romelic sasamartlos arwmunebs ama Tu im faqtis sisworesa Tu usworobasi 3. mtkicebuleba un pasuxobdes gankutvnadobisa sasvebobis principebs wlis T `samoqalaqo saqmeze mtkicebulebata Sesaxeb~ mtkicebulebata sasvebobis maregulirebeli zogierti norma Zalakargulad gamocxad. Tumca moqmedebs wesi gamoqveynebuli masalebis sasvebobis Sesaxeb, romelic Seexeba sazogadoebrivi xasiatis oficialur dokumentebs (samecniero Sromebi, leqsikonebi, rukebi), saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uflebamosili organos mier mirebul oficialur dokumentebs (saxelmwifo reestri, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis mier gaketebuli moxseneba sazogadoebisatvis zogad saintereso sakitxebis Sesaxeb), sxva dokumentebs (SeTanxmeba a.s) matsi moxsenebuli faqtebis mtkicebis saxit 4. mtkicebuleba saqmestan kavsirebulad itvleba, Tu massa gansazrvrul faqts Soris arsebobs kavsiri, rac SesaZleblobas izleva sturdes is garemoeba, romelsac mxare afuznebs Tavis pozicias. mtkicebulebata warmodgenis mizani aris ama Tu im faqtis mtkicebis survili. mtkicebuleba, romelic xels uwyobs am process gankutvnadia, xolo romelic ar uwyobs xels _ ar aris gankutvnadi. aragankutvnadia mtkicebuleba, romelic Seexeba im garemoebas, romelsac kavsiri ara aqvs gansaxilveli vis sagantan is yoveltvis usvebelia. Tumca es ar nisnavs, rom yvela gankutvnadi mtkicebuleba sasvebia. inglisur samartalsi arsebobs mteli rigi SemTxvevebi, rodesac gankutvnadi mtkicebulebebi usvebelia. amis mizezia sazogadoebrivi interesebi, piradi privilegiis arseboba a.s. informaciis zogierti saxeoba samartalwarmoebis processi culia gamoqveynebisagan privilegiis arsebobis gamo. privilegia iyofa absolutur SefardebiT privilegiad. absoluturi privilegia informacias gamoricxavs ganxilvisagan ara mxolod Ria, aramed xurul sasamartlo sxdomazec. absoluturi privilegiit sargebloben solisterebi 5 im monacemebis Taobaze, romlebic mattvis cnobili gax klientisatvis samartlebrivi momsaxurebis gawevis processi. SefardebiTi privilegia icavs informacias mxolod Ria sasamartlo sxdomaze ganxilvisagan mxolod gansazrvruli pirobebis arsebobisas, romelic mdgomareobs aucilebeli sazogadoebrivi interesebis cvasi. am ori saxis privilegiis gavrcelebis sakitxs yovel konkretul saqmeze wyvets sasamartlo mtkicebulebata gamoqveynebis etapze 6. 22

24 ertmanetisagan ganasxvaveben mtkicebulebas mtkicebulebis matarebels. mtkicebulebis matarebelia dokumenti, nivti, mowme, xolo TviT mtkicebuleba _ massi gansazrvruli wesit ganmtkicebuli informaciaa. informaciis matareblis mixedvit gamoiyofa mtkicebulebata Semdegi saxeebi: 1. informacia, romelic arsebobs dokumentebsi (werilobiti mtkicebulebebi); 2. informacia, romelic gadmocemulia mowmeta CvenebebSi (zepiri mtkicebulebebi); 3. saeqsperto mtkicebuleba; 4. sxvisi sityvebit Cveneba; 5. nivtieri mtkicebuleba; 6. afideviti. yuradrebas SevaCerebT qartuli saproceso samartlisatvis ucnobi mtkicebulebis iset saxeebze rogoricaa: afideviti Cveneba sxvisi sityvebis saxit wlis `samoqalaqo saqmeze mtkicebulebata Sesaxeb~ sasvebad miicnevs sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebas, rogorc gancxadebas, romelic gaketebulia sxva piris mier ara im piris mier, vinc un misces zepiri Cveneba sasamartlosi 7. Cveneba sxvisi sityvebit es aris informacia faqtis Sesaxeb mirebuli ara pirvelwyaron, aramed misi matareblisagan 8. inglisur procesualur mecnierebasi ganasxvaveben sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebas pirveli an meore xelin. imis mixedvit, Tu ramdeni wina pirebi arseboben informaciis sasamartlosatvis mimwodeblad 9. informaciis pirvelwyaros SeiZleba warmoadgendes ara amiani, aramed raime dokumenti, romlis sasamartlo sxdomaze warmodgena SeuZlebelia. sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebad SeiZleba micneuli iyos aseve informacia, romelic Seicavs mowmis werilobit Cvenebas, im pirobit, rom gancxadebis gamketebeli piri (mowme) ar iqneba gamozaxebuli sasamartlosi zepiri Cvenebis misacemad, Cveneba sxvisi sityvebit faqtobrivad warmoebuli mtkicebulebis analogia. sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebaze iseve, rogorc Cveulebrivi mowmis Cvenebaze vrceldeba motxovna kompetenturobis Sesaxeb. arnisnuli gulisxmobs, rom gancxadeba, romelic moyvanilia sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebis saxit un gaketdes im piris mier, romelic gancxadebis gaketebis droisatvis flob mowmed yofnis kompenetencias 10. afideviti aris werilobiti, ficis qves gadmocemuli Cveneba an mowmis sazeimo gancxadeba. afideviti SesaZleblobas izleva mirebul iqnes informacia mowmisagan an/ procesis sxva monawileebisagan, romlebic ver cxaddebian procesze Cvenebis misacemad. mowmis Cvenebis afidevitis formasi micemis Sesaxeb gawyvetileba miireba sasamartlos an mxaris inciativit. piri, romelic izleva Cvenebas afidevitis formit an sazeimo vitarebasi iwodeba deponentad. dokumenti xelmowerili un iqnes uflebamosili pirisa deponentis mier mxareta Soris mtkicebis tvirtis ganawileba inglisis samoqalaqo saproceso samartalsi ertmanetisagan ganasxvaveben mtkicebis tvirts mtkicebulebata warmodgenis tvirts. pirveli kavsirebulia materialuri samartlis normebtan, xolo meore ki, ZiriTad, am tvirtis matarebel subieqtebtan. 23

25 martlmsajuleba samartalwarmoebis sawyissi mosarcele ori saxis bariers awydeba. sawyissi man un warmoadginos sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi. winaarmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mosamartle Sewyvets saqmeze samartalwarmoebas. Tuki mosarcele galaxavs am bariers, mas elodeba Semdgomi barieri _ mtkicebis tvirti, rac mdgomareobs sarcelsi mititebuli faqtobrivi garemoebebis sturebasi 12. inglisuri kanonmdebloba sasvebad miicnevs mtkicebulebata Segrovebasa gamoqveynebas jer kidev, sasamartlosi saqmis warmoebis wyebamde. mtkicebulebata warmodgenis tvirti vis arsis dgenasi, sxva sityvebit, vis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi sakitxebis gamovlenasi mdgomareobs. mosamzadebel stadiaze xdeba vis sagnis dgena SejibrebiTi qaraldebis gacvla, rac xels uwyobs mxareta informirebulobasa sasamartlo sxdomaze moulodnelobis efeqtis Tavin acilebas. inglisur samartalwarmoebasi mtkicebis tvirti emijneba mtkicebulebebis warmodgenis valdebulebas, ramdenac misi Sesruleba ar gulisxmobs raime faqtis mtkicebas, aucilebelia mxolod mtkicebulebata `moxmoba~. mtkicebulebata warmodgenis tvirtis gatana erti mxarin meore mxareze SeuZlebelia. Tuki mtkicebulebebis warmodgenis valdebulebis praqtikuli realizacia uzrunvelyofs saqmis ganxilvas amisatvis sawiro sakmarisi masalebit, masin mtkicebis tvirtis Sesabamisad, mxarem un amtkicos Tavisi simar- Tle imdenad zedmiwevnit zustad natlad, rom sasamartlos aranairi ewvi ar warmoesvas, Tu vis sasargeblod gamotanos gawyvetileba. mtkicebis valdebuleba gulisxmobs ori aspeqtis arsebobas. pirveli, yoveli mxare valdebulia amtkicos is garemoebebi, romelzec igi afuznebs Tavis motxovnas. am miznit ganisazrvreba faqtebis jgufi, romlebic un asturos mxarem. mxareta Soris mtkicebis tvirtis amgvari ganawileba ar TamaSobs gansakutrebul rols, radgan yoveltvis is, vinc moitxovs, ar amtkicebs. am tvirtis prevalirebul nisnulebas atarebs meore mxare. misi xmarebit SeiZleba dgindes procesis is monawile mxare, romelic waagebs process, Tu ar warmoadgens Sesabamis, Rirebul mtkicebulebas. sxva sityvebit rom vtqvat, mtkicebis tvirti awevs im mxares, romelmac SeiZleba waagos procesi, Tu ar iqneba warmodgenili mtkicebulebebi. mocemuli wesis specifika mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Tu sarcelsi mititebul faqtobriv garemoebebs mopasuxe ar xdis savod, masin mosarcele gatavisuflebulia mati mtkicebisagan. aset SeTxvevaSi, mosarceles ar awevs sasarcelo motxovnis materialuri safuzvlebis mtkicebis tvirti igi mtkicebulebebis warmodgenis garese ikmayofilebs pretenzias. Tu mopasuxe ar etanxmeba mosarcelis mier mititebul garemoebas, masin mosarcele valdebulia amtkicos savo garemoeba. amgvarad, mtkicebis tvirtis arsi inglisis saproceso samar- TalSi SeiZleba gamoixatos Semdegi sityvebit: amtkicebs is, visac ar surs vis wageba. mtkicebis tvirtis move mxareebze ganawileba warmogvidgeba, rogorc sasamartlos aqtiuri rolis SezRudvis winapiroba. igulisxmeba `formaluri WeSmaritebis principi~, romlis nawesit sasamartlo mxolod xelmzrvanelobs samoqalaqo saqmis mozraobas. xelmzrvanelobis es elementi ganmtkicebulia 1995 wlis `samoqalaqo samar- Talwarmoebis Sesaxeb~ wesebsi. 13 samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis wesebi sasamartlo xelmzrvanelobas hyofs or jgufad. pirvel jgufs miekutvneba sasamartlos valdebuleba 24

26 miutitos mxareebs ertmanettan TanamSromlobisaken 14 meore jgufs miekutvneba procesis warmartvis valdebuleba. am miznit, sasamartlom sarcelis wardgenin maqsimalurad swrafad un moaxdinos savo aspeqtebis identificireba 15 ; monawileoba miiros mtkicebulebata SevsebaSi, kerzod, Caataros mosmena Seagrovos mtkicebulebebi satelefono Tu sxva komunikaciis sasualebit; gaagrzelos an Seamoklos saproceso moqmedebis Sesrulebis va; SeaCeros saqmis ganxilva ama Tu im movlenamde an vamde; mouwodos mxares an mis warmomadgenels gamocxaddes sasamartlosi a.s 16. ufro metic, britanetis samoqalaqo sasamartlo uflebamosilia gaakontrolos mtkicebulebata Segrovebis procesi savo sakitxebze mati sasamartlosi warmodgenis xerxebze mititebit 17. sasamartlo xelmzrvnelobis valdebuleba emsaxureba saqmis samartlian srulebas 18. inglissi dominirebuli dispoziciurobis principis Sinaarsi Seicvala saqmis ganxilva ukve ar aris mokidebuli mxolod intersebul pirta nebis gamovlenaze. saer- To samartali sasamartlo process uyurebs, rogorc Tavisebur turnirs, sac mosamartle arbitris rols asrulebs. TiToeulma mxarem un warmoadginos Tavisi mtkicebulebani. 4. mtkicebis cneba misi mnisvneloba ass-is samoqalaqo saproceso samartalsi ass-si mtkicebulebiti samartali samartlis moukidebel rgs warmoadgens. misi formireba mimdinareob tradiciuli saerto samartlis farglebsi. 19 msgavsad sxva narceni mimartulebis amerikuli samartlebrivi azrovnebisa, mtkicebulebiti samartlis Teoria gamoyenebit xasiats atarebs. igi mimartulia mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb wesebis SemuSavebisaken literaturasi Znelad SevxvdebiT gulaxdil samecniero polemikas sasamartlo mtkicebulebebisa mtkicebulebiti samartlis Sesaxeb, mtkicebulebata gankutvnadobisa sasvebobis Sesaxeb. amasi gamwyveti roli Seasrula sasamartlo organoebis saqmianobam 20. sasamartlo precedentis aqtiuri formirebit mtkicebis sferosi mxolod 1975 wels `mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb federaluri wesebis~ SeqmniT mtkicebulebitma samartlma miiro normatiuli ganmtkiceba 21. mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb federaluri wesebi SeiZleba ganvixilot rogorc mtkicebiti samartlis safuzveli 22. mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb federalurma wesebma zegavlena moaxdina mtkicebiti samartlis rgis formirebaze mtels ass-si. umetes StatebSi misi mirebin pirveli Tormeti wlis manzilze mis safuzvelze, SeimuSaves kodeqsebi. Tuki romelime StatSi ar aris kodeqsi mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb, masin sasamartlo mimartavs mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb federalur wesebsa samoqalaqo procesis federalur wesebs. amavdroulad un itqvas, rom federaluri wesebi mtkicebaze mtkicebulebebze yvela sakitxs ar aregulirebs 23. am mimartebit, precedentis sagrznobi roli mtkicebis procesis mimart uwindeburad SenarCunebulia

27 martlmsajuleba 5. mtkicebulebata klasifikacia misi saxeebi ass-is samoqalaqo saproceso samartalsi mtkicebulebebi un flobdes iset nisnebs, rogoricaa gankutvnadoba, sasveboba, sandooba. mtkicebulebata gankutvnadoba emsaxureba sarceltan kavsirebuli faqtis dgenas. mtkicebuleba saqmeze sadgeni faqtebi gansazrvrul kavsirsi un iyos ertmanettan. xsenebuli kavsiri arsebobs obieqturad misi arsi nisnavs, rom gankutvnili mtkicebulebebis safuzvelze SeiZleba dgindes garemoeba, romelsac arsebiti mnisvneloba aqvs konkretuli saqmisatvis. meorec, garemoebas mnisvneloba un hqondes gansaxilvel saqmestan, kerzod, un Sediodes mtkicebis sagansi Semavali faqtebis jgufsi, romlebic ganisazrvrebian materialuri samartlis normebis safuzvelze 25. imisatvis, rom gawydes warmoadgens Tu ara esa Tu is mtkicebuleba mocemul saqmeze gankutvnads, sasamartlom un gansazrvros faqtebis jgufi, romlebic Sedian mtkicebis sagansi anu gansazrvros saqmestan kavsirebuli faqtebi, xolo Semdeg ki, am faqtebis safuzvelze, gansazrvros saqmestan kavsirebuli mtkicebulebebi. zogiert SemTxvevebSi nebas rtavs sasamartlos Tavisi SexedulebiT gamotisos saqmestan kavsirebuli mtkicebulebebi. ase magalitad, mtkicebulebata Sesaxeb federaluri wesebis 403-e wesis Sesabamisad, saqmestan kavsirebuli mtkicebuleba SeiZleba gamoetisos saqmes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi mtkicebulebiti mnisvneloba sasisroebit emuqreba msajulta usamartlo rwmunebas, bnevas an samartalwarmoebis gaumartlebel yovnebas, drois kargvas an sasamartlosi mikerzoebuli mtkicebulebebis usargeblo warmodgenas 26. saxelebuli samartlis norma mosamartles farto uflebamosilebas aniwebs gawyvitos sakitxi mtkicebulebis sasvebad cnobis Sesaxeb. mocemuli sakitxi un gaiwras Semdegnairad: un SevaroT saqmestan kavsirebuli mtkicebuleba im uaryofit Sedegs, romelic SeiZleba man gamoiwvios msajulebze zegavlenis TvalsazrisiT. Cveulebriv riski ukavsirdeba emociur zemoqmedebas msajulebze _ anu mtkicebulebebma SeiZleba gamoiwvios sasineleba, SiSis zari an/ piriqit, TanagrZnoba. orive efeqts Seswevs unari xeli SeuSalos msajulebs gamoitanon swori verdiqti 27. mtkicebulebata sasvebobis sakitxis ganxilvisas gvin SevexoT mtkicebulebata iset saxes, rogoricaa sxvisi sityvebit Cveneba 28. mtkicebis arnisnuli saxe sifrtxilit gamoiyeneba saqmisatvis mnisvnelobis mqone ama Tu im faqtis sadgenad. ismis kitxva: sasamartlos garet gaketebul gancxadebas, ariarebas, sturebas sasvebad miicnevs mtkicebiti samartali? xsenebuli wesi sasvebad aris micneuli. zogad, sasamar- Tlo sxdomaze aucilebelia ikitxos is pirebi, romlebmac usualod ariqves Sesabamisi garemoeba sasamartlo ar kmayofildes am faqtis Sesaxeb monacemebis sxva pirebisagan mirebit. sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebis wesi vrceldeba mxolod iset gancxadebebze, romlebic gaketebulia piris mier sasamartlo procesis garet is Seexeba iset informacias, romlis namdvilobasic aucilebelia mosamartlis rwmuneba. sxvisi sityvebit CvenebaSi mxolod zepiri Cveneba ar igulisxmeba, massi aseve moiazreba werilobiti gancxadebebi, viracis mier odesrac gaketebul werilsi, anderzsi, gankargulebasi, driurebsi a.s romlebic ar aris gaketebuli saproceso rbazsi

28 principuli mnisvnelobis mqonea mizani, romlistvisac xdeba sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebis micema. usvat, rom mowme izleva Cvenebas sasamartlosi imis Taobaze, rom is iyo koloradosi esaubrebo Zmas, romelic imyofebo londonsi acnoba, rom londonsi wvim. Tuki mocemuli Cvenebis xmarebit aucilebelia sturdes faqti piris londonsi yofnis Sesaxeb, masin es sasvebi mtkicebulebaa. amavdroulad, londonsi wvimis arsebobis Sesaxeb faqtis sadgenad es usvebeli mtkicebulebaa. sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebis Sesaxeb federaluri wesi itvaliswinebs gamonaklisebis ramdenime jgufs, romlis Tanaxmad, sxvisi sityvebit CvenebaSi ar moiazreba: 1. gancxadeba, romelic warmodgenilia im mxaris sawinaarmdegod, vinc gancxadeba gaaketa. ase magalitad, Tu mxarem waradgina sarceli zianis anazraurebis Sesaxeb mzrolis winaarmdeg incidentin uyovnebliv mzrolma Tqva, rom is ar xev witel Suqs, mosarcele uflebamosilia eyrdnos amgvar faqts avtomobilis cud martvis Sesaxeb faqtis sastureblad. 2. ama Tu im movlenis arwerisa an/ ganmartebis Sesaxeb sasvebia gaketdes gancxadeba, am movlenis arqmis processi an ganmcxadeblis mier uyovnebliv am movlenis mtavrebin. aseve, sasvebia gaketdes gancxadeba im piris mier, romelmac ariqva esa Tu is movlena Zlieri sulieri arelvebis mdgomareobasi, rac gamoiwvia mocemulma movlenam. msgavsi gancxadebebisadmi, gamoxatulebebisadmi marali ndobis garantad itvleba, rom is atarebs spontanur xasiats. Zlieri sulieri arelveba, romelic xels uslis falsifikacias statistikuri Canawerebi, romelic exeba Sobadobas, garcvalebas, bavsvebis sikvdilianobas, qorwinebis registracias Sesrulebuli uflebamosili saxelmwifo moxelis mier aseve, miireba sasamartlos mier am qaraldebis Semdgeneli pirebis kitxvis garese religiuri organizaciis mier gaketebuli Canawerebi badebis, qorwinebis, ganqorwinebis, garcvalebis Sesaxeb, aseve, sxva faqtebis Sesaxeb miireba sasamartlos mier mititebuli aqtebis Semdgeneli pirebis kitxvis garese Tormet welze meti sizvelis mqone dokumentebsi mocemuli gancxadebebi miicneva sandod 33. sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebis wesebin arsebobs gamonaklisebis sxva jgufic 34. xsenebuli norma exeba mxolod mowmes gamoiyeneba iset SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mas: 1. eri ufleba aqvs uari Tqvas Cvenebis micemaze an sargeblobs e.w. privilegiit 35 ; 2. uars acxadebs Cvenebis micemaze, miuxevad sasamartlos motxovnisa Cvenebis micemis aucileblobisa; 3. eyrdnoba mexsierebis qveitebas; 4. miuwvdomelia sasamartlosatvis. 6. mxareta Soris mtkicebis tvirtis ganawileba ass-is samoqalaqo saproceso samartalsi amerikis samoqalaqo saproceso samartalsi moqmedi SejibrebiTobis principis Tanaxmad, mtkicebulebebs agroveben mxareebi. mtkicebis tvirts aqvs rtuli struqtura. 27

29 martlmsajuleba is ori Semadgenlobis ertobliobas warmoadgens: mtkicebulebata warmodgenis tvirti rwmunebis tvirti. mtkicebulebata warmodgenis tvirtis Sesabamisad, mosarcelem sarcelsi un miu- ToTos sasarcelo motxovna moaxdinos sarcelis faqtobrivi garemoebebis demonstrireba. mxarem un arwmunos msajulebi Tavisi poziciis martebulobasi 36. Tu konkretul saqmesi mxare ar vobs faqtebis arsebobis Taobaze, masin mtkicebulebata warmodgena aucilebeli ar aris. va SeiZleba gawydes mxareta mier warmodgenili werilobiti ganmartebita advokatis moxsenebit. mosamartle gansazrvravs romeli mxare waagebs vas im SemTxvevaSi Tu, konkretuli faqtis namdvilobis ariarebisatvis ar iqneba warmodgenili sakmarisi xarisxiani mtkicebuleba. rwmunebis tvirti ZiriTad, gatvlilia msajulebze. mas xsirad ezaxian urwmuneblobis risks. mxare, romelic atarebs rwmunebis tvirts, waagebs process, Tuki ver SeZlebs mosamartlisa msajulebis rwmunebas saqmis faqtobriv garemoebeb- Si 37. kitxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelma mxarem un amtkicos esa Tu is garemoeba wydeba sasamartlos mier. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, amtkicebs is, vinc miutitebs ama Tu im faqtis arsebobaze an ararsebobaze. Tumca, am zogadi wesin arsebobs gamonaklisi, romelic ganpirobebulia materialursamartlebrivi urtiertobebis gansakutrebuli xasiatit, uaryofiti faqtebis mtkicebis sirtulita sxva garemoebebit 38. mtkicebulebata Sesaxeb federalur wesebsi ver SevxvdebiT mtkicebis tvirtis ganawilebis maregulirebel samartlebriv normebs. saxelebuli normebi formulirdeba Statebis procesualur kanonmdeblobasi doqtrinasi 39. samoqalaqo procesis federaluri wesebis motxovnaa, rom mxarem sarcelis sasamartlosi wardgenisas miutitos motxovnis safuzvlebze, anu faqtebze, romelta safuzvelzec warmoisoba savo samartalurtiertoba 40. mosarcelis mier mititebuli faqtebita mopasuxis SepasuxebiT sasamartlo sabolood, gansazrvravs Tu, romeli mxare atarebs mtkicebulebata warmodgenis tvirts 41. doqtrinasi mtkicebulebebis iuridiuli Zalis arnisvnis miznit gamoiyeneba termini `pirveli SexedviT sakmarisobis Sesaxeb~ 42 an `cxadi mtkicebuleba~ 43. mati xmarebit arnisnaven situacias, rodesac mxare warmoadgens ramdenime `Zlier~ mtkicebulebas, romlitac sxva skvnamde misvla, vidre is, rac misgan gamomdinareobs, SeuZlebelia. askaraa, rom mtkicebulebebis `Zalis~ gansazrvra mosamartlos SexedulebiT xdeba. `pirveli SexedviT sakmaris~ mtkicebulebata jgufs miekutvneba msajulebis winase micemuli Cveneba xelisuflebis moxeleebis mier Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac adgili hqon mat mier samsaxurebrivi valdebulebis Sesrulebis processi Canawerebi saxelmwifo oficialur reestrsi wignebsi raime faqtebis arsebobis an ararsebobis Sesaxeb. igive Zalis mqonea geografiuli rukebi, saadgilmamulo gegmebi protokolebi, romlebic registrirebulia uflebamosili wesebulebis mier aranakleb ati wlis winat, qorwinebis, garcvalebis, badebis Sesaxeb Canawerebi an mowmobebi, amindis oficialuri prognozi, safondo sasaqonlo birjebis biuletenebi a.s

30 mtkicebis tvirtis ganawilebastan usualo kavsiri aqvs samartlebriv prezumfciebs, romlis Tanaxmad, prezumfcia vrceldeba im mxareze, romelzec vrceldeba mtkicebis tvirti 45. prezumfciis ganmsazrvreli mnisvneloba ass-is mtkicebit samartalsi mdgomareobs mxareta Soris mtkicebis tvirtis ganawilebasi. erti mxriv, vinc amtkicebs ama Tu im faqts, mas exsneba misi mtkicebis tvirti sawinaarmdegos mtkicebis valdebuleba ekisreba meore mxares. mtkicebulebiti prezumfciis konstruqcias avrceleben ara mxolod faqtebis sferoze, aramed, aseve, samartlis sferozec. ase magalitad, arsebobs prezumfcia, rom zogadi samartali yvelgan ertnairia, sakanonmdeblo aqtebi Seesabameba konstitucias a.s. 46 zemoarnisnuli gulisxmobs, rom konkretuli samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvisas sasamar- Tlos amosavali wertili iqneba swored es prezumfciuli mdgomareoba, Tu interesebuli mxare misi gamoyenebis sawinaarmdego iuridiul argumentacias ar warmoadgens. move mxareta saproceso valdebulebebs ise amomwuravad gansazrvravs samoqalaqo procesis Sesaxeb federaluri wesebi, rom arnisnuli wesebis komentatorebi massi moiazreben `SeiaraRebis namdvil arsenals, romelic mxares SesaZleblobas azlevs sasamar- Tlo ganxilvamde miiros aucilebeli monacemebi~. komentatorebi amtkiceben, rom federaluri wesebis ert-erti umtavresi amocana mdgomareobs `miswrafebasi, gatavisuflde imisagan, rasac hqvia martlmsajulebis sportuli Teoria~. 47 arsanisnavia ori saxelmzrvanelo principis arseboba. ert-erti matgania, rom processi yoveli mxare uzrunvelyofili iyos yvelanairi mtkicebulebit, informaciita dokumentebit, romelic Seexeba vis sagans, miuxevad imisa, rom aseti mtkicebuleba, informacia, Tu dokumentebi imyofeba meore mxarestan. meore principis ZaliT xsenebuli mtkicebulebebi, informacia dokumentebi xelmisawvdomi un iyos mxarisatvis sasamartlo sxdomamde

31 martlmsajuleba SeniSvnebi: 1 inglisur samartlebriv sistemasi ar moipoveba normatiuli aqti, romlis saxelwodebaa samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi. samoqalaqo samartalwarmoeba warmoadgens delegirebuli kanonmdeblobis regulirebis sagans, amitom samoqalaqo warmoebis sakitxebis gawyveta xdeba ara kanonebit an e.w. kodeqsebit, aramed kanonqvemdebare aqtebit e.w. wesebit. dreisatvis, inglisis mtkicebulebiti samartali reglamentirebulia mtkicebulebata Sesaxeb aqtebis seriasi. umtavres rols am normebis SemuSavebaSi asrulebs TeTri wignis perioduli gamocema (White Book), romelic Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens samoqalaqo saqmeze umarlesi sasamartlo organos ganzogadebul praqtikas wels mirebul iqna normatiuli aqti _ samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis wesebi (Civil Procedura Rules). iset SemTxvevaSi Tu, samartlebrivi aqti ar izleva ama Tu im iuridiuli terminis normatiul gansazrvrebas, igi gamoiyeneba precedentul samartalsi arsebuli mnisvnelobit. am gzit saweri samartali sasamartlo precedenti _ ori sruluflebiani moukidebeli inglisuri samartlis wyaro avsebs ertmanets. 2 Lempert P, O, Saltzburg, S, A, A Modern Approch to Evidence, Text, problems, transcripts and cases, Sixsth Edition, Minn, 1982, 1, Murphy, P, A, Practicl Approach to Evidence, Third Edition, London, 1988, 1. 4 Civil Evidence Act, 1968, 1972, The Supreme Court Practice (White Book). 5 inglissi Camoyalib iuristebis ori jgufi: solisterebi baristerebi. ingliseli solisteri aris moukidebeli iuristi, romelic samartlebriv rcevas azlevs klients pirad saqmian sferosi. baristerebi specializdebian sasamartlosi werilobiti dokumentebisa zepiri masalebis momzadebsi. ix.: K, Zwegert, H, Kotz, An Introction to Comparative Law, Third Edition, Translated from the German by Tony Weir, Clrendon Press Oxford, 1998, Ðåøåòíèêîâà È, Â, Äîêàçàòåëüñòâåííîå ïðàâî Àíãëèè è ÑØÀ, Èçäàòåëüñòâî Óðëüñêîé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé Þðèäè åñêîé Àêàäåìèè, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 1997, Civil Evidence Rule (1995) 1(2)(a)-li muxli. 8 Ðåøåòíèêîâà È, Â, Äîêàçàòåëüñòâåííîå ïðàâî Àíãëèè è ÑØÀ, Èçäàòåëüñòâî Óðàëüñêîé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé Þðèäè åñêîé Àêàäåìèè, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 1997, Àëåõèíà Ñ, À, Äàâòÿí À, Ã, Ìèðçîÿí Ì, Å, Êóëàêîâà Â, Þ, Ãðàæäàíñêèé Ïðîöåññ Çàðóáåæíûõ Ñòðàí, èçäàòåëüñòâî Ïðîñïåêò~ Ì, 2008, Civil Evidence Act (1995) me-5 (1) muxli. 11 Civil Evidence Act (1995) e muxli. 12 R. Cross, N. Wilkins, Outline of the Law of Evidence, London, 1987, Civil Procedura Rules (1998). muxli 3.19(1); (2). 14 Civil Procedura Rules (1998). muxli 4.2 a. 15 Civil Procedura Rules (1998). muxli 4.2 b. 16 Civil Procedura Rules (1998). muxli 3.1 (1). 17 Civil Procedura Rules (1998). muxli 32.1(1). 18 (court s management or court s duty to mange cases) Civil Procedura Rules (1998), muxli 1.4; 3.1; Mary Kay Kane, Civil Procedure In a Nutshell, Third Adition, West publishing Copmany, St.Paul, Minn, 1991, Steven Baicker-Mckee, William M, Janssen, Jon B. Corr, A Stdent s gude to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, West publishing Copmany, St. Paul, Minn, 1997, Federal Rules of Evidence (1975 wlis 01 ivlisi), Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, Educational Edition, West Publishig Company, St.Paul, Minn, 1997, mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb federaluri wesebi moicavs 11 muxlsa 86 wess. mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb federaluri wesebi SeiZleba ganvixilot, rogorc mtkicebulebiti samartlis stanrti. federaluri wesebis mirebamde mxolod otx StatSi moqmedeb mtkicebulebata kodeqsi _ kaliforniasi, niu jerssi, kanzassi, iutasi. ix.: C, Muller, L,C, Kirkpatrick, Evidence, Boston, New York, Toronto, London, 1995, federalur wesebsi mocemulia faqtis sayoveltaod cnobilad ariarebis pirobebi (Article II. Judicial Notice of Adjudicative Facts); prezumfciis gamoyenebis wesebi (Article III. Prezumptions in Civil Actions and Proceedings); mtkicebulebata gankutvnadobis wesebi (Article IV. Relevancy and its Limits); mowmis Cvenebis gamoyenebis Taviseburebebi (Article VI. Witnisses); eqspertis Cveneba (Article VII, Opinions and Expert Testimony); sxvisi sityvebit Cvenebis Taviseburebebi (Article VIII. Hearsy); doku- 30

32 mentebi, mat Soris, eleqtronuli saxit fotoebi (Article X. Contents of writing, Recordings an Photgraphs). ix.: Federal Rules of Evidence (1975 wlis 01 ivlisi). Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, Educational Edition, West Publishig Company, St. Paul, Minn, 1997, ass-is samartali ZiriTad, sasamartlo praqtikis samartalia. precedentis wess ass-si stare decisis uwodeben. ass-si uzenaesi sasamartlo Statebis uzenaesi sasamartloebi ar arian movaleni misdion sakutar gawyvetilebebs amrigad, sakutari praqtikis Secvlis ufleba aqvt. ass-si sasamartlo praqtikis Secvla isviatoba rodia. Tumca, Statebis uzenaesi sasamartloebi imis gamo, rom ar surt samartlebriv urtiertobata stabilurobis rrveva, sasamartlo praqtikis Secvlas didi sifrtxilit ekidebian. ass-si samartlis ganvitarebas precedentis wesis mxriv, brkolebata Seuqmnelad exeba stounis nasromi _ Institutions Funmentales du droit des Etats-Unis. F. F. Stone, ix.: rene vidi, Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samartlebrivi sistemebi, rusuli gamocemin Targmna Tedo ninizem, gamomcemloba `ganatleba~, 1993, 312, Mary Kay Kane, Civil Procedure In a Nutshell, Third Adition, West publishing Copmany, St. Paul, Minn, 1991, Federal Rules of Evidence (1975 wlis 01 ivlisi). Articl IV. Relevancy and its Limits. Rule 402. Relevant Evidence Generally Admissibl; Irrelevant Evidence Inadmissebl. ix., Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, Educational Edition, West Publishig Company, St.Paul, Minn, 1997, Steven Baicker-Mckee, William M, Janssen, Jon B. Corr, A Stdent s gude to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, West publishing Copmany, St.Paul, Minn, 1997, (hearsay evidence) 29 Federal Rules of Evidence (1975 wlis 01 ivlisi). Article VIII. Hearsy. Rule 801. Definitions; Rule 802. Hearsay Rule; Rule 803. Hearsay Exceptions; Availabity of declarant Immaterial; Rule 804. Hearsay Exceptions; declarant Unavailable. ix.: Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, Educational Edition, West Publishig Company, St.Paul, Minn, 1997, Federal Rules of Evidence (1975 wlis 01 ivlisi), Article VIII. Hearsy. Rule 803. Hearsay Exceptions; Availabity of declarant Immaterial (1) Present Sencse Impressiom; (2) Exsited Utterance. ix., Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, , Educational Edition, West Publishig Company, St. Paul, Minn, 1997, iqve, Article VIII. Hearsy. Rule 804. Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable iqve, Article VIII. Hearsy. Rule 803. Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable (11) Records of Religions Orgniztions iqve, Article VIII. Hearsy. Rule 803. Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable (16) Statements in Anicient Documents iqve, Article VIII. Hearsy. Rule 804. Hearsay Exceptions; Declarant Unavailable (a) Definition of Unavailability Steven Baicker-Mckee, William M. Janssen, Jon B. Corr, A Stdent s gude to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, West publishing Copmany, St.Paul, Minn, 1997, Joseph W, Glannon, Little, A Stdent s gude to Anderstanding Civil Procedura, Brown and Company, Boston, Toronto, 1987, Ðåøåòíèêîâà È, Â, Äîêàçàòåëüñòâåííîå ïðàâî Àíãëèè è ÑØÀ, Èçäàòåëüñòâî Óðàëüñêîé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîé Þðèäè åñêîé Àêàäåìèè, Åêàòåðèíáóðã, 1997, Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, 1938 wlis 16 seqtemberi (1996 wlis 01 dekemberi), Rule 8, General Rules of Pleading, Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, 1937 (1966 wlis 01 ivlisi). ix., Steven Baicker-Mckee, William M, Janssen, Jon B. Corr, A Stdent s gude to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, West publishing Copmany, St.Paul Minn, iqve, Mary Kay Kane, Civil Procedure In a Nutshell, Third Adition, West publishing Copmany, St.Paul, Minn, 1991, (prima facie evidence) 43 (prima facie proof) 44 Ïó èíñêèé Â, Ê, Ãðàæäàíñêèé Ïðîöåññ ÑØÀ, Ì, 1979, Federal Rules of Evidence, 1975 wlis 01 ivlisi, Articl III. Prezumptions in Civil Actions and Proceedings, Rule 31. Prezumptions in General in Civil Aqtions and Proceedings, Federal Rules of Civil Procedura, Educational Edition, West Publishig Company, St.Paul, Minn, 1997, Ïó èíñêèé Â, Ê, Ãðàæäàíñêèé Ïðîöåññ ÑØÀ, Ì, 1979, (the sporting theory of justice) 48 Êëåèí À, Ä, Ñóäîïðîéçâîäñòâî è Ãðàæäàíñêèé Ïðîöåññ Êàïèòàëèñòè åñêèõ Ãîñóäàðñòâ, èçäàòåëüñòâî Ìåæäóíàðîäíàÿ êíèãà, Ì, 1950,

33 martlmsajuleba SPECIFICITY OF THE BURDEN OF PROOF IN A COMMON COURT ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF THE GREAT BRITAIN AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ILONA GAGUA Doctor s Degree Student at the Law School of the Iv. Javakhishvili State University The English Civil Procedures Law perceives as evidence any material, which can convince the Court that this or that fact is true or false. They distinguish between burden of proof and burden of presenting the proof. The first one is related to norms (provisions) of the material law, and the other one to subjects bearing that burden. Obligation to prove envisages two aspects. First each party shall prove the circumstances on which it bases its request. Distribution of the burden of proof between opponents represents a precondition to restriction of the active role of the court. Common Law views the trial as the competition of the kind, where the judge plays the role of the arbiter. Each party shall present its evidence. In the United States, the Law represents an independent area of Law. Its formation took place in the framework of the traditional common law. According to the contemporary adversarial principle, parties collect evidence. Burden of proof has a very complicated structure. It represents unity of two components: burden of presenting the proof and the burden of convincing. Pursuant to the general rule, the one who indicates at existence or nonexistence of this or that fact shall bear the burden of proof. However, there is exception to the general rule due to specific nature of material and legal relations, difficulty of proving negative facts and other circumstances. Federal rules (guidelines) on evidence do not contain regulating legal norms (provisions). Given provisions are formulated in the procedural law and the Doctrine of United States. Legal presumption is directly related to the distribution of the burden of proof. Presumption applies to the party, to which burden of applies. Under the evidence law of the US, presumption is determined as distribution (sharing) of burden of proof between the parties. On the one hand, whoever proves this or that fact, is exempted from burden of proof and an obligation of proving the opposite is imposed on the other party. The above means that during hearing of a certain case, the starting point for the court shall be the state of presumption, if the interested party fails to present the opposite legal argumentation of its application. 32

34 pasuxismgebloba misi Taviseburebani ertobliv saqmianobasi ekaterine ninua Tbilisis ekonomikur urtiertobata saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti principi _ `xelsekruleba un Sesruldes~ _ pacta servan _ msoflios yvela martlwesrigis fuzemdebluri nawesia, 1 romelic imperatiulad adgens saxelsekrulebo pirobebis Sesrulebis savaldebulo motxovnas. aqve arsanisnavia, rom samoqalaqosamartlebrivi pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba warmoisvas Sesabamisad, samartalmr- Rvev pirs ekisros pasuxismgebloba ara marto `saxelsekrulebo~ zianisatvis, aramed `arasaxelsekrulebo~ (deliqtis) zianistvisac. winamdebare nasromis mizania ara orive matganis ganxilva, aramed amxanagobis monawileta Soris _ Si urtiertpasuxismgeblobis wesis mati warmosobis safuzvlebis mtavari momentebis kvleva, rogorc `saxelsekrulebo~ pasuxismgebloba. `qartuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis, rogorc zogadi, ise kerzo nawili, valdebulebis Sesrulebis meqanizmzea agebuli. pasuxismgebloba mistvis yvelaze ukiduresi Ronis- Ziebaa vidre misi gamoyeneba moxdebodes, rrveuli valdebulebis gajansarebis Sansi ezlevat mxareebs. mtavaria, Sesruleba ara pasuxismgebloba.~ 2 `pasuxismgeblobis cneba un aigos imis mixedvit, Tu ra Sedegebs iwvevs igi rogorc zianis mimyeneblisatvis, ise zaralebulisatvis.~ 3 amxanagobis monawileta valdebuleba pasuxi agon xelsekrulebis CarCoebSi TavianT moqmedebebze mati 33

35 martlmsajuleba eri interesebisa amxanagobis kreditorebis, yvela mesame pirebis uflebebis ert-ert mnisvnelovan garantias warmoadgens, romeltanac amyareben urtiertobebs monawileebi amxanagobis xelsekrulebit gatvaliswinebuli saqmianobis gansaxorcieblad. saqartvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 937-e muxlis pirveli nawilis Tanaxmad: `xel- Sekrulebis monawileebi ertoblivi saqmianobin warmosobili valebisatvis pasuxs ageben solirulad. ertmanettan urtiertobasi pasuxismgeblobis odenoba ganisaz- Rvreba monawileta wilis Sesabamisad, Tu xelsekruleba sxva rames ar itvaliswinebs.~ amxanagoba saxelsekrulebo gaertianebas warmoadgens, romelic gare urtiertobebsi gamodis ara rogorc ertiani mtliani (iuridiuli piri), aramed yvela garigebebi sruldeba yvela monawilis interesebsi saxelit, amitom pasuxismgebloba kreditorebis winase amxanagobis xelsekrulebis CarCoebSi ganxorcielebul moqmedebebze yvela monawiles ekisreba wilobrivad an soliruli wesit. `SeTanxmeba, romelic mtlianad atavisuflebs amxanagobis romelime monawiles saerto xarjebis an zaralis anazraurebasi monawileobis mirebisagan batilia.~ 4 arnisnuli SezRudvis regulireba saqartvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis specialuri normebit ( muxlebi) ar xdeba. Tumca, samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobisagan zianis anazraurebisagan gatavisuflebaze winaswari SeTanxmeba usvebelia samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi normebit, kerzod: 394-e 410-e muxlebi krzalaven aset SeTanxmebebs es normebi ertnairad vrceldeba yvela samoqalaqosamartlebriv mat Soris, ertoblivi saqmianobin gamomdinare urtiertobebzec. pasuxismgebloba yoveltvis kavsirebulia matebiti xarjebis garebastan, movalisatvis arasasurveli Sedegebis mirebastan, romelic scildeba valdebulebis Car- Coebs. miuxevad imisa, rom iuridiul literaturasi ar arsebobs mecnierta ertiani mosazreba samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis cnebis Taobaze, 5 praqtikulad, yvela matgani etanxmeba imas, rom movalis pasuxismgebloba yoveltvis kavsirebulia mistvis matebit xarjebtan. `amxanagobis xelsekrulebis monawileta miznis misarwevad warmoebuli saqmianobis Sedegad warmoisoba ara mxolod sargebeli, aramed garkveuli gasavali zianic. gasavali amxanagobis saerto saqmianobis ganxorcielebis processi warmosobili xarjia. gasavali amxanagobis saerto Senatanisagan gansxvavdeba imit, rom gasavlis zusti odenobisa normis gansazrvra winaswar e.i. xelsekrulebis debis dros SeuZlebelia. ziani ki, warmoisoba amxanagobis ertoblivi saqmianobis araswori (aramartlzomieri) warmartvis Sedegad.~ 6 `amxanagobis xelsekrulebin warmosobili monawileta pasuxismgeblobis odenoba xasiati valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani Sesrulebis gamo ganisazrvreba arnisnuli xelsekrulebis TaviseburebebiT, kerzod: a) monawileebs ertmanetis winase ekisrebatu urtiertqonebrivi pasuxismgebloba, mat Soris: 1. amxanagobis qonebasi TavianTi Sesatanebis Seutanlobis an gvianebis gamo; 2. amxanagobis saqmeebis martvastan kavsirebit, movaleobebis arajerovani Sesrulebis gamo; 34

36 3. im zaralis gamo, romelic miyenebulia amxanagobis saerto qonebisatvis an romelime monawilesatvis ertoblivi saqmianobis processi; 4. im zaralis gamo, romelic miyenebulia ert-erti monawilis mier sxva monawileebisatvis arnisnuli monawilis xelsekrulebis moslis motxovnit narcen monawileta mimart sxv.~ 7 b) `xelsekrulebis monawileebs amxanagobis saqmianobin gamomdinare, ekisrebat qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba mesame pirebis winase warmosobil saerto valebze an valdebulebebze; g) amxanagobis saqmianobis processi warmosobil saerto valebze an valdebulebebze mesame pirebis winase xelsekrulebis monawiles SeiZleba ekisros pasuxismgebloba amxanagobasi monawileobis mirebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSic an amxanagobis xelsekrulebis Sewyvetis Semdegac~. 8 `ertoblivi saqmianobis Sedegad warmosobili gasavlebisa zianis farvis wesi ganisazrvreba xelsekrulebit. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki xelsekrulebit ar iqneba gatvaliswinebuli aseti wesi gasavlebi ziani ifareba xelsekrulebis monawileta saer- To Senatanebis, anu amxanagobis saerto qonebis xarjze, xolo Tu arnisnuli ar iqneba sakmarisi zianis safaravad, masin naklisi Tanxebis ganawileba moxdeba monawileta Soris saerto qonebasi mati Senatanebis proporciulad, wilobrivi pasuxismgeblobis wesit.~ 9 saqartvelos samoqalaqo kodeqssi SeimCneva monawileta pasuxismgeblobis tendencia mesame pirebis winase. es gamoixateba: a) pasuxismgeblobis odenobis ganawilebis sxvagvar akrzalvasi, vidre misi gansaz- Rvra saerto saqmesi monawileta wilis Sesabamisad; b) monawileta soliruli pasuxismgeblobis wilis gazrsi, romelic savaldebuloa yvela saerto valdebulebebis mimart miuxevad, mati warmosobis safuzvlebisa. arnisnuli tendencia uewvelad SeiZleba CaiTvalos qartul samoqalaqo samartalsi amxanagobis urtiertobebis mowesrigebis ganvitarebis warmatebad. kanonmdeblobis ase- Ti motxovna gamoricxavs monawileta pasuxismgeblobis odenobis ganawilebis SesaZleblobas mati Senatanebis odenobis miuxevad. aseti SesaZleblobebis SenarCunebisas SeiZleba Tavin iqnes acilebuli sxvasxvagvari boroti moqmedebebi, magalitad, yvelaze moukidebeli gaxdisunariani monawilesatvis pasuxismgeblobis wilis im odenobit Semcireba, rac gamoiwvevs seriozul brkolebas amxanagobis kreditorebis eri interesebis uflebebis cvasi. migvacnia, rom TviT faqti amxanagobis monawileta soliruli pasuxismgeblobis mkvidrebisa warmoadgens ara mxolod monawileta kreditorebis uflebebis garantias, aramed logikurac gamomdinareobs aseti gaertianebis iuridiuli bunebinac. Tu samoqalaqo urtiertobebis romelime monawileebma gawyvites gaertiandnen saerto miznis misarwevad TiToeul matgans ufleba aqvs imoqmedos yvelas saxelit, saerto garigebebze uflebebsac movaleobebsac aseve, yvela monawileebi izenen, amitom ertobliv saqmianobastan kavsirebit movaleobebis ganawilebis wesis gansazrvra pasuxismgeblobis kisrebis 35

37 martlmsajuleba TvalsazrisiT, monawileta sasinao saqmeebs un warmoadgendes. am dros mesame pirebs (monawileebis kreditorebi) ufleba aqvt motxovnebi wauyenon amxanagobas, anu mis yvela wevrs ertad, an romelime ert-ert gaxdisunarian monawiles matgan moitxovon valdebulebis srulad Sesruleba. monawilem, romelmac gaixa amxanagobis saerto valebi uflebamosilia mimartos sxva wevrebs gansazrvros Tu rogor rodis miirebs gaxdili Tanxis kompensacias. rac Seexeba Tavad monawileebs, kreditorebis winase valdebulebis SesrulebaSi monawileoben wilobrivad, anu TavianTi Senatanebis proporciulad. Tu wilebi ar aris gansazrvruli, masin kreditorebis winase mati pasuxismgeblobis ganawileba moxdeba Tanabrad. valdebulebis Sesrulebis motxovnis aseti ufleba kreditorebs eqnebat mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini garigebas deben amxanagobis yvela wevrtan ertad an warmomadgeneltan, romelic amxanagobis saxelit moqmedebs amxanagobis wevrta mier gacemuli (rwmunebis) valebis xelsekrulebis safuzvelze. winaarmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mesame pirebis winase valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze Sesabamisad, am valdebulebebis SeusruleblobiT gamowveul zianze pasuxs agebs ara amxanagoba e.i. misi yvela monawile solirulad, aramed is piri, romelmac amxanagobis rwmunebis garese piradi mosazrebebita Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad, individualurad do garigeba. aseti piri piradi qonebit srulad agebs pasuxs mesame pirebis winase im valdebulebebze, romelic mis mier debuli garigebis safuzvelze warmoisva. analogiuri pirobebi aris gatvaliswinebuli safrangetis samoqalaqo samartlis mixedvitac. 10 rogorc zemot arvnisnet, `monawiles ufleba aqvs regresis wesit amxanagobis sxva monawileebisagan moitxovos wilobrivi anazraureba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amtkicebs, rom mesame pirebtan debuli garigebis dros is moqmedeb amxanagobis saerto interesebin gamomdinare am garigebebit amxanagobas debiti Sedegi, anu sargebeli moutana.~ 11 arnisnuli mtkicebuleba gaatavisuflebs konkretul monawiles mesame pirebis, anu kreditorebis winase pasuxismgeblobisagan, rac gulisxmobs, rom mtlianad amxanagoba iqneba kreditorebis winase pasuxismgebeli. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, mnisvnelovani iqneba faqti _ iyo Tu ara cnobili kreditorebisatvis, rom konkretuli piri mastan samartlebriv urtier- TobaSi monawileob amxanagobis ara piradi saxelit. kanonmdeblis mier dgenili ertaderti motxovna monawileta aseti SeTanxmebis mimart kavsirebulia imastan, rom romelime monawilis mtlianad gatavisufleba saerto xarjebis an zaralis farvasi monawileobisagan akrzalulia, rac xels ar uslis amxanagobis monawileebs gaitvaliswinon xelsekrulebasi im monawilisatvis gasaxdeli wilis gansazrvra, romelmac gaixa saerto valebi, anu valdebuleba mtlianad Seasrula, rac SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes TiToeuli monawilis ama Tu im drois ganmavlobasi finansuri mdgomareobis, sargeblis mirebis proporciulad a.s. ukumotxovnis SemTxvevaSi, Tu ert-erti movaletagani valauvali armocndeba, masin misi gasaxdeli wili Tanazomierad nawildeba yvela sxva gaxdisunarian movales, anu monawiles Soris, mat Soris im monawilezec, romelmac mtlianad Seasrula valdebuleba. Tumca, un arinisnos, rom yovelive es SesaZlebelia, Tu amxanagoba namdvilad warmoadgens fiduciarul garigebas monawileebi ertmanets kargad icnoben. swored, amxanagobis aseti modeli aris ganmtki- 36

38 cebuli saqartvelos samoqalaqo kodeqssi mit umetes, ganpirobebulia amxanagobis urtiertobebis iuridiuli bunebit. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arnisnuli sakitxi ar iqneba mowesrigebuli xelsekrulebasi, masin TiToeuli monawilis pasuxismgeblobis odenoba ganisazrvreba mati wilis Sesabamisad. amxanagobis monawileta soliruli pasuxismgeblobis principis simkacre mesame pirebis winase ganpirobebulia amxanagobis kreditorebis interesebis cvis aucileblobit, winaarmdeg SemTxvevaSi wilobrivi pasuxismgeblobis pirobebsi kreditorebis motxovnis kmayofileba mokidebuli iqnebo amxanagobis TiToeuli monawilis gaxdisunarianobaze. saqartvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsisagan gansxvavebit rusetis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1047-e muxlis meore nawilsi pirpir aris mititebuli, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi ekisrebat amxanagobis monawileebs soliruli pasuxismgebloba, kerzod, `Tu amxanagobis xelsekruleba kavsirebulia monawileebis mier samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebastan, mat ekisrebat soliruli pasuxismgebloba yvela saerto valdebulebebze miuxevad, mati warmosobis safuzvlebisa~. anu `mesame pirebis winase soliruli pasuxismgebloba dgenilia T komerciuli amxanagobis xelsekrulebis monawileebisatvis (yvela SemTxvevaSi), arakomerciuli amxanagobis xelsekrulebis monawileebisatvis _ mxolod arasaxelsekrulebo valdebulebebze, xolo nebismieri amxanagobis monawileebisatvis _ Sesabamisi amxanagobis xelsekrulebis Sewyvetis momentin. arnisnuli motxovnebi imperatiulia ar SeiZleba Seicvalos mxareta SeTanxmebiT.~ 12 amdenad, amxanagobis xelsekrulebis monawileta pasuxismgebloba mesame pirebis winase atarebs wilobriv xasiats mxolod ori pirobis cvis SemTxvevaSi: 1. amxanagobis xelsekruleba ar aris kavsirebuli monawileebis mier samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebastan; 2. pasuxismgebloba dgeba mxolod monawileta saerto saxelsekrulebo valdebulebebze. yvela sxva narcen SemTxvevaSi monawileebi mesame pirebis winase pasuxs ageben solirulad. germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis par. 708-e Tanaxmad, `amxanagobis monawilem pasuxi un agos mxolod im mzrunvelobisatvis, romelic mas axasiatebs sakutari saqmeebis Sesrulebisas~. migvacnia, rom swored arnisnuli principi devs amxanagobis xelsekrulebis samartlebriv bunebasi, vinain monawileebis mier ertoblivi saqmeebis gazrola un moxdes ketilsindisierebis, ndobis, kvalificiurobis amxanagobis winase saxuli miznis misarwevad sxva mnisvnelovani RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebit. saqartvelosa germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsit gansazrvruli amxanagobis xelsekrulebis monawileta pasuxismgeblobis maregulirebeli normebis msgavsad, safrange- Tis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1863-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `amxanagobis monawileebs im kreditoris winase, romeltanac des xelsekruleba pasuxismgebloba ekisrebat Tanabari wilit miuxevad imisa, rom ert-erti matganis wili amxanagobasi naklebia (sxvebis wilze), Tu amxanagobis xelsekrulebit ar aris SezRuduli arnisnuli monawilis pasuxismgebloba amxanagobasi misi kutvnili wilis Sesabamisad~. anu TiToeuli monawile miuxevad misi wilis odenobisa, amxanagobasi Tanabrad agebs pasuxs kreditorebis winase 37

39 martlmsajuleba mdgari valdebulebebisatvis. `amdenad, amxanagobis kreditorebs ufleba aqvt motxovnebi ikmayofilon: 1. amxanagobis qonebin, romlitac uzrunvelyofilia mxolod am kreditorebis motxovna; 2. TiToeuli monawilis piradi qonebit.~ 13 statiasi ganxiluli sakitxebi, romelic ukavsirdeba amxanagobis monawileta pasuxismgeblobas, ar aris amomwuravi, vinain, misi detaluri ganxilva ar warmoadgens mocemuli statiis mizans. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1.n.CitaSvili, bralis mnisvneloba saxelsekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazrvristvis, samartlis mimoxilva, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009, # 1; 2.T.zarandia, saxelsekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili vadebi (sakandito disertaciis avtoreferati), Tb., 2002; 3.b.zoiZe, qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba valdebulebata rrvevisatvis, gamomc. `mecniereba~, Tb., 1989; 4. T. CitoSvili, saqartvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meotxe, t. II, gamomc. `samartali~, Tbilisi, 2001; 5. z. axvlediani, valdebulebiti samartali, gamomc. `samartali~, Tb., 1999; 6. Å.Â.Ïðîòàñ., Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, èçä.,,ìãèó, Ì., 2005; 7. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ïîä ðåä. Þ.Ê.Òîëñòîãî, À.Ï.Ñåðãååâà, ò.2, èçä.,,ïðîñïåêò,ì., 2006; 8. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî â 4-õ òîìàõ, ò.4, Îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííîå ïðàâî, Îòâ. ðåä. Å.À.Ñóõàíîâ, èçä.,,âîëòåðñ Êëóâåð, Ì., 2008; 9. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî â 4-õ òîìàõ, ò.4, Îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííîå ïðàâî, Îòâ. ðåä. Å.À.Ñóõàíîâ, èçä.,,âîëòåðñ Êëóâåð, Ì., 2008; 10. Ñîâåòñêîå ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî,.2, Ïîä îáùåé ðåä. Â.Ô.Ìàñëîâà, À.À.Ïóøêèíà, èçä.,,âèùà øêîëà, Êèåâ 1983; 11. Ë. Æþëëèî Äå Ëà Ìîðàíäüåð, Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî Ôðàíöèè, èçä. Èííîñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Ì., 1961; 12. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ïîä ðåä. Þ.Ê.Òîëñòîãî, À.Ï.Ñåðãååâà, ò.2, èçä. Ïðîñïåêò, Ì., 2006; 13. Ë. Æþëëèî Äå Ëà Ìîðàíäüåð, Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî Ôðàíöèè, èçä. Èíîñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Ì.,

40 SeniSvnebi: 1 n. CitaSvili, bralis mnisvneloba saxelsekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis gansazrvristvis, samartlis mimoxilva, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009, # 1, gv T.zarandia, saxelsekrulebo valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili vadebi (sakandito disertaciis avtoreferati), Tb., 2002, gv b. zoize, qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba valdebulebata rrvevisatvis, gamomc. `mecniereba~, Tb., 1989, gv.7. 4 Å.Â.Ïðîòàñ., Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, èçä. ÌÃÈÓ, Ì., 2005, ñ ase magalitad, (gribanovi v. p., braginski m.i.) pasuxismgeblobasi gulisxmoben zianis anazraurebas pirgasamtexlos gaxdevinebas. sxvebi (venediqtovi a.v., leisti o.o., samosenko i.s.) Tvlian pasuxismgeblobasi izulebiti xasiatis iseti RonisZiebebis gamoyenebas, romelic akisrebs samartalmrrvevs Ziri- Tad valdebulebastan SerebiT matebit qonebriv movaleobebs. agarkovi m.m., ioffe o.s., antimonovi b.s., maleini n.s. gamodian imis winaarmdeg, rom pasuxismgeblobad ar itvleba movaleobis izulebit Sesruleba pasuxismgebloba esmit, rogorc movalisatvis arasasurveli Sedegebi, romelic scildeba valdebulebis CarCoebs. farto gavrceleba hpova poziciam imis Sesaxeb, rom samoqalaqosamartlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gamoricxulia, Tu samartalmrrvevis moqmedebebsi ar aris brali. `batoni b. zoize ki, samoqalaqosamartlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis cnebas ase gansazrvravs _ samoqalaqosamartlebrivi pasuxismgebloba esaa samoqalaqosamartlebrivi sanqciis realizacia saxelmwifoebrivi izulebis vitarebasi, romelic mimartulia kreditoris (zaralebulis) qonebrivi (zogjer araqonebrivi) mdgomareobis ardgenisaken samartalmrrvevze Tavpirveli an matebiti movaleobebis kisrebis xarjze~. ix.: b.zoize, qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba valdebulebata rrvevisatvis, gamomc. `mecniereba~, Tb., 1989, gv Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ïîä ðåä. Þ.Ê.Òîëñòîãî, À.Ï.Ñåðãååâà, ò.2, èçä. Ïðîñïåêò,Ì., 2006, ñ Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî â 4-õ òîìàõ, ò.4, Îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííîå ïðàâî, Îòâ. ðåä. Å.À.Ñóõàíîâ, èçä. Âîëòåðñ Êëóâåð, Ì., 2008, ñ Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî â 4-õ òîìàõ, ò.4, Îáÿçàòåëüñòâåííîå ïðàâî, Îòâ. ðåä. Å.À.Ñóõàíîâ, èçä. Âîëòåðñ Êëóâåð, Ì., 2008, ñ Ñîâåòñêîå ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî,.2, Ïîä îáùåé ðåä. Â.Ô.Ìàñëîâà, À.À.Ïóøêèíà, èçä. Âèùà øêîëà, Êèåâ 1983, ñ Ë. Æþëëèî Äå Ëà Ìîðàíäüåð, Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî Ôðàíöèè, èçä. Èíîñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Ì., 1961, ñ T. CitoSvili, saqartvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meotxe, t. I I, gamomc. `samartali~, Tbilisi, 2001, gv Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî, Ïîä ðåä. Þ.Ê.Òîëñòîãî, À.Ï.Ñåðãååâà, ò.2, èçä. ðîñïåêò, Ì., 2006, ñ Ë. Æþëëèî Äå Ëà Ìîðàíäüåð, Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî Ôðàíöèè, èçä. Èíîñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Ì., 1961, ñ

41 martlmsajuleba RESPONSIBILITY AND ITS FEATURES IN JOINT ACTIVITIES EKATERINE NINUA Doctor s Degree Student Tbilisi State University for Economic Relations The scientific article is dedicated to the topic of responsibility and its features in joint activities. The civil law responsibility represents one of the forms of the state coercion. In case of failure to fulfill obligations or in case of improper execution of such, parties to the joint activities (association) agreement shall be held accountable for undesirable results, which may occur due to inappropriate execution of agreement terms. Due to purpose of joint activities, responsibilities of the association members shall be determined _ for internal relationships as well as for responsibilities to third parties. The rule for imposition of responsibilities on participants of joint activities is regulated by special provisions, which envisage joint responsibility for debts incurred and determination of the amount (volume) of responsibility according to shares of participants for the purpose of defining mutual responsibilities within the association (unless otherwise determined by the contract). 40

42 TanamonawileTa sjadobis sakitxi kanonmdeblobasi giorgi barabaze samartlis doqtori calkeuli ucxouri qveynis kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebit, sabwouri periodis sisxlissamartlebrivi kanonmdebloba ar Semofarglav im ganzrax nasaulta wres, romelta CadenisTvisac SesaZlebeli iyo TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba. sazrvargaretis rigi qveynebis kanonmdebloba nasaulsi TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas awesebs ufro mometebuli sasisroebis Semcveli nasaulisatvis. kerzod, safrangetis 1992 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis mixedvit, nasaulebrivi qmedebebi Tavisi simzimis mixedvit sam nawilad iyofa: nasaulad, gacdomad, rrvevad. Tumca, matgan Tanamonawileoba sjadia mxolod nasaulsi gacdomasi (111-3; 121-6; muxlebi). iaponiis 1907 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis 64-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki, iseti nasaulis mxmare an wamqezebeli, romelic sasjelis saxit patimrobas an mcire fulad jarimas iwvevs, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi isjeba, Tu amis Sesaxeb specialurad aris mititeba kanonsi. niis 1939 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsit, Tanamonawileebi ar isjebian, Tu nasaulebrivi qmedeba ar iwvevs ufro mzime sasjels, vidre patimroba (par. 23 naw. I). mteli rigi ucxouri qveynis kanonmdebloba analogiur Sem- TxvevebSi waqezebas sjis, xolo xmarebas _ ara. kerzod, germaniis 1871 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsit rrvevisatvis xelis Sewyoba nasauls ar warmoadgens (par1, mux. 49). sagulisxmoa, rom revoluciamdeli rusetis 1903 wlis sisxlis samartlis debulebis Tanaxmad, gacdomis Tana- 41

43 martlmsajuleba monawiletagan isjebo mxolod amsrulebeli. xolo, wamqezebeli mxmare gacdomis dros isjebo mxolod T pirpir mititebul SemTxvevebSi (mux. 51). xazgasasmelia, rom nasaulta kategoriebis mixedvit, msgavsi SezRudva ucxo iyo sabwouri periodis sisxlissamartlebrivi kanonmdeblobisatvis. Tumca, misi ararseboba ar nisnav imis ariarebas, rom sisxlis samartlis pasuxismgeblobasi un micemuliyo yvela Tanamonawile moukideblad imisa _ mati qmedebebi arsebiti mnisvnelobis iyo Tu umnisvnelo. msgavsi skvna, arsebitad ar gamomdinareob safuzvlebis me-7 muxlis me-i I nawilin (Sesabamisad, saqartvelos 1961 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis me-8 mux. me-i I nawilin), sac arnisnuli iyo, rom `nasaulad ar CaiTvleba moqmedeba an umoqmedoba, romelic Tumca, formalurad Seicavs sisxlis samartlis T gatvaliswinebuli raime qmedobis nisnebs, magram mcire mnisvnelobis gamo ar warmoadgens sazogadoebriv sasisroebas.~ rogorc Cans, sabwouri periodis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdebloba ar zruv nasaulsi TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobas nasaulis romelime kategoriis mixedvit, Tumca, igi sisxlissamartlebriv pasuxismgeblobas gamoricxav mcire mnisvnelobis mqone nasaulsi TanamonawileobisaTvis. anu, universaluri xasiatis normas warmoadgen sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis kerzo nawilit gatvaliswinebuli yvela SemadgenlobisaTvis saerto iyo. 1 TanamonawileTa sjadobis Taobaze, sainteresoa Tanamonawilis calkeuli saxis _ amsruleblis, organizatoris, wamqezebelis mxmaris sjis urtiertgamijvnis sakitxze ucxouri qveynebis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobis analizi, sac SeiZleba gamoiyos arnisnuli problemis gawyvetis ramdenime mimartuleba: a) kanonmdeblobata erti nawili saerto saxelmzrvanelo sawyisad ariarebs yvela TanamonawileTa Tanabar pasuxismgeblobas. kerzod, franguli sisxlis samartlis kanonmdebloba SeiZleba itqvas, axorcielebs asimilaciis princips TanamonawileTa pasuxisgebasi 121_6-e muxlis Tanaxmad, nasaulisa gacdomis Tanamonawileebi iseve isjebian, rogorc nasaulis an gacdomis amsrulebeli. am mimartulebis mixedvit, individualuri garemoebebi SeiZleba gatvaliswinebuli iyos mxolod sasamartlosatvis miniwebuli uflebebis farglebsi sasjelis konkretuli saxis dgenisas. b) meore jgufi sapirispiro mimartulebit midis amsrulebeltan SerebiT, sasjelis savaldebulo Semcirebas adgens TanamonawileTa calkeuli saxisatvis _ gansakutrebit ki, mxmaris mimart. kerzod, iaponiis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis mixedvit, mxmaris sasjeli un Seesabamebodes amsruleblis sasjels, Tumca, masze msubuqi un iyos (par. 13). germanuli sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, nasaulis mxmarisatvis gatvaliswinebulia pasuxismgeblobis Semsubuqeba ganzraxi nasaulis ganvitarebis stadiebis wesis Sesabamisad. yvela narceni Tanamonawile ki, SeiZleba isajos imave sasjelit, rac nasaulis amsrulebels emuqreba. aseve, mxmarisatvis sasjelis savaldebulo Semcirebas itvaliswinebs finetis 1894 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsi ( 3, Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb). inglisis kanonmdeblobit, Tanamonawile nasaulis Cadenis Semdeg isjeba ufro msubuqad, vidre Tanamonawile nasaulis Cadenamde, romelic iseve isjeba _ rogorc amsrulebeli. 42

44 g) mesame mimartulebas ki, un mivakutvnot im saxelmwifota sisxlissamartlebrivi kanonmdebloba, romlebic TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis dgenisas Sualeduri gzis gamonaxvas cdiloben. kerzod, uaryofen rogorc Tanabari pasuxismgeblobis princips (rogorc es aris frangul sisxlis samartlis kodeqssi) aseve, sasjelis savaldebulo Semcirebis sawyiss (rasac adgili aqvs iaponiis, germaniis, finetis sisxlis samar- Tlis kanonmdeblobasi) gansazrvraven mxmaretatvis sasjelis arasavaldebulo, aramed fakultatiur Semcirebas. magalitad, niis 1939 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis 23-e muxlis Tanaxmad, nasaulisatvis T gatvaliswinebuli sasjeli gamoiyeneba yvela im piris mimart, romlebmac TavianTi waqezebit, rcevit an qmedebit xeli Seuwyves am nasaulis Cadenas. sasjeli SeiZleba Seumcirdes mxolod iset mxmares, romelmac umnisvnelo monawileoba miiro nasaulis CadenaSi.~ niuri sisxlis samartlis kodeqsi usvebs mxmaris srul gatavisuflebas sasjelisagan, Tuki Tanamonawilis xelsewyobis ganzraxvas hqon meorexarisxovani mnisvneloba. mxmaristvis sasjelis fakultatiur Semcirebas itvaliswinebs aseve, italiis 1930 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsi (mux. 114). Sveicariis 1938 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis mixedvit, sasjeli SeiZleba Seumsubuqdes im pirs, vinc ganzrax xmarebas gauwevs sxvas nasaulis CadenaSi (mux. 25). igive wesia dgenili, CineTis 1935 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis 30-e muxlit, sac xazgasmulia, rom mxmare isjeba imave sasjelit, rac amsrulebels ekisreba, magram es sasjeli SeiZleba Semcirebuli iqnas. nisandoblivia, rom TanamonawileTa sjadobis konstruqciaze xsenebuli samive ZiriTadi mimartulebis (anu, Tanabari sasjelis, savaldebulo Semcirebisa fakultatiuri Semcirebis) msgavseba imasia, rom yvela am mimartulebas erti amocana aqvs, kerzod, SezRudul iqnas sasamartlo winaswar dgenili formaluri nisnebit. sxvata Soris, istoriulad analogiuri midgoma arsebob rusetis revoluciamdel sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobasic. saxeldobr, 1903 wlis sisxlis samartlis debulebis Tanaxmad, sasjeli umcirdebo im mxmares, romlis xelsewyobasac arsebiti mnisvneloba ar hqon (mux. 51, nawili me-i I ). sagulisxmoa, rom sabwouri periodis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobisatvis ucxo iyo TanamonawileTa sjadobis gamijvnis formaluri, abstraqtuli principi. arnisnuli sistema ar itvaliswineb romelime kategoriis TanamonawilisaTvis sasjelis savaldebulo an fakultatiur Semcirebas. amdenad, garkveulwilad SeiZleba iseti STabeWdileba Seiqmnas, TiTqos imdroindeli kanonmdeblobisatvis saertod zedmeti iyo TanamonawileTa yofa sxvasxva saxeebad, ramdenac igi yvela TanamonawilisaTvis principulad sasjelis Tanabar farglebs aweseb. Tumca, aseti skvna ar Seesabamebo im periodis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobis zogad principebsa arc mis dgenilebebs TanamonawileTaTvis sasjelis nisvnis Sesaxeb. xazgasasmelia, rom istoriulad, sabwota periodis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdebels TanamonawileTa sasjelis individualizaciis TvalsazrisiT, yoveltvis sur gamoenaxa am institutisatvis maxasiatebeli specifikuri kriteriumebi. imisatvis, rom 43

45 martlmsajuleba TvalnaTliv warmocndes es sakitxi, mizansewonilia ganvixilot am periodis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdebloba istoriul-logikuri ganvitarebis WrilSi. kerzod, arnisnuli periodis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobis ganvitarebis erterti umnisvnelovanesi etapi iyo 1919 wlis sisxlis samartlis saxelmzrvanelo sawyisebis~ mireba. massi pirvelad Camoyalib sabwota sisxlis samartlis amosavali debulebebi. saxelmzrvanelo sawyisebis~ 21-e muxlsi xazgasmuli iyo, rom sasjelis zoma ganisazrvreba ara mnasavis monawileobis xarisxit, aramed, mnasavisa mis mier Cadenili qmedebis sasisroebis xarisxit~. 2 calkeul TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis kriteriumta gansazrvris saxit, metad sainteresoa rusetis 1922 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis pozicia. sabwour periodsi TanamonawileTa mimart sasjelis individualizaciis kutxit nasaulsi monawileobis xarisxs pirvelad mieqca satanado yuradreba. kerzod, saxelebuli kodeqsis me-15 muxlis Tanaxmad, `sasjelis RonisZieba TiToeul Tanamonawiles enisneba, rogorc monawileobis xarisxis, ise mnasavisa mis mier Cadenili nasaulis sasisroebis xarisxis mixedvit.~ amis Semdgom, TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis sakanonmdeblo regulirebis dros, sabwota sisxlis samartlis kanonmdebloba yoveltvis xazs usvam im garemoebas, rom TanamonawileobisaTvis sasjelis RonisZiebis gansazrvrisas sasamartlom sxva garemoebebtan ertad aucileblad mxedvelobasi un miiros misi monawileobis xarisxi misi roli saerto nasaulis CadenaSi. amis nateli gamoxatulebaa, ssr kavsirisa mokavsire respublikebis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobis 1924 wlis ZiriTadi sawyisebi, sac arnisnuli iyo, rom socialuri cvis RonisZiebani gamoiyeneba yvela Tanamonawilis mimart, rogorc mati socialuri sasisroebis, ise nasaulsi mati monawileobis xarisxis mixedvit (mux. 12). analogiuri normebi 1924 wlis ZiriTadi sawyisebis safuzvelze, Setanili iqna mokavsire respublikebis sisxlis samartlis ( ww.) kodeqsebsic. 3 rogorc irkveva, 1924 wlis ZiriTad sawyisebsi kanonmdeblis mier gamoyofili iqna ori kriteriumi: a) obieqturi _ Cadenil nasaulsi monawileobis xarisxi; b) subieqturi _ Tanamonawilis sasisroebis xarisxi. Cadenil nasaulsi monawileobis xarisxze mititeba, natlad amtkiceb, rom monawileobis xarisxi e.i. TiToeuli Tanamonawilis individualuri rolis Sefaseba pirvelyovlisa, safuzvlad un hqono debuli sasamartlo ganacens. Tumca, aseti Sefaseba meqanikurad ar un yofiliyo gamoyenebuli gansxvavebuli saxis TanamonawileebisaTvis, imdenad ramdenac, mocemul konkretul SemTxvevaSi, wamqezeblis an mxmaris monawileobis xarisxi, SeiZleba yofiliyo amsruleblis monawileobis xarisxze mnisvnelovani seriozuli. Tanamonawilis sasisroebis xarisxze mititeba sasamartlos avaldebuleb gaetvaliswinebina TanamonawileTa individualuri gansakutrebulobani (mnasavis socialuri mdgomareoba, misi qmedebis motivi, recidivi) a.s. amavdroulad, zogierti mokav- Sire respublikis sisxlis samartlis kodeqssi or saxelebul nisans (nasaulsi monawileobis xarisxsa mnasavis sasisroebis xarisxs) ematebo mesame nisanic _ Cadenili nasaulis sasisroebis xarisxi (rusetis ssk-is me-17 mux; TurqmeneTis ssk is me-17 mux; uzbeketis ssk-is me-15 mux; tajiketis ssk-is me-16 mux.). 44

46 momdevno periodis _ 1958 wlis ssr kavsirisa mokavsire respublikebis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobis safuzvlebsi SeiniSneba garkveuli siaxle. kerzod, massi asaxuli iqna ara mxolod nasaulsi monawileobis xarisxi, aramed gamokvetili iqna sisxlissamartlebrivi kanonmdeblobisatvis manamde ucnobi kriteriumi _ nasaulsi monawileobis xasiatic. 4 saxeldobr, safuzvlebis me-17 muxlis me-7 nawilsi (saqartvelos 1961 wlis sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis me-19 muxlis me-7 nawilsi) xazgasmuli iyo, rom nasaulis CadenaSi TiToeuli Tanamonawilis monawileobis xarisxi xasiati mxedvelobasi un iqnas mirebuli sasamartlos mier sasjelis nisvnis dros. msgavsi debulebis arseboba sasamartlos SesaZleblobas azlev, sasjelis nisvnis saerto sawyisebtan sasjelis Semamsubuqebel mamzimebel garemoebebtan ertad mxedvelobasi miero _ nasaulis CadenaSi TanamonawileTa monawileobis, rogorc xarisxi, ise xasiati. anu, gaetvaliswinebina obieqturad Tu ra rols asruleb ertiani nasaulis TiToeuli monawile rogori iyo mati qmediti wili ertiani nasaulebrivi Sedegis gamowvevasi. cxadia, rtuli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom kanonmdeblis mititeba TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis gansazrvrisas sasamartlos gaetvaliswinebina mxolod nasaulsi monawileobis xarisxi xasiati, gamoricxav im or garemoebas samin, rac cnobili iyo adre moqmedi kanonmdeblobistvis (nasaulis sasisroebis xarisxi mnasavis sasisroebis xarisxi) romelta arsebobis mizansewonilobasac, sruliad samartlianad ewvqves ayeneb cnobili mecnieri m. kovaliovi. igi arnisnav, rom kanonsi mnasavis sasisroebis xarisxisa nasaulis sasisroebis xarisxis moxsenieba sruliad zedmetia, ramdenac Tanamonawilis sasisroebis xarisxi ar miekutvneba usualod Tanamonawilis instituts rogorc asets. is ar SeiZleba gamodges TanamonawileTaTvis sasjelis nisvnis kriteriumad im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac TanamonawileTa moqmedeba kvalificirdeba sisxlis samartlis kodeqsis sxvasxva muxlit, ramdenac am muxlta sanqciebsia ukve gatvaliswinebuli nasaulis sasisroebis xarisxis maqsimaluri minimaluri zrvari. 5 Tumca, a. traininisagan gansxvavebit, avtori mnasavis sasisroebis xarisxsac ar miakutvneb usualod Tanamonawileobis instituts. misi azrit, es nisani srulad miekutvnebo pirad garemoebebs, romelic axasiateb subieqts ar SeeZlo raime arsebiti zegavlena moexdina nasaulsi TanamonawileTa Soris pasuxismgeblobis gansxvavebaze mati nasaulebriv saqmianobasi monawileobis kutxit. 6 xazgasasmelia, rom nasaulis sasisroebis xarisxtan kavsirebit, jer kidev, 1958 wlis sisxlis samartlis safuzvlebis mirebamde (1941 wels), metad racionaluri mosazreba aqvs fiqsirebuli a. trainins, romelic arnisnav, rom `Cadenili nasaulis sasisroebis xarisxi yoveltvis Tanabaria yvela TanamonawilisaTvis is SeuZlebelia gamoyenebuli iqnas TanamonawileTa gansxvavebuli pasuxismgeblobis safuzvlis sadgenad...~. 7 gar amisa, avtoris azrit, SeuZlebelia mxedvelobin gamogvrces is garemoeba, rom Cadenili nasaulis sasisroebis xarisxi ukve sruli saxit aqvs gatvaliswinebuli kanonmdebels, konkretuli nasaulisatvis sasjelis gansazrvrisas. 8 sagulisxmoa, rom igive a. trainini mxars uwer TanamonawileTa sasjelis individualizaciis kutxit kanonmdeblobasi mkvidrebuliyo iseti specialuri kriteriu- 45

47 martlmsajuleba mebi, rogoricaa monawileobis xarisxi xasiati. analogiur mosazrebebs avitarebdnen amave periodis sxva kriminalistebic, rac Tavis mxriv, safuzvels gvazlevs vivaraudot, rom mat, garkveulwilad, Seamzades satanado niagi 1958 wlis kanonmdeblobasi Sesabamis cvlilebata ganxorcielebisatvis. amgvarad, sabwouri periodis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobis analizi cxadyofs, rom ucxouri revoluciamdeli rusetis sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebit, calkeuli Tanamonawilis saxis mixedvit ar iyo SemuSavebuli wesebuli garkveuli limiti sasjelis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, meore mxriv natlad Cans, im periodis kanonmdeblis mcdeloba SeemuSavebina zogadi kriteriumebi, romlebic metnaklebad samartlianad uzrunvelyofdnen TanamonawileTa mimart sasjelis individualizaciis principis ganxorcielebas. xolo, es kriteriumebi arsebitad wesebuli iyo ara romelime Tanamonawilis saxis mimart _ winaswar, calsaxad gansazrvrulad (rogorc es asaxulia, germaniis, iaponiis sxva kodeqsebsi), aramed mtlianobasi na- SaulSi Tanamonawilis nebismieri saxis mimart _ iqnebo es nasaulis amsrulebeli, organizatori, wamqezebeli Tu mxmare. amjamad, mizansewonilia arnisul sakitxs SevexoT im WrilSi, Tu ra gzit wavidnen TanamonawileebisaTvis sasjelis individualizaciis kriteriumta gansazrvrisas, yofili mokavsire respublikebi moukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom. TanamonawileTa sasjelis individualizacias 1999 wels mirebulma nacionalurma sisxlis samartlis kodeqsma gansakutrebuli yuradreba utmo. arnisnulze metyvelebs is faqti, rom kodeqsis 57-e muxlsi kanonmdeblis mier es sakitxi sagangebod iqna gamoyofili. xsenebuli muxlis pirvel nawilsi gansazrvrulia, rom nasaulsi TanamonawileTaTvis nasaulis amsruleblobisatvis sasjelis nisvnis dros mxedvelobasi miireba piris faqtobrivi monawileobis xasiati xarisxi, am monawileobis mnisvneloba nasaulis miznis misarwevad, misi gavlena gamowveuli an SesaZlebeli zianis xasiatsa xarisxze.~ xolo, me-i I nawilit ki, `Semamsubuqebeli mamzimebeli garemoeba, romelic ert-erti Tanamonawilis an amsruleblis pirovnebas Seexeba, mxedvelobasi miireba mxolod am TanamonawilisaTvis an amsruleblisatvis sasjelis nisvnis dros.~ amgvarad, axalma nacionalurma sisxlis samartlis kodeqsma, sabwouri sisxlis samar- Tlis kodeqsisagan Seisislxorca sasjelis individualizaciis iseti kriteriumebi, rogoricaa nasaulsi monawileobis xasiati xarisxi. Tumca, amave nisnebtan mimartebit mis paralelurad Seitana garkveuli mateba, ritac kidev ufro akonkreta nasaulsi monawileobis obieqturi roli. kerzod, xazi gausva monawileobis mnisvnelobas nasaulis miznis misarwevad, mis gavlenas gamowveul an SesaZlebel zianis xasiatsa xarisxze. gar amisa, samartliani sasjelis nisvnis kutxit, miutita personalur nisnebzec, rac uvod win gadgmuli nabijia TanamonawileTa mimart sasjelis individualizaciis principis ganxorcielebisatvis. sagulisxmoa, rom zustad msgavs poziciaze dgas axali rusuli sisxlis samartlis kanonmdeblobac (mux. 67). SerebiT gansxvavebulad wyvets arnisnul sakitxs ukrainis 46

48 axali sisxlis samartlis kodeqsi, romlis 68-e muxlis II nawilit gansazrvrulia TanamonawileTa mimart sasjelis nisvnis specialuri kriteriumi. xsenebuli norma uti- Tebs, rom TanamonawileTa mimart sasjelis nisvnisas sasamartlom mxedvelobasi un miiros sasjelis nisvnis zogadi sawyisebi, Semamsubuqebeli mamzimebeli garemoebebi (65-67 muxlebi). aseve, norma mxedvelobasi irebs nasaulis CadenaSi TiToeuli matganis monawileobis xasiatsa xarisxs. arsebitad sasjelis nisvnisas ukrainul kanonmdeblobasi sasjelis individualizaciis kutxit sxva araferi ar aris natqvami. Tumca, aqve un arinisnos, rom kodeqsis 29-e muxlis (romelic TanamonawileTa pasuxismgeblobis zogad wess gansazrvravs) III nawilsi saubaria personaluri arapersonaluri nisnebis Seracxvis Taobaze. kerzod, nisnebi, romlebic calkeuli Tanamonawilis pirovnebas axasiateben bralad Seeracxeba mxolod am Tanamonawiles. sxva garemoebebi ki, romlebic pasuxismgeblobas amzimeben kodeqsis kerzo nawilis Sesabamis muxlsi gatvaliswinebulni arian, rogorc nasaulis nisnebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen amsruleblis qmedebis kvalifikaciaze _ bralad mxolod im Tanamonawiles Seeracxeba, romelsac Secnobili hqon aseti garemoebebi. bolos, rogorc erovnuli, ise ucxouri sisxlissamartlebrivi kanonmdeblobebis SerebiTsamarTlebrivi analizit SevecadeT gvecvenebina, Tu rogor xdeba TanamonawileTa sjadobis sakitxis sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia. analizi cxadyofs, rom Tavad rogorc nacionaluri, ise ucxouri sakanonmdeblo gamocdileba arnisnul sakitxze xsirad urtiertgansxvavebulia es pirvelyovlisa, ganpirobebulia, rogorc sisxlissamartlebrivi doqtrinis, ise kanonmdeblis mier zemoarnisnul sakitxta wris gansazrvris sxvasxvagvari midgomit. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, aixsneba nacionaluri sisxlissamartlebrivi tradiciebita sisxlissamartlebriv politikasi arsebuli im tendenciebit, romlebic mimdinareobs am saxelmwifoebsi. SeniSvnebi: 1 arnisnul sakitxze analogiur Tvalsazriss avitareb sabwota periodis araerti cnobili mecnieri. ix.: T. wereteli, Tanamonawileoba nasaulsi, Tb., `mecniereba~, 1965 w., gv. 232; À.È. Òðàèíèí, Ó åíèå î ñîó àñòèå, Ì., Þðèñòàä, 1941 ã., ñ. 146; Ì.È. Êîâàëåâ, Ñîó àñòèå â ïðåñòóïëåíèè, àñòü II, Ñâåðäëîâñê, 1960 ã., c Ñáîðíèê äîêóìåíòîâ ïî èñòîðèè óãîëîâíîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà ÑÑÐ è ÐÑÔÑÐ, ; ïîä. ðåä. È.Ò. Ãîëÿêîâà, Ì., þðèä.ëèò., 1953, ñ saqartvelos ssr sisxlis samartlis kodeqsi (1928 wlis reqciit), iusticiis saxalxo komisariatis gamocema, Tb., 1928, gv Îñíîâû óãîëîâíîãî çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâà ñîþçà ÑÑÐ è ñîþçíûõ ðåñïóáëèê, Ì., Þðèçäàò, 1960, ñ ix.: m. kovaliovi, saxelebuli nasromi, nawili I I, gv iqve, gv a. trainini, saxelebuli nasromi, gv iqve, gv

49 martlmsajuleba ISSUE OF ACCOMPLICE PUNISHMENT IN THE LAW GIORGI BARABADZE Doctor of Law In his article the author reviews specificity of criminal complicity punishability related legal regulations and notes that Criminal legislation of the Soviet Union did not restrict responsibility of accomplice according to any category of crime; however, it excluded criminal responsibility for complicity in the minor crime (demeanor). So, it represented a universal provision and was common for any category of crime under the criminal legislation. At the same time, on issue of punishment of separate accomplice (crime companion), based on research of foreign legislation, the author distinguishes several (3) directions and concludes that similarity in accomplice punishability construction (namely: equal sentence, mantory and optional reduction) is that all of them have one objective - to restrict the Court by pre-defined formal signs. As to accomplice punishability legal regulation, the author reviews various stages of criminal legislation development and concludes that the legislation of the abovementioned period did not recognize formal, abstract principle of distinguishing the punishability of accomplices (crime companions); that the system did not envisage mantory or optional reduction of sentence for any category of criminal complicity. He underlines variability of companion sentence individualization criteria. Also, unlike foreign legislation author points out that the Soviet legislation did not contain certain limits in terms of sentence reduction according to separate companion type. In order to define accomplice sentence individualization criteria, he reviews legislative reality of former Soviet republics, which they developed after the breakup of the Soviet Union. At the same time, he compares national and some foreign countries criminal legislation and defines similarities and differences. Finally, based on the conducted research, the author concludes that national as well as foreign legislative experience varies and that, first of all stipulated by different approaches to the state criminal doctrine and legal definition of categories. The reason for difference, as the author deems, is difference in trends in national criminal law traditions and criminal policies in different countries. 48

50 evropis kavsiris samartlis safuzvlebis Sesaxeb vit geferize samartlis doqtori, sruli profesori evrokavsiri saertasorisosamartlebrivi subieqtunarianobis mqone gaertianebaa. igi ariarebulia moukidebel subieqtad, romelsac ufleba aqvs dos xelsekruleba rogorc sxva saertasoriso organizaciebtan, aseve calkeul saxelmwifostan wels ido saqartveloevrokavsiris SeTanxmeba partniorobisa TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. evrokavsiris samartlis principebi fiqsirebulia evropis ZiriTad debulebebsi, aseve evropis sasamartlos gawyvetilebebsi. swored, am ukanasknels ekutvnis gamwyveti roli evrokavsiris samartlis principebis detaluri klasifikaciis musavebasi. evropis sasamartlom formulireba gauketa Tavis gawyvetilebebsi gaamyara ZiriTadi sawyisebis sistema, romelze yrdnobitac un funqcionirebdes vitardebodes evrokavsiris samartlebrivi sistema evrogaertianebis samartlis principebis Sesabamisad. evrokavsiris samartlis principebi moicavs or jgufs: zogad principebs, romlebic gansaz- Rvraven normebis iuridiul Zalas evrokavsiris samar- Tlis wyaroebs, mat Tanafardobas wevri qveynebis erovnul kanonebtan samartlis saerto principebs. uzenaesobis principi nisnavs, rom samartalsi Semavali samartlebrivi normebi, wesebtan SerebiT, romelic mkvidrebulia calkeuli saxelmwifoebis kanonmdeblobebsi, sargebloben upiratesobit prioritetit. principi mocavs ara marto samfuzneblo SeTanxmebebs, aramed evrokavsiris yvela sxva sakanonmdenlo aqtebs (regla- 49

51 martlmsajuleba mentebi, direqtivebi, dgenilebebi). mat aqvt umarlesi iuridiuli Zala yoveli qveynis teritoriaze, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu Sesabamisma qveyanam xma ar misca mocemuli dokumentis mirebas. evrokavsiris yvela sakanonmdeblo aqtis mtavari principebis uzenaesobis cvis garants warmoadgens evropis sasamartlo. saxelmwifoebis erovnuli sasamartloebi wevri saxelmwifos Si kanonmdeblobis evrokavsiris kanonmdeblobastan SesabamisobaSi ewvebis SemTxvevaSi, Rebuloben satanado gawyvetilebas ZiriTadi SeTanxmebebisa evrokavsiris kanonmdeblobis safuzvelze an mimartaven evropis sasamartlos. evrokavsiris samartlis pirpiri moqmedebis principi. iseve rogorc uzenaesobis principi, metnaklebi sruli Tanmimdevruli formit dgenilia evrosasamar- Tlos gawyvetilebit. principi aris evrokavsiris samartlis mtavari gansxvaveba saertasoriso samartlisagan, misi normebit regulirdeba upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifoebis saertasoriso organizaciebis urtiertoba. evrokavsiris institutebis mier mirebuli reglamentebi warmoadgenen pirpiri moqmedebis aqtebs _ sabwos mier (evroparlamenttan ertad) misi mtkicebis momentin evrokavasiris nebismieri reglamentis ZalaSi Sesvlin, massi Semavali yvela debuleba xdeba evrokavsiris mtels teritoriaze moqmedi samartlebrivi norma savaldebuloa rogorc wevri qveynebisatvis aseve, individebisatvis. rac Seexeba evrokavsiris Sesaxeb xelsekrulebis muxlebs, samartlis pirpiri moqmedebisatvis aucilebelia, rom massi Semavali wesebi gadmocemuli iyos imperatiuli formit ar iyos matebit ganpirobebuli wevri saxelmwifoebis institutebis Semdgomi qmedebebit. Tu muxls aqvt saerto principis an deklaraciis xasiati, Tu is adgens evrokavsirsi Semavali saxelmwifoebisa institutebis qmedebis saerto programas konkretuli samartlisa valdebulebebis zusti sruli mititebebis garese, amastan kavsirebit saxelmwifoebis, moqalaqeebis iuridiuli pirebis mier wamowril urtiertobebze mas pirpiri moqmedeba ar eqneba. magalitad, evrokavsiris Sesaxeb xelsekrulebis muxlebi, romlebic adgenen evrokavsiris miznebs calkeul saerto politikas _ usualo moqmed wesebs ar warmoadgenen, anu, ar aniweben moqalaqeebs/iuridiul pirebs gansazrvrul subieqtur uflebebs ar akisreben mat valdebulebebs. piriqit, me-12 muxli, romelic ukrzalavs wevr saxelmwifoebs gaafartoon an SemoiRon axali SezRudvebi ormxriv vawrobastan kavsirebit, aris usualod moqmedi, vinain `Seicavs natel aucilebel akrzalvebs, romlebic aris ara pozitiuri, aramed negatiur valdebulebebs warmoadgens~. Tavad am akrzalvis buneba idealurad Seesabameba mis SesaZleblobebs armoacenos gansazrvruli Sedegebi usualod wevri saxelmwifoebis mat subieqtebtan mokidebulebasi. evrokavsiris samartlis uzenaesobis principi mimartulia yvela normatiuli aqtis mtliani ertgvarovani realizaciis uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic Seadgenen evrokavsiris samartlebriv sistemas, samartlisa valdebulebebis cvas, romlebic ariarebulia evrokavsiris samartlis wyaroebit, yvela moqalaqit, saxelmwifo arasaxelmwifo organizaciebit. principebis sxva jgufi, es aris evrokavsiris samartlis saerto principebi, aseve formulirebuli gamyarebuli evrosasamartlos gawyvetilebit, gansazrvravs Sinaarss yvela samartlebrivi aqtis mirebis mimdevrobas. 50

52 pirovnebis Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi uflebebis cvis principi. maaxstrixtis SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, evrokavsiri `pativs scems pirovnebis ZiriTad uflebebs~, garantirebuls evropis konvenciit, uflebebis ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis cvis Sesaxeb gamomdinare `wevri saxelmwifoebis saerto konstituciuri tradiciebin~. samartlebrivi gansazrvrulobis principis ZiriTad elements warmoadgens evrokavsiris kanonmdeblobis debulebebisatvis Seuqcevadi Zalis miniweba. proporciulobis principis mixedvit, nebismieri akrzalva an valdebuleba, romlebic ekisrat moqalaqeebs sajaro xelisuflebis organoebis mier ar un scildebodes mirebuli zomebis aucilebeli miznebis farglebs. Tu an sxva samartlebrivi aqti adgens valdebulebebs, romlebic ar Seesabameba misi mirebis miznebs, igi un iqnes gauqmebuli. samartlebrivi aqtis miznebis nateli Seusabamoba mati mirwevisatvis gatvaliswinebuli sasualebebit aseve aris safuzveli sasamartlos mier samartlebrivi aqtis an misi Sesabamisi debulebebis gauqmebis safuzveli. es principi fiqsirebulia evrokavsiris samfuzneblo xelsekrulebasi _ `sazogadoebis nebismieri qmedeba ar un scildebodes arsebuli SeTanxmebis miznebis mirwevis aucileblobas~. Tanasworobis principi, anu fizikuri iuridiuli pirebis diskriminaciis usvebloba, miuxevad gansxvavebuli socialuri samartlebrivi faqtorebisa. mocemuli principi gamyarebulia xelsekrulebis sxvasxva punqtebsi. magalitad, 119-e muxli adgens mamakacis qalis Tanasworobis princips Sromis anazraurebis SemTxvevaSi, 48-e muxli izleva evrokavsiris qveynebsi msromelta Tanasworobis garantias mati samusao adgilis miuxevad, me-7 muxli krzalavs erovnuli kutvnilebis miuxevad nebismier diskriminacias. samartlis procesualuri principebi konfidencialurobis principi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tanamegobrobis organoebs institutebs Tavisi uflebebis realizaciis processi ara aqvt ufleba ucxo pirebze gascen informacia, romelic exeba moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebas, mewarmeebis komerciul saidumloebebs am ukanasknelta Tanxmobis garese. subsidiarulobis principis Sesabamisad, evrokavsiri misi institutebi valdebulni arian gamoicinon aqtiuroba iq, sac wevr qveynebs ar SeuZliaT warmatebulad moukideblad gawran sakutari mosaxleobis problemebi, aseve iq, sac Tanamegobrobis doneze qmedebas SeuZlia uketesi Sedegis motana, vidre problemis gawra calkeuli saxelmwifoebis doneze. evrokavsiris samartlis sistema wyaroebi evrokavsiris kompetenciis wyobilebis Taviseburebebis gatvaliswinebit, samar- Tlis sistemasi gamoiyofa Semdegi kompleqsuri rgebi: ekonomikuri integraciis 51

53 martlmsajuleba samartali, mimartuli saerto bazris principebis, saqonlis mozraobis, momsaxurebis, momusaveta kapitalebis gasaxadebis cvisaken. samartlebrivi normebis jgufebi mkvidrebulia ZiriTad debulebebsi, evrokavsiris institutebis samartlebriv aqtebsi, romlebitac xorcieldeba evrokavsiris politikis sxvasxva sferoebsi sazogadoebrivi urtiertobebis regulireba, mat Soris, savaluto-ekonomikuri politikis; instituciuri samartali aregulirebs evrokavsiris institutebis uflebamosilebas saqmianobis formirebis wess. zogiert samecniero nasromsi evrokavsiris instituciuri samartali iyofa konstituciur administraciul samartlad. ukanaskneli moicavs procesualur normebs, romelic kavsirebulia evrokavsiris institutebis gawyvetilebebis qmedebebis evropis sasamartlosi gasacivrebastan. pirveladi samartali. rogorc cnobilia, saxelmwifoebsi samartlis ZiriTad safuzvels warmoadgens konstitucia, romlis Sesabamisac miireba sxva kanonebi normatiuli aqtebi. evrokavsirsi konstituciis funqcias asruleben xelsekruleba evrokavsiris Sesaxeb evrokavsiris ZiriTadi dgenilebebi, agretve, mati Semcvleli matebiti sxva aqtebi. mat Soris, umnisvnelovanesia SeTanxmeba evrokavsiris Sesaxeb, romelsac bevri evropeli iuristi politikuri morvawe ganixilavs rogorc evrokavsiris konstitucias. meoradi samartali. evrokavsiris meoradi samartlis wyaros upirvelesad, warmoadgens aqtebi, gamocemuli evrokavsiris institutebis mier, mati kompetenciis farglebsi, aseve, kavsiris saertasorisosamartlebrivi aqtebi, romlebic debulia evrokavsiris farglebsi misi wevri saxelmwifoebis mier. evrokavsiris Sesaxeb xelsekruleba aniwebs evrokavsiris institutebs uflebas gamoscen normatiulsamartlebrivi aqtebis ori saxe _ reglamentebi direqtivebi. evrokavsiris kanonmdeblobis am wyaroebs Soris gansxvaveba upirvelesad, evrokavsiris samartlebrivi sistemis agebulebis ori ZiriTadi metodin gamomdinareobs _ unifikaciis metodi harmonizaciis metodi. unifikaciis metodi gulisxmobs pirpiri moqmedebis normatiuli aqtebis gamocemas, romlebic Sisaxelmwifoebrivi samartlis aqtebs cvlian adre, sazogadoebrivi urtiertobebis gansazrvrul sferos aregulirebdnen. unifikaciis metodi gvtavazobs ertiani samartlebrivi rejimis Seqmnas ekonomikis, transportis, kulturisa sxva Sesabamis sferosi. wevr saxelmwifoebsi moqmedi sxvasxva kanonebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis nacvlad moqmedebas iwyebs ZiriTadi _ reglamenti. evrokavsiris institutebis kanonsemoqmedebis meore _ harmonizaciis metodis mizania ertiani samartlebrivi normebis dgena, romelic aregulirebs evrokavsiris mtels teritoriaze gansazrvrul ekonomikur sxva saxis urtiertobebs. unifikaciisagan gansxvavebit harmonizacia ufro moqnili metodia. harmonizaciis arsi mdgomareobs evrokavsiris normebis wesebasi, romelic mimartulia wevri saxelmwifoebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis axloebisaken garkveul sferosi. evrokavsirsi harmonizaciis instrumentia direqtiva. igi `savaldebuloa yvela wevri saxelmwifosatvis, viskenacaa igi mimartuli, mosalodneli Sedegis Sesabamisad, magram unarcunebs erovnul xelisuflebas moqmedebis formebis metodebis arcevis Tavisuflebas. direqtiva warmoadgens normatiul aqts. direqtivis mireba badebs evrokavsirsi Semavali qveynebisatvis 52

54 valdebulebas moiyvanon mati SisamarTlebrivi normebi direqtivis normatiul mimar- TulebasTan SesabamisobaSi. es RonisZiebebi saxelmwifoebma un ganaxorcielon mkacrad gansazrvrul drosi. direqtivasi mkacrad ganisazrvreba vadebi, romlis amowurvis momentsi direqtivis debulebebis mixedvit, wevri saxelmwifoebis samartlis erovnuli normebi un iyos harmonizebuli. Tu evrokavsiris wevrma qveyanam vadis gasvlis momentisatvis ar miiro aucilebeli zomebi an nawilobriv Secvala Tavisi Si samartali direqtivis Sesabamisad, aseti saxelmwifos winaarmdeg SesaZloa: 1. gamoyenebul iqnes Sesabamisi procedurebi, romelic gatvaliswinebulia evrokavsiris Sesaxeb xelsekrulebis 169-e muxlis safuzvelze; 2. komisiis mier gamoziebis arzvra, am ukanasknelis mier motivirebuli skvna, evropis sasamartlosi saqmis gacemit ukidures SemTxvevaSi, fiskaluri xasiatis sanqciebis debit. iuridiulad savaldebulo dokumentebis mesame saxeoba, romelic SeuZlia gamosces evrokavsiris institutebma, aris dgenilebebi, romlebic Tavisi SinaarsiT savaldebuloa yvelasatvis, viskenacaa isini mimartuli. dgenilebebi warmoadgenen pirpiri moqmedebis aqtebs, magram evrokav- Siris sakanonmdeblo aqtebisagan gansxvavebit, Seicaven ara samartlebriv normebs, aramed individualur mimartulebebs, romlebic savaldebuloa saxelmwifosatvis an konkretuli moqalaqisatvis. iuridiulad savaldebulo dokumentebis gar ZiriTadi debuleba aniwebs institutebs uflebas zemoqmedeba moaxdinon integraciul procesebze, mat Soris, samartlebriv sferoze rekomenciebi skvnebi ar aris savaldebulo, isini SesaZloa mirebul iqnes yoveli an calkeuli wevri saxelmwifos, individumebis misamartit. evrokavsiris institutebis mier mirebuli rekomenciebi, skvnebi sxva saxis dokumentebi, romlebic moicaven samomavlo qmedebebis programebs, winadebebs, iniciativebs a.s. ara aqvt savaldebulo iuridiuli Zala, isini warmoadgenen evrokavsiris samartlis wyaros, magram ar Sedian evrokavsiris samartlebriv sistemasi. evrokavsiris institutebis mier mirebuli normatiuli aqtebis gar, evrokavsiris samartlebriv wyaros aseve, miekutvneba saertasoriso SeTanxmebebi konvenciebi: a) romlebsac aformebs evrokavsiri `mesame~ qveynebtan saertasoriso organizaciebtan, mat Soris SeTanxmebebi, romlebsic ert mxares warmodgens evrokavsiri wevri saxelmwifoebi. b) debuli evrokavsiris farglebsi yvela an calkeuli wevri saxelmwifos mier. aset SeTanxmebebs wevri saxelmwifoebi, rogorc wesi, aformeben iset sakitxebtan kavsirebit, romlebic evrokavsiris institutebis kompetenciasi ar Sedis. masasame, evropis kavsiris ZiriTadi samartalsemoqmedeba xorcieldeba ramdenime saxis aqtit, esenia: a) dgenilebani _ saerto gamoyenebis is sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebic moqmedeben evrokavsiris wevr saxelmwifota teritoriaze; b) direqtivebi _ savaldebuloa mxolod im qveynebisatvis, romlebic monawileoben konkretuli amocanis gawyvetasi. aseti aqtebi moitxoven erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamis koreqtirebas; g) gawyvetilebani _ romlebic exeba calkeul savo sakitxebs savaldebuloa im qveynebis iuridiuli fizikuri pirebisatvis, romelta saqmis gamoc iqnen mirebuli. d) rekomenciebi Sexedulebani aqtebi, romlebsac oficialurad iuridiuli 53

55 martlmsajuleba Zala ara aqvt, magram did yuradrebas moitxoven, radgan isini evrokavsiris azrs gamoxataven. evropis sasamartlos gawyvetileba (precedentuli samartali). evrokavsiris samartlebrivi wyaroebis gansakutrebul kategorias warmoqmnian evrosasamartlos gawyvetilebebi. erti mxriv, sasamartlos gawyvetileba ar SeiZleba usityvod mivakutvnot meorad samartals _ formalurad, evrokavsiris Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, evrosasamartlo ar warmoadgens samartalsemoqmedebit organos, misi movaleobaa uzrunvelyos `Tanamegobrobis samartlis ertgvarovani SenarCuneba mocemuli SeTanxmebis axsnis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi~. Tumca, sasamartlo ar Semoifargleba mxolod evrokavsiris kanonmcveli organos rolit. Tavisi arsebobis 40 welze meti drois manzilze, evropis sasamartlom Seqmna Tanamegobrobis samartlebrivi normebis farto sistema, romelic Seadgens precedentul samartals, romelic avrcobs avitarebs evrokavsiris rogorc pirvelad, aseve meorad samartals. saqartvelosi am sakitxis Seswavla metad aqtualuria, mit umetes, rom ar arsebobs literatura, mat Soris, kompetentur mecnierta funmenturi Sromebi evropis samartlis Sesaxeb. ufro didi kvlevisas sawiroa gamoyenebul iqnes praqtikosi qartveli specialistebis nasromebi gamocdileba saertasoriso uflebamosili organizaciebis praqtika arsebuli mravali dokumenti. sawiroa viswavlot evropis samartali sxvata gamocdilebis gaziareba. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. Øåíãåí (Øåíãåíñêîå ñîãëàøåíèå), 2.evrokavSiris oficialuri saiti _ 3. «Äîãîâîð î ÅÑ», Äåéñòâóþùåå ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ïðàâî, ñáîðíèê äîê-òîâ, Ò.3, Ìîñêâà.,1997; 4. Êàøêèí Ñ.È., Ïðàâî åâðîïåéñêîãî ñîþçà, Ó åáíîå ïîñîáèå, Ì., 2009; 5. Áåëÿåâ Ñ.À., «Åâðîïåéñêîå ïðàâîâîå ïðîñòðàíñòâî: îáçîð çàïîäíîåâðîïåéñêèõ êîíöåïöèé», Ïðàâîâåäåíèå, ¹6, 1990; 6. Áðàâî Ë.Ô. «Ïðèìåíåíèå ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ïðàâà â ïîðÿäêå åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàí», Ðîññèéñêèé åæåãîäíèê ìåæäóíàðîäíîãî ïðàâà, 1995; 7.evrokavSiri saqartvelo, SeTanxmeba partniorobisa TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb (22 aprili, 1996 weli). 54

56 ON BASICS OF LAW OF THE EUROPEAN UNION DAVID GEFERIDZE Doctor of Law, Full Professor Principles of the European Law are reflected in key provisions and decisions of the European Court. The most important role in development of the detailed classification of legal principles of the EU belongs to decisions of the European Court. The European Court formulated and established in its decisions the systems of starting points, based on which the EU legal system shall function and develop in accornce with principles of European Law. Legal principles of the EU cover two groups: general principles, which define legal power of norms and sources of the EU law, their ratio with national laws of the EU and general principles of the law. European Union comprises international legal subjects. It is recognized as independent subject, which has the right to enter into agreements with other international organizations and separate states. In 1996, agreement on partnership and cooperation was signed between the EU and Georgia. It is important to study the issue in Georgia, especially considering the fact that there are no materials, including funmental scientific researches on European Law. During larger scale research it is necessary to use papers and experience of practicing Georgian specialists as well as practice and numerous documents of competent international organizations. We need to study European law and share others experience. 55

57 martlmsajuleba samartlis normas ganmartaven, rogorc zogadsavaldebulo qcevis formalurad ganmsazrvrel wess, romelic dgenilia an sanqcirebulia saxelmwifos mier. misi Sesruleba uzrunvelyofilia izulebit an rwmunebit gamiznulia sazogadoebrivi urtiertobebis mosawesrigeblad mati monawileebis uflebebisa movaleobebis gansazrvris gzit. sabajo samartlis norma warmoadgens sabajosamartlebriv urtiertobata monawileebis qcevis weril wess, romelsac zustad gansazrvruli wesita formit adgens saxelmwifo ZalaSi Sedis konkretul sakanonmdeblo vasi. arnisnul normata ertoblioba ki, Seadgens TviT sabajo samartlis sagansa Sinaarss. magram calke arebuli sabajo samartlis norma, aseti normebis jgufi, es jer kidev, araa TviT sabajo samartali. sabajo samartali ise, rogorc samartali sazogadod, uwinares yovlisa, `iuridiuli normebis sistemaa, romelic yvelaze ufro sruli zogadi formit am normebsi gamoxatavs saxelmwifoebriv nebas, mis zogadsakacobrio xasisabajo samartlis normata ganmartebis Taviseburebani ia xarazi saqartvelos saaviacio universitetis samartlis fakultetis programuli mimartulebis xelmzrvaneli, sruli profesori nato uertasvili saertasoriso samartlis martvis qartul-britanuli universitetis magistri maka orjonikize Tbilisis sabanko-safinanso menejmentis saswavlo universitetis magistri 56

58 ats, gamswvalulia sazogadoebis ekonomikuri, politikuri socialuri struqturit ganpirobebuli ertiani kanonzomierebata principebit~. imave dros, sazogadod, socialuri normebisagan gansxvavebit, sabajo samartlis norma sakmaod moukidebeli cnebaa, romelsac aqvs Tavisi specifikuri Taviseburebani nisnebi. matgan yvelaze ufro mnisvnelovans, Cveni azrit, SeiZleba miekutvnos Semdegi: pirveli, sabajo samartlis normebi sxva socialuri normebisagan gansxvavebit (zogiertis gamoklebit), Tavad gamodian mtliani samartlebrivi warmonaqmnis formit saxelmwifos nebis Sesabamisad, mowodebulia sazogadoebasi specifikuri _ sabajo urtiertobebi areguliros. am urtiertobata Taviseburebaa, rom isini gulisxmoben ara marto samartlis subieqtebisa zemoqmedebis obieqtebis, aramed socialur-ekonomikuri, organizaciuli sxva urtiertobebisa faqtebis arsebobasac, am sityvis farto mnisvnelobit. meore, sabajo samartlis normebi yoveltvis mzaddeba gamoicema saxelmwifos sanqciit gamoixateba kanonmdeblobasi dgenili an sayoveltaod ariarebuli formit. magalitad, isini SeiZleba gamovides konstituciis normebis, prezidentis brzanebulebebis, kanonebis, mtavrobis dgenilebebisa gankargulebebis a.s. formit. mesame, sxva socialuri normebisagan gansxvavebit sabajo samartlis normebi yovel- Tvis Seicaven zogadsavaldebulo mizansaxulobebsa mititebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, TviT norma aris sabajo urtiertobata ama Tu im monawilis qcevis rarac samartlebrivi modeli, zoma, etaloni, masstabi sayoveltaod ariarebuli komponentebis gar, mocemuli norma SeiZleba Seicavdes hipotezis sawinaarmdegos, rarac logikur Sedegs an uamisod, saprognozo prognozul informacias. sabajo samartlis normasi yoveltvis gamoixateba mititeba, Tu rogor un moiqcnen gansaxilveli samartlebrivi urtiertobis monawileebi sxvasxva situaciasi. aseti mititeba, brzaneba mocemulia sabajo samartlis nebismier normasi imis miuxevad, gamoxatulia igi kanonsi, kanonqvemdebare aqtsi, Tu CveulebaSi an sxva debulebasi. sabajo samartlis normebis zusti swori gamoyenebisatvis uwinares yovlisa sawiroa, rom man, vinc iyenebs ama Tu im gansaxilvel normas (sabajos ufrosi, mebaje, iuristi sxva), natlad gaarkvios misi azri Sinarsi. sabajo samartlis TiToeuli norma gamoxatulia kanonebsi, rogorc sabajo samartlis wyaroebsi. kanonebsi aisaxeba sabajo samartlis normebi, mati miznebi, mimartulebebi, arsi, sxva normebtan urtiertobebsi a.s., amitom sabajo samartlis konkretuli normebis gasarkvevad sawiroa TviT im s Seswavla, romelsic es normaa mocemuli, misi analizi, struqturis, regulaciuri SesaZleblobisa potenciis kvleva. amis Sedegad, s azris, Sinaarsis garkveva sabajo sferosi gamodis rogorc misi ganmarteba, usualod Seswavla praqtikasi Semdgomi gamoyenebis miznit. sabajo rgsi s an sabajo saqmeze sxva aqtebis aset ganmartebas mimartaven konkretuli situaciebis mimart arnisnuli kanonebisa aqtebis gamoyenebis processi, sabajo urtiertobata samartlebrivi regulirebis msvlelobasi samartlebrivi amocanebis gawyvetis dros. ganmartebas eqvemdebareba sabajo samartlis nebismieri wyaro, e.i. an sabajo mimartulebis sxva aqti, romelic adgens sabajosamartlebriv urtiertobata subieq- 57

59 martlmsajuleba tebis qcevis samartlebriv mititebebs, wesebs. Cven qvemot gveqneba saubari samartlis wyaros Sesaxeb, romlebic exeba sazogadoebasi sabajo saqmis organizaciis samartlebriv regulirebas. amastan kavsirebit, mnisvnelovania xazgasmit arinisnos, rom sabajo samartlis normebi Seicaven qcevis specifikur wesebs aregulireben tipur samartlebriv situaciebs, romlebic sabajo urtiertobata subieqtebisatvis praqtikul interesebs warmoadgenen. es normebi, ase Tu ise, mxedvelobasi ar ireben TiToeuli situaciis, amocanis, kazusis Taviseburebebs, aramed axasiateben mxolod mat ZiriTad, yvelaze ufro mnisvnelovan nisnebs. magalitad, sabajo kodeqsis 65-e muxlis mixedvit, `saqonelze, romlis mimart gamoyenebuli un iqnes sabajo rejimi, savaldebuloa wardgenil iqnes sabajo deklaracia~, xolo 74-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `registrirebuli sabajo deklaracis Semowmebis miznit, sabajo organo uflebamosilia: a) Seamowmos sabajo deklaraciis Sesabamisoba Tanr- Tul dokumentebtan wardgenil saqoneltan; b) deklarants mostxovos matebiti dokumentebi, romlebic kavsirebulia deklarirebul monacemebtan...~. arnisnuli dokumentebis matebiti cnobebis CamonaTvals gansazrvravs Sesabamisi samsaxuri. ra Tqma un, kodeqsis arc ert muxls, arc saqartvelos Semosavlebis samsaxuris sxva dokumentebs matebiti cnobebis nusxas ar SeuZlia gaitvaliswinos yvela monacemi, faqti kolizia, romlebic SeiZleba warmoisvas samartlebriv urtiertobata monawileebs Soris arc mat SeuZliaT asaxon arnisnuli sabajo miznebis realizaciisatvis sawiro yvela saxis informacia. amitom muxlsi dgindeba sabajo organosatvis informaciis gacemis dros mxolod yvelaze ufro saerto tipuri momentebi. amastanave, isini calke araa Cawerili. am sxva mizezebit konkretul situaciasi sabajo samartlis konkretuli normebis gamoyeneba usatuod gulisxmobs arnisnuli muxlis azris Sinaarsis garkvevas, mis gavrcobit ganmartebas, axsnas calkeuli amianis qcevastan kavsirebit. magram vidre sabajo samartlis normis gamoyenebuli samartlis subieqti gansaxilvel sferosi kanons `ganmartavs~, un rwmundes mocemuli s an (muxlis) arsebobasa teqstis namdvilobasi. mocemuli s misi teqstis arseboba gansaxilveli normis gamomyenebelma subieqtma un adginos konkretuli s an kodeqsis oficialuri gamocemis mixedvit ara wignsi an statiebis krebulebsi mocemulis (gabewdilis) mixedvit; Semdeg sawiroa rwmuneba, moqmedebs Tu ara am momentsi gamosakvlevi xom araa igi gauqmebuli; amavdroulad un gairkves, xom ar momxra kanonsi raime cvlileba mateba. sabajo samartlis subieqtisatvis sawiro, gamosayenebeli sa misi teqnikis arsebobis dgenis Semdeg, Zalze mnisvnelovania ganisazrvros, mistvis ra samartlebrivi mititeba (norma) aris Setanili rom am mititebas (normas) aqvs iuridiuli Zala savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad. sabajo samartlis normis gamoyenebis processi sawiroa aseve, rwmuneba, rom es norma SeiZleba orientirebuli iyos pirisatvis saintereso urtiertobebze rom 58

60 igi mirebulia im organos mier, romelsac T ufleba aqvs gamosces msgavsi normebi. saqartvelos kanonebis an prezidentis brzanebulebebis gamoyenebisas sabajo sferosi aseti sakitxi ar warmoisoba, vinain msgavsi aqtebis mireba qveynis umarlesi sakanonmdeblo organosa prezidentis kompetenciaa agretve, zogierti aqtebis gamocemis wesi reglamentirebulia konstituciasi an/ sxva kanonebsi. saqartvelos normatiuli aqtebis avtonomiuri respublikebis sabajo mimartebis aqtebis (mat Soris, aqtebs Sorisac, sac zogad, iribad asaxulia sabajo saqmis sakitxebi) gamoyenebis processic ki, Tu mocemuli aqtis gamoyenebisas sasamartlo an sxva organo armoacens winaarmdegobas, an sxvasxvaobas, masin cxadia, uari un itqvas im aqtebis gamoyenebaze, romlebic ewinaarmdegeba saqartvelos sabajo kanonmdeblobas. Semosavlebis samsaxuris, Sss, ekonomikis, finansta saministroebis sxva organoebis aqtebsi mocemuli sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyenebis msvlelobasi xsirad, aseve, sawiroa gairkves, moqmedeb Tu ara esa Tu is organo konstituciisa sabajo kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad miiro Tu ara man sworad is aqti, romelic gvexmareba efeqtianad varegulirot sabajo urtiertobebi. gansakutrebit mwvaved dgeba es sakitxi, roca saministroebi uwyebebi cdiloben TavianTi aqtebis mirebis gzit mkvetri gavlena moaxdinon sabajo saqmianobaze. analizma acvena, rom mecnier-iuristta Soris ar aris s ganmartebis saxeebis problemebisadmi ertiani midgoma. ertni saubroben sakanonmdeblo aqtebis normatiul ganmartebaze, mat sasamartlo doqtrinalur analizze, meoreni _ samartlebrivi mititebebis oficialur, araoficialur gramatikul ganmartebebze, mesameni _ yvelaferze ertad. sabajo samartlis TeoriaSi kanonebis normebis ganmarteba nacadi iyo mxolod zogadi TvalsazrisiT, amitom am problemebze wvrilebit SevCerdebiT. vfiqrobt, rom sabajo samartalsi SeiZleba visaubrot kanonta mxolod oficialuri araoficialuri ganmartebis Sesaxeb. sabajo sferosi kanonebis oficialur ganmartebas izlevian amaze uflebamosili saxelmwifo organoebi is savaldebuloa gamosayeneblad konkretul situaciebsi. sabajo sferosi kanonta moukidebeli saxis ganmartebas upirvelesad, sasamartlo ganmarteba warmoadgens, vinain sabajo saqmis (SemTxvevis) gawyvetaze sasamartlos gawyvetileba an ganaceni izens saxelisuflebo moxazulobas rarac `sakanonmdeblo Zalasac~ ki igi am azrit ar SeiZleba Seeros sxva saministroebisa uwyebebis sabajo kanonmdeblobis normebis ganmartebas. rogorc vicit, sabajo mimartulebis kanonta ganmartebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul saxes doqtrinaluri ganmarteba warmoadgens, romelic warmoebs sabajosamartlebriv normata mecnieruli gamokvlevisa Seswavlis safuzvelze. aset ganmartebebs ara aqvs savaldebulo Zala, arc romelime organosatvis, arc sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisatvis arc kerzo pirebisatvis. magram monografiebi, komentarebi, sabajo samartlis mxmare saxelmzrvaneloebsi ganxorcielebuli aqtebis, normebis ganmarteba did rols asrulebs moqmedi sabajo kanonmdeblobis srulyofisatvis saqartvelos Semosavlebis samsaxuris, misi struqturuli erteulebis, sabajo postebis sxv. mu- Saobis racionalizaciisatvis sabajo rgsi erebisa martlwesrigis ganmt- 59

61 martlmsajuleba kicebisatvis. magram kanonta aset ganmartebas ar aqvs oficialuri Zala sabajo samartlis normebis gamomyenebeli sabjo sxva saxelmwifo organoebisa Tanamdebobis pirebisatvis. am organos warmomadgenlebi, TanamSromlebi, iuristebi, brokerebi sxvebi TavianTi samartalgamoyenebiti saqmianobis msvlelobasi uvod movaleni arian icodnen sabajo sferosi mecnierebis uaxlesi mirwevebi mecnierta azrebi, magram TavianT yoveldriuri saqmianobis processi isini un emyarebodnen uwinares yovlisa, kanonebsa sxva aqtebs, romlebic Sesasruleblad yvelasatvis aris savaldebulo. sabajo samartalsi sabajo saqmesi aqtebis mecnieruli ganmarteba mtlianobasi SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon sabajo samsaxuris ufrosebma, iuristebma, eqspertebma, inspeqtorebma TavianT statiebsi, gamokvlevebsi a. S. Tu msgavsi ganmarteba mecnierul xasiats atarebs, myarebulia samartlis normebis, faqtebis, utyuar analizze, masin is SeiZleba aseve, ganvixilot rogorc mecnieruli ganmarteba gamoyenebul iqnes sabajo samartlis normebis praqtikuli ganxorcielebisas. sabajo samartlis normebis istoriuli ganmartebisas, TiTqos xdeba winaswari ganmarteba, romelic win uswrebs gamoyenebas. am dros vlindeba sabajo samartlis is normebi, romlebic faqtobrivad vakargulia mati gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia istoriul-politikuri vitarebis gamo. sabajo samartlis sistemuri ganmarteba gulisxmobs mocemuli s moqmedebis struqturis, funqciebis SesaZlo meqanizmis kompleqsur, urtiertkavsirebul Seswavlas. amastan, xdeba sakanonmdeblo aqtis SesaZlo moqmedebis garemosa misi Sedegianobis Seswavla. am dros sabajo samartlis normis Sinaarsis garkveva xdeba misi adgilis mixedvit samartlis mtel sistemasi SepirispirebiT im normebtan, romlebic aregulireben msgavs urtiertobebs. calkeuli normebis ertmanettan Serebis Sedegad, ufro natelia TiToeuli matganis zusti Sinaarsi. logikuri ganmarteba gamoixateba sabajo saqmis ama Tu im sakitxze s SeswavlaSi, logikuri wesebisa sasualebebis, logikuri azrovnebis kanonebis safuzvelze, normis teqstis analizis gzit. saxeldobr, normis Semadgeneli winadebebis azri, mat nawilebs Soris logikuri kav- Siri un dgindes formaluri logikis wesebis mesveobit. amastan, logikis poziciin detalurad xasiatdeba sabajo samartlis calkeuli normebis hipoteza, dispozicia sanqcia, mati kavsiri, saxeebi, irkveva kanonsi asaxuli sabajo samartlebriv urtiertobata monawileebis qcevis wesebis logikuri xasiati. kanonebis gramatikuli ganmarteba _ normis ganmartebis skvniti etapia. am doneze xdeba kanonsi (normasi) sityvieri gamotqmebis xasiateba, gramatikis wesebis gamoyenebis mesveobit. gramatikuli ganmarteba xorcieldeba sakanonmdeblo aqtebis, normis sityvebis, winadebebis, terminebis, cnebebis mat Soris, sintaqsuri kavsirebis gzit. bunebrivia, kanonta arnisnuli saxis ganmartebebi ertmanetisagan gancalkevebuli ar aris, isini urtiertkavsirebulia urtiertqmedeben. es TiTqos kanonebis, aqtebis Seswavlis sxvasxva safexurebia, mat gamoyenebamde (an gamoyenebis processi) amastan, isini erti meoris garese ar izlevian ganmartebis srul surats xsirad, mat ertdroul an Tanmimdevrul gamoyenebas gulisxmoben. 60

62 samartlebrivi moqmedebis sazrvrebis TvalsazrisiT, kanonta ganmarteba sabajo sferosi SeiZleba iyos: sityvasityviti, anu adekvaturi, SezRudviTi gavrcobiti. sityvasityviti ganmartebisas sabajo samartlis normis Sinaarsi gagebul un iqnes mis sityvier gamoxatulebastan zust SesabamisobaSi, normis xasiateba xdeba s zusti teqstis Sesabamisad. am saxis ganmarteba xorcieldeba nebismieri sxva arnisnuli saxis ganmartebis mesveobit, igi arasodes ar aris kanonsi normis gamoxatvaze arc viwro, arc farto. aset normebsi (kanonebsi, sxva aqtebsi) kanonmdeblis neba am nebis gamoxatulebis forma urtiertsesatyvisi adekvaturia. magalitad, sabajo kodeqsis 45-e muxlis me-7 nawilis Tanaxmad, saqartvelos sabajo teritoriaze saqonlis Semotana sxva adgilebsi, romlebic gansazrvruli ar aris am muxlis me-6 nawilsi arnisnuli saqartvelos mtavrobis dgenilebit, an sasazrvro sabajo organos arasamusao dros, isveba saqonlis Semomtani piris gancxadebis safuzvelze, misive xarjebit~. aq sakmaod natlad aris gamokvetili, rom saqonlis Semomtani piri, Tu is saqonels Semoitans saqartvelos sabajo teritoriaze sxva adgilebsi, an sasazrvro sabajo organos arasamusao dres misi gancxadebit, xdeba misive xarjebit. sxvanairi ganmarteba aq ar aris mocemuli igi kanonsi mkafiod aris gawerili. SezRudviTi ganmarteba _ es iseti ganmartebaa, romlis dros sabajo samartlis normis Sinaarsi gagebuli un iqnes ufro viwrod, vidre misi teqstobrivi gamoxatulebaa, anu normis teqstis sityvasityviti mnisvnelobaa, romelic ufro fartoa movlenata ufro farto wres gulisxmobs, vidre es kanonmdeblis nebitaa gatvaliswinebuli. amitom sawiroa sabajo samartlis normata ganmartebis dros normis teqstsi gamoyenebul sityvebsa gamotqmebs mieces SerebiT SezRuduli mnisvneloba. ase, magalitad, sabajo kodeqsis 115-e muxlsi mititebulia saqonlis sabajo teritoriaze gamusavebis rejimis gamoyenebaze _ erti an meti gamusavebis operaciis gamoyenebaze mxolod sam SemTxvevaSi: a) ucxouri saqonlis mimart, romlis saqartvelos sabajo teritoriaze Semotanisas ar gaixdevineba importis gasaxdelebi (gar sabajo mosakreblisa) ar gatardeba savawro politikis RonisZiebebi, xolo misgan mirebuli gamusavebis produqtis saqartvelos sabajo teritoriin gatanisas ar gaixdevineba eqsportis gasaxdelebi ar tardeba savawro politikis RonisZiebebi; b) Tavisufal mimoqcevasi gasvebuli saqonlis mimart, romlebzec gaxdili importis gasaxdelebi (gar sabajo mosakreblisa) brunebuli an CaTvlili ar aris misgan mirebuli gamusavebis produqti gaitaneba saqartvelos sabajo teritoriin; g) ucxouri saqonlis mimart, romlis saqartvelos sabajo teritoriaze Semotanisas ar gaixdevineba importis gasaxdelebi (gar sabajo mosakreblisa) ar tardeba savawro politikis RonisZiebebi, xolo misgan mirebuli gamusavebis produqtis Tavisufal mimoqcevasi gasvebisas gaixdevineba importis gasaxdelebi tardeba savawro politikis RonisZiebebi. muxlis sityvasityviti teqstin SesaZloa gasagebi iyos, rom saubaria, sabajo teritoriaze saqonlis gamusavebis mxolod am muxlsi CamoTvlili ara sxva operaciebis Sesaxeb am SemTxvevaSi, muxlis teqsti viwrovdeba. kanonta ganvrcobiti ganmarteba sabajo sferosi iseti ganmartebaa, romlis dros sabajo samartlis normis Sinaarsi gagebul un iqnes ufro fartod, vidre misi teqs- 61

63 martlmsajuleba tobrivi gamoxatulebaa, e.i. am SemTxvevaSi, TviT a fartod ganmartebuli misi gamoyeneba gulisxmobs obieqtis movlenebis ufro farto moculobas. mokled rom vtqvat, sabajo samartalsi ganvrcobiti ganmarteba masin gamoiyeneba, rodesac sakanonmdeblo aqtis azrit, igi ufro farto un iyos imaze, rac mititebulia normatiuli aqtis teqstsi. magalitad, sabajo kodeqsis 22-e muxlsi mocemulia, rom `sabajo organoebis ertiani sistema Sedgeba saqartvelos finansta saministros Semosavlebis samsaxuris massi Semavali sabajo organoebisagan. aq srulad amomwuravad ar aris CamoTvlili Semosavlebis samsaxursi Semavali sabajo organoebi Cven un gavitvaliswinot, rom Semosavlebis samsaxursi igulisxmeba mtlianad samsaxuris aparati, sagamoziebo departamenti, specialuri nisnulebis razmi, samsaxuris teritoriuli organoebi, `sabajo organoebsi~: regionuli sabajo organoebi, sabajo postebi sxva. sabajo sferosi kanonta SezRudviTi ganvrcobiti ganmarteba mecnierulad un sabutdes, sturdes praqtikuli realizaciis sawiroebit rac mtavaria, ar un ayenebdes zians sabajosamartlebriv urtiertobata monawileebis, saxelmwifosa sazogadoebis interesebs. am ori saxis ganmarteba SesaZlebelia, Tu mat moaqvt sayoveltao sargebloba ar iwveven sabajo sferosi TviTnebobasa samartalrrvevebs. Sedegad uvo xdeba, rom sabajo samartlis normebi, rogorc sabajo sferosi amianta qcevis wesebi, praqtikasi realizdeba sxvasxvagvar samartlebriv urtiertobata regulirebis processi. amastan, am normebit xelmzrvanelobs samartlis yvela subieqti, axamebs ra am normebtan TavianT moqmedebebsa qcevebs samartalgamoyenebiti saqmianobisas arweven mat winase mdgar miznebsa amocanebs. sabajo samartlis normebis Tavad gamoyeneba ki, gamodis rogorc am samartlis specifikuri moqmedeba, rogorc misi normebis, debulebebis, muxlebis realizacia. igi axasiatebs im mititebebisa wesebis ganxorcielebas, romlebsac adgens sabajo kanonmdebloba. sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyenebis amocanas, upirvelesad, sabajo xasiatis kanonebis, aqtebis, debulebebisa a.s. sruli realizacia warmoadgens, mati Sinaarsisa azris zusti SesabamisobiT n gaxvevis garese. sxva sityvebit rom vtqvat, sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba _ es aris uwinares yovlisa, mati realizacia, romelic samartlis TeoriaSi esmit, iuridiuli normebis mititebebis cxovrebasi gatareba, ganxorcieleba sazogadoebriv urtiertobata subieqtebis (saxelmwifo organoebis, Tanamdebobis pirebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, moqalaqeebis) martlzomieri qcevis gzit. arvnisnavt, rom sabajo samartlis normebis realizacia yoveltvis kavsirebulia sabajosamartlebriv urtiertobata monawileebis martlzomier qcevastan e.i. iset qcevastan, romelic ar gulisxmobs sabajo sferosi samartalrrvevata (nasaulis) Cadenas. amastan, es martlzomieri qceva SeiZleba gamovides rogorc aqtiuri moqmedebis formit (vtqvat, gamzidvelis survili gaitanos sabajo sazrvarze bavsvta sakvebi), ise umoqmedobis formit (vtqvat, saxelebuli gamzidvelis Tavis Sekaveba am qmedebisagan). 62

64 TviT sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba, rogorc mati realizaciis gansakutrebuli forma, aseve, gamodis samartlis subieqtta aqtiuri moqmedebebisa mati umoqmedobis formit xasiatdeba rigi specifikuri nisnebit. jer erti, sabajosamartlebrivi normebis gamoyeneba, aris ra Sesabamisi sabajo organoebis, regionuli sabajoebis, sabajo samsaxurebis postebis sxva ert-erti saxis organizaciul-saxelisuflebo saqmianoba, kavsirebulia sabajo teritoriaze Seqmnili situaciebis, sasamar- TloSi vebisa a.s. gawyvetis konkretul xerxebtan. igi sabajosamartlebriv ur- TierTobaTa monawileebisagan moitxovs samartlis rgsi specialur codnas, momzadebasa kompetencias. amisatvis kanonmdebeli yvela matgans arwuravs, imis gatvaliswinebit, rom sabajo sferosi samartalgamoyenebit saqmianobas aqvs marali socialuri, ekonomikuri mnisvneloba. meore, sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba xorcieldeba sabajosamartlebriv urtiertobata CarCoebSi am urtiertobata monawileebis uflebamosilebani ertob gansxvavebulia T xsirad cua regulirebuli. gansakutrebit es exeba qveynis ekonomikuri usafrtxoebis, Semosavlebis samsaxuris sagareo ekonomikuri saqmianobis, sabajo rejimebis, savaluto regulirebisa a.s. problemebs. mesame, sabajo samartalgamoyenebiti saqmianoba ertob rtuli saqmianobaa praqtikasi misi realizacia xdeba sruliad sxvasxva saxita formebit. es SeiZleba iyos sabajo saqmis rgsi organizaciuli musaoba gasaxadebis, sabajo mosakreblebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis arsrulebastan kavsirebuli samusao sabajo rgsi na- SaulTa gamozieba a.s. meotxe, sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba yoveltvis ar mtavrdeba mkacrad dgenil samartlebriv CarCoebSi. aq normebis gamoyenebas SeiZleba xsirad Tan axldes mxolod romelime iuridiuli faqtebis, ekonomikuri movlenebis realizaciis konstatacia, SeiZleba ar gulisxmobdes mnasaveta sjas. aqen SeiZleba vaskvnat, rom sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba saxelmwifo saqmianobis ert erti saxea, romelic mimartulia qveynis ekonomikuri usafrtxoebis ganmtkicebisa aucilebeli saxsrebit saxelmwifo biujetis Sevsebaze. am saqmianobisas saxelmwifo organizebas uketebs gansaxilveli sabajosamartlebrivi mititebebis mkacr ganuxrel Sesrulebas, sabajosamartlebriv urtiertobata yvela monawilis sabajo uflebebisa interesebis cvas. rogorc saxelmwifos saqmianobis saxe, sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba sxvasxva formit xorcieldeba. analizma acvena, rom sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi formis sabajosamartlebriv urtiertobata yvela monawilis ( uwinares yovlisa, sabajo organoebis TanamSromlebis moqalaqeebis) movaleobas zusti ganuxreli Sesruleba warmoadgens. samartlis normebi socialur-ekonomikuri qcevis zogadsavaldebulo wesia. amitom isini sazogadoebasi imgvarad gamoiyeneba, rom samartlebriv urtiertobata arnisnuli subieqtebis umravlesoba nebayoflobit emorcileba icavs mocemul normebs, moqmedebs ise, rogorc amas moitxovs es normebi Tavs ikavebs sabajo sferosi samartal- 63

65 martlmsajuleba rrvevebisagan. aseve iqcevian sxva samartlebriv urtiertobata (samoqalaqo, administraciulsamartlebrivi, sisxlissamartlebrivi) monawileebic, romlebic konkretul sabajosamartlebriv funqciebs axorcieleben. sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyenebis meore formas saxelmwifos Sesabamisi organoebis an Tanamdebobis pirta mier socialuri aqtebis realizacia warmoadgens, romlebic konkretul, individualur SemTxvevaSi, sabajo samartlis normis cxovrebasi gatarebis sasualebas izleva. samartalgamoyenebis am formis dros saxelmwifo organo an Tanamdebobis piri Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebsi wyvets rarac situacias an amocanas, iyenebs ra, sabajo saqmis rgsi Sesabamis kanonebsa iuridiul mititebebs. ase magalitad, `sabajo organo, ixilavs ra mtkicebulebebs, romlebic astureben deklarantis mier sabajo Sefasebis metodis arcevis Sesaxeb cnobebis gamoyenebis utyuarobas, gansazrvravs rogori cnobebit, rogori informaciit sargeblob deklaranti Sefasebis an metodis arcevisas, rogor afaseb igi saqonels sxva~. e.i. adgens deklarantis mier martlzomieri an aramartlzomieri moqmedebis Cadenas Tu arcadenas, iyenebs sabajo kanonmdeblobis Sesabamis normas gamoaqvs Tavisi gawyvetileba, varaudobs ra deklarantis mier arceuli sabajo Sefasebis metodis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqmasac. sabajo organos saqmis (magalitad, sazrvarze saqonlis ukanono gaadgilebis Sesaxeb) ganxilvis msvlelobasi, romlis warmoeba mis kompetenciasi Sedis, Sesabamisi normebis safuzvelze, irebs am faqtze ewvmitanilta mimart sisxlis samartlis saqmis arzvris Sesaxeb gawyvetilebas xelmzrvanelobs ra, sisxlis saproceso samartlis normebit, awarmoebs yvela gaudebel sagamoziebo moqmedebas. sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba motanil sxva magalitebsi gamoixateba saxelmwifo organos an Tanamdebobis piris mier (sabajo organo, sagamoziebo organo, sasamartlo) specialuri moqmedebis, aqtebis ganxorcielebasi, romlitac gaanalizebulia esa Tu is SemTxveva. kazusi emorcileba Sesabamisi normis moqmedebas ganisaz- Rvreba mrrvevebis mimart zomebit, an isini ar gamoiyeneba. uvoa, rom sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba emyareba kanonebisa samartlis normebis myar cvas. aqen gamomdinareobs, rom yovel konkretul situaciasi, un iqnes gamoyenebuli sabajo samartlis swored is norma, romelic aregulirebs am situacias. sxva norma, romelic aregulirebs sxva samartlebriv urtiertobebs, aq ar SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli. gar amisa, sabajo samartlis mocemuli norma am SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba ara viwro Sexedulebisamebr, aramed mis azrtan SinaarsTan mkacr zust SesabamisobaSi ise, rom momavalsi man ar gamoiwvios interesebuli subieqtebis mxrin sacivrebi. saqartvelos Semosavlebis samsaxuris sabajo uwyebas, mis TanamSromlebs, deklarantebs, sawarmoebs, firmebsa a.s. ar SeuZliaT sabajo samartlis normebin gaxveva, Secvalon Taviseburad ganmarton isini, TavianT samartalgamoyenebit saqmianobasi mat mkacrad un icvan erebis principi. amastan, sabajo samartlis subieqtebi aseve, mowodebulni arian icvan samartalgamoyenebiti saqmianobis specialuri stadiebi, romlebic ertian process warmoadgens, rac `gulisxmobs sabajo samartlis normebis realizaciis organizaciuli, samart- 64

66 lebrivi, ekonomikuri sxva amocanebis gawyvetas~. Cveni azrit, es procesi moicavs Semdeg stadiebs: samartalgamoyenebiti miznebis saxva; warmosobil situaciaze (an saqmeze) informacis Segroveba, musaveba Sefaseba; situaciaze (saqmeze) garkveuli gawyvetilebis mireba, sarealizaciod mirebuli gawyvetilebis gacema pirvel stadiaze. magalitad, sabajo gasvebis urtiertobis samartlebrivi safuzvlebi, miznad isaxaven: mrrvevta mimart s arnisnuli debulebis gamoyeneba sazrvarze saqonlis gasvebis wesis gamovlenili rrvevebis armofxvras.~ amisatvis mebajeebi esaubrebian sazrvarze saqonlis gamaadgilebel pirebs, ireben matgan cnobebs saqonlis warmosobis qveynis Sesaxeb, amis Semdeg, Tu rogor gaaformes sertifikati, gaixades Tu ara baji sxv. amastan, mebajeebi analizsa kvlevas warmoadgenen sakutari movaleobebis WrilSi, akvalificireben arnisnul pirta saqmianobas, am saqmianobisas saxelmwifo organizebas uketebs gansaxilveli sabajosamartlebrivi mititebis mkacr ganuxrel Sesrulebas, sabajosamartlebriv urtiertobata yvela monawilis sabajo uflebebisa interesebis cvas. amis Semdgom, sabajo kontrolis zonasi mebajeebi Seqmnili situaciis Sesaxeb mu- Savebuli, gulsmit gaanalizebuli informacis safuzvelze, ireben gawyvetilebebs es gawyvetileba SeiZleba exebodes sabajo samartlis normebit regulirebul araregulirebul sruliad sxvasxva sakitxebs. magalitad, arnisnuli saqonlis gasvebis an argasvebis konkretul wess, mrrvevta sjas, gasaxdelta gaxdis SeRava- Tebis gamoyenebasa sxva. am stadiaze samartlis subieqti _ sabajo organo, mebajeebi sxvebi axorcieleben Tavis uflebebsa usualod iyeneben sabajo sagasaxado kanonmdeblobis Sesabamis normebs, romlitac xorcieldeba saxelisuflo formit praqtikasi realizebuli sabajo samartlis normebis motxovnebi dgindeba gasawyvet kazustan normis saboloo kavsiri. bolos, sabajo organos, sabajo kontrolis zonis TanamSromlebi interesebul pirebs acnoben mirebul gawyvetilebas (an gawyvetilebebs) Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaze yrdnobit, arweven mis Sesrulebas. mirebuli gawyvetilebis SesrulebaSi vlindeba rogorc s, ise sabajo samartlis arnisnuli normis Sesruleba. ra Tqma un, aq SesaZlebelia sabajo samartlis sferosi samartalgamoyenebiti procesis stadiebisadmi sxvagvari midgomac. magalitad, sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba Seicavdes mxolod saqmis faqtobrivi safuzvlis dgenas, iuridiuli situaciis analizsa saqmeze gawyvetilebebis mirebas. magram analizis saboloo mizania vacvenot, rom sabajo samartlis normebis gamoyeneba mtliani imave dros ganvitarebadi procesia, romelic gulisxmobs sxva, upirvelesad, gansaxilvel sferosi samartalgamoyenebis sivrcit-droiti maxasiateblebis kvlevasac. 65

67 martlmsajuleba SPECIFICITIES OF THE CUSTOMS LAW PROVISIONS INTERPRETATION IA KHARAZI Head of the Programmatic Direction of the Aviation Institute of Georgia, Full Professor NATO UERTASHVILI Magister of the Georgian-British International Law and Management University MAKA ORJONIKIDZE Magister of the Tbilisi Banking & Finance and Management University Provisions of the Customs Law represent a written rule for parties to the customs law; the state determines such rules in an established format and it comes into force in legally established deadlines. Unity of such provisions constitutes subject and content of the customs law. However, a separately taken customs provision, or a group of such provisions, does not represent a law itself. Customs law, as well as any other law, is first of all a system of legal provisions, which through its comprehensive and general form expresses the state will, human nature, and based on economic, political and social structure creates a unity of regularities. At the same time, unlike social provisions, the customs law provision is a quite an independent concept, which has its specificities and signs. Most important of them are the following: Firstly, customs provisions unlike other social provisions, act as legal derivative and in accornce with the state shall regulate specific customs relations. Secondly, customs provisions are always prepared and published with the state endorsement and reflected in the law in an established or generally acceptable form. Thirdly, unlike social norms, customs law provisions always contain generally mantory target and indicators. In this regard, the provision itself is some kind of measurement, stanrd of parties to customs relations. Thus, application of customs law provisions is one of activities, which is aimed at improvement of economic stability of the country and filling the budget with necessary for it means. During such activities the state organizes review of customs instructions and ensures its execution, as well as protection of customs rights and interests of all participants of customs relations. 66

68 kanonproeqtis eqspertiza _ cneba, saxeebi, nisnuleba murman gorgosaze asocirebuli profesori, SoTa rustavelis saxelmwifo universiteti Sesavali kanonproeqti s misarebad SemuSavebuli sakanonmdeblo organosi gansaxilvelad wardgenili momavali s teqstia. Tanamedrove msofliosi kanonproeqtis eqspertizas didi mnisvneloba eniweba igi samartalsemoqmedebiti politikis mnisvnelovan sasualebaa micneuli. 1 magalitad, ass-is kongressi nebismieri gawyvetileba sakanonmdeblo winadebis Sesaxeb ganvitarebuli sainformacio-analitikuri organoebisa sawiroebis SemTxvevaSi, wamyvani eqspertebis kvlevebisa skvnebis Semdeg miireba. safrangetsi yvela kanonproeqts ertvis saxelmwifo sabwos skvna, romlis SemadgenlobaSi 300- mde iuristi morvaweobs. msgavsi organo moqmedebs niderlandebsa sxva qveynebsi. kanonproeqtis eqspertizis roli Cvens qveyanasic dri- TidRe izrdeba igi sakanonmdeblo procesis mnisvnelovani `monawile~ xdeba. misi rolis zr mnisvneloba iuridiulad gamartuli kanonmdeblobis Seqmnis aucileblobam ganapiroba. kanonproeqtis eqspertiza mowodebulia uzrunvelyos samartlebrivad, socialurad Tu ekonomikurad sabutebuli s mireba. amdenad, misi detaluri Seswavla ert-erti aqtualuri sakitxtagania. 67

69 martlmsajuleba kanonproeqtis eqspertizis cneba mizani sityva `eqspertiza~ franguli enin gavrcelebuli terminia gulisxmobs gamocdili, specialuri codnis mqone specialistis mier, skvnis formis dokumentis Sedgenis miznit, ganxorcielebul gamokvleva-seswavlas. eqspertiza ori safexurisagan Sedgeba, pirveli, esaa kvleviti musaobis Catareba Sesaswavli obieqtis yovelmxrivi ganxilvis miznit meore, kvlevis Sedegebis safuzvelze, saeqsperto obieqtis Sefaseba Sesabamisi skvnis momzadeba. kanonproeqtis eqspertiza eqspertizis ert-erti saxea kanonproeqtis specialur gamokvlevas, misi konstituciastan, moqmed kanonmdeblobastan, saertasoriso xel- SekrulebebTan sakanonmdeblo teqnikis wesebtan Sesabamisobis dgenis miznit Catarebuli kvleva-ziebis safuzvelze gaketebul skvnas warmoadgens. kanonproeqtis eqspertizis mizania: kanonproeqtis konstituciastan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa; kanonproeqtis rgobriv kanonmdeblobastan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa; kanonproeqtis saertasoriso xelsekrulebebtan Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa; qveynis ertiani sakanonmdeblo logikis uzrunvelyofa. zogad, kanonproeqtis eqspertiza mowodebulia icvas qveynis konstituciuri wyoba, amianis uflebebisa Tavisuflebis saertasoriso samartlebrivi normebi kanonmdeblobis marali xarisxi. kanonproeqtis eqspertiza xels uwyobs kanonproeqtis erebis, sabutebulobisa marali xarisxis uzrunvelyofas, im SesaZlo socialuri, ekonomikuri, ekologiuri, iuridiuli sxva saxis uaryofiti Sedegebis gamovlenas, romelic SeiZleba mohyves mocemuli proeqtis ZalaSi Sesvlas. kanonproeqtis eqspertiza SeiZleba iyos oficialuri kerzo. oficialur eqspertizas atarebs am uflebamosilebis mqone saxelmwifo xelisuflebis specialuri organoebi, xolo kerzo eqspertizis, anu araoficialuri eqspertizis Catareba SeuZlia organizaciebsa kerzo pirebs. 2 kanonproeqtis eqsperti kanonproeqtis eqsperti aris piri, romelsac aqvs specialuri codna kanonproeqtis xarisxis, misi Tanamedroveobisa momavlisatvis mnisvnelobis mqone garemoebata Sesaxeb skvnis gasaketeblad. misi codna gamocdileba un izleodes, rogorc kanonproeqtis zogad samartlebriv-lingvistur-logikuri analizis, aseve kanonproeqtit gatvaliswinebuli konkretuli sakitxebis analizis SesaZleblobas. igi am codnasa gamocdilebaze yrdnobit afasebs warmodgenil kanonproeqts. eqsperti un iyos: a) profesionali; 68

70 b) moukidebeli, mistvis miniwebuli uflebmosilebis ganxorcielebasi, rac gulisxmobs, rom igi ar un iyos im organos usualo qvemdebarebasi visi iniciativitac xdeba kanonproeqtis SemuSaveba. eqsperti Tavisufali un iyos eqspertizis Camtarebeli organos poziciisaganac. sasurvelia, eqspertad mowveul iqnan is organizaciebi specialistebi, romlebic usualod monawileobas ar Rebuloben proeqtis momzadeba-mirebasi. igi moukidebelad un Rebulobdes gawyvetilebebs aketebdes skvnebs; g) pasuxismgebeli kanonproeqtis analizze, vinain eqsperti Tavis skvnebsi eyrdnoba sakutar specialur codnasa gamocdilebas iurisprudenciasi an romelime sxva rgsi. igi piraa pasuxismgebeli kanonproeqtis analizsa skvnis sabutebulobaze. eqsperti ar asrulebs gamomzieblis funqcias, igi araa mowodebuli deputatebis kontrolisatvis, 3 ar aswavlis politikosebs, misi saqmea qveynis konstituciisa kanonproeqtis eqspertizis Sesaxeb specialuri kanonmdeblobis (asetis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) safuzvelze Cawvdes kanonproeqtis Sinaarssa formas, azrobrivad Seqmnas mocemuli kanonproeqtis mirebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlo konfliqturi situaciebis modeli izrunos misi Tavin acilebisatvis. Sesabamisma wesebulebebma eqsperts un miawodon kanonproeqtis momzadebastan kavsirebuli dokumentebi. eqspertebs ufleba aqvt kanonproeqtis SemmuSaveblebisagan moitxovon yvela is masala dokumenti, rac kanonproeqtis SemuSavebasTanaa kavsirebuli. mat Soris, is SeniSvnebi winadebebi, rac kanonproeqtis SemuSavebisa SeTanxmebis processi gamoitqva. eqsperts un mieces ufleba satatbiro xmit monawileobdes kanonproeqtis Semmu- Savebeli saparlamento komitetis sxdomaze 4. mas agretve, un SeeZlos parlamentis sxdomaze gamosvlac Sesabamisi kanonproeqtis ganxilvis dros. eqspertis movaleobaa: warmodgenili kanonproeqtis yovelmxrivi, sruli, obieqturi analizi; kanonproeqtis Sesaxeb skvnastan kavsirebul SekiTxvebze pasuxisa axsna-ganmartebis micema; eqspertizis Catarebis organizaciastan CatarebasTan kanonmdeblobit (asetis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) dgenili motxovnebis cva; sawiroebis SemTxvevaSi, eqspertizastan kavsirebuli cnobebis konfidencialobis uzrunvelyofa; Catarebuli eqspertizis sabutebulobis uzrunvelyofa. sasurvelia eqsperti ar Semoifarglos abstraqtuli zogadi msjelobebit. eqspertma un ayenos konkretuli konstruqciuli winadebebi kanonproeqtis srulyofis Sesaxeb, Camoayalibos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisi sferos ganvitarebis prognozuli Sefasebebi. eqsperti skvnas aketebs werilobiti formit. im SemTxvevaSi, roca eqspertizas axorcielebs eqspertta jgufi jgufis romelime wevri ar etanxmeba mirebul skvnas an skvnis nawils, mas SeuZlia gaaketos calke, moukidebeli skvna im sakitxebtan kavsirebit, romlebsac igi ar etanxmeba. eqspertis samartlebrivi statusis gansazrvra xels Seuwyob kanonproeqtis eqspertizis efeqturobas. 69

71 martlmsajuleba samartlebrivi eqspertiza samartlebrivi eqspertizis mizania kanonproeqtis specialuri gamokvleva moqmed kanonmdeblobastan Sesabamisobisa normatiul aqtta sistemasi misi `CaSenebis~ TvalsazrisiT. saqartvelosi kanonproeqtis samartlebriv eqspertizas axorcielebs saqar- Tvelos parlamentis iuridiuli departamenti, romelic saqartvelos parlamentis reglamentis Sesabamisad, skvnas aketebs Semdeg sakitxebtan kavsirebit: a) Seesabameba Tu ara an xom ar ewinaarmdegeba kanonproeqti saqartvelos kanonmdeblobas saertasoriso samartlis sayoveltad ariarebul normebs; b) sawiroa Tu ara axali s mireba; g) Seesabameba Tu ara an xom ar ewinaarmdegeba kanonproeqti saqartvelos mier saertasoriso xelsekrulebebita SeTanxmebebiT nakisr valdebulebebs; d) amomwuravia Tu ara gasauqmebeli normatiuli aqtebisa savaldebulo cvlilebebis an\ matebebis nusxa; e) Seesabameba Tu ara kanonproeqti evropis kavsiris kanonmdeblobas. 5 eqspertma, samartlebrivi eqspertizis dros, SeiZleba yuradreba gaamaxvilos kanonproeqtis sxva iuridiul Taviseburebebzec gamoikvlios: a) kanonproeqtis CarTuloba sakanonmdeblo gegmasi; b) im sferos normatiuli regulirebis mdgomareoba, romelsac kanonproeqti miekutvneba; g) kanonproeqtis regulirebis sagani misi Sesabamisoba qveynis konstituciit (avtonomiuri respublikis kanonproeqtis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc qveynis, aseve avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciit) dgenil gamgeblobas mikutvnebul sakitxebtan; d) kanonproeqtis debulebebis Sesabamisoba qveynis konstituciastan (avtonomiuri respublikis kanonproeqtis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc qveynis, aseve avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciastan); e) kanonproeqtis debulebebis Sesabamisoba samartlis principebtan; v) kanonproeqtis debulebebis Sesabamisoba saxelmwifosi moqmed normatiulsamartlebriv aqtebtan, mat Soris, mocemuli saxelmwifos mier ariarebul xelsekrulebebtan SeTanxmebebTan; z) ramdenad sworaa gansazrvruli kanonproeqtis saxe anu ra saxitaa kanonproeqti warmodgenili konstituciuri, organuli Tu Cveulebrivi s saxit; T) ramdenad sworad ertmnisvnelovnaa gamoyenebuli samartlebrivi kategoriebi; i) Seesabameba Tu ara kanonproeqtis debulebebi Tanamedrove samartlebrivi mecnierebisa iuridiuli praqtikis mirwevebs; k) culia Tu ara iuridiuli teqnikis wesebi; l) uzrunvelyofilia Tu ara kanonproeqti misi arsrulebisatvis aucilebeli finansuri, organizaciuli Tu sxva saxis, mat Soris, pasuxismgeblobiti RonisZiebebiT. 70

72 specializebuli (profesiuli) eqspertiza samartlebrivi regulireba SeiZleba Seexos sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvasxva mxares, amitom kanonproeqtis eqsperti SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod maralkvalificiuri samartalmcodne, aramed romelime rgis gamocdili specialisti. swored aseti gamocdili eqspertebi atareben specializebul eqspertizas, romelic warmoadgens kanonproeqtis Semadgeneli konkretuli sakitxis analizs. kanonproeqtis rgobrivi (profiluri) Sefasebis miznit mizansewonilia, misi Sinaarsin gamomdinare, ama Tu im rgis specialistta eqspertebad mowveva (SesaZlebelia ramdenime rgis specialistta ertoblivi musaobac, anu e.w. kompleqsuri eqspertizis Catarebac, romelic aketebs ganzogadebul analitikur Sefasebas 6 ). es konkretuli sakitxi SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri, finansuri, ekologiuri, lingvisturi, socialuri sxva. magalitad, lingvisturi eqspertiza specializebuli eqspertizis saxea gulisxmobs kanonproeqtis teqstis Sefasebas Tanamedrove qartuli saliteraturo enis normebtan Sesabamisobis dgenis miznit, satvis maxasiatebeli funqciuri stiluri Taviseburebebis gatvaliswinebit. lingvistur eqspertizas samartlis sferosi specialuri momzadebis mqone filologebi axorcieleben. specializebul eqspertizas SeiZleba mivakutvnot logikuri eqspertizac. misi mizania, pasuxi gasces kitxvaze culia Tu ara, rogorc formaluri, aseve iuridiuli teqnikis logikuri wesebi. jerjerobit formaluri logikis specialistebis mowveva kanonproeqtis eqspertebad ar xdeba. micneulia, rom iuridiuli ganatleba azlevs iurists logikis safuzvlebis codnas mat moukideblad SeuZliaT kanonproeqtis logikuri analizi. samecniero eqspertiza samecniero eqspertizis mizania kanonproeqtis mecnieruli analizi Sefaseba misi, rogorc Sinaarsis, aseve formis TvalsazrisiT. samecniero eqspertiza moukidebeli eqspetizis saxea. kanonproeqtze moukidebeli eqspertizis skvnis rtvas kanonproeqtis Sesaxeb (asetis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) itvaliswinebs saqartvelos `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~. 7 samecniero eqspertiza gulisxmobs mocemuli kanonproeqtit saregulirebeli sakitxebis garkvevas im mosalodneli Sedegebis gamovlenas, romlebmac SeiZleba icinon Tavi mocemuli kanonproeqtis praqtikasi ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi. kanonproeqtis samecniero eqspertiza moicavs mis, rogorc samartlebriv (iuridiul), aseve specializebul (profesiul) eqspertizas. samecniero eqspertizis skvnasi un mietitos im problemur situaciebze, romlebic sakanonmdeblo reglamentacias moitxoven mati gawyvetis optimalur gzebsa metodebze. aseve, un mietitos, SeiZleba Tu ara problemis gawra s mirebis garese, anu sxva gzit, vtqvat, moqmedi kanonmdeblobit an axali kanonqvemdebare nor- 71

73 martlmsajuleba matiuli aqtis mirebit, agretve, im ekonomikur, socialur, politikur, samartlebriv a. S. pozitiur negatiur Sedegebze, romelic SeiZleba gamoiwvios kanonproeqtis kanonad gaqcevam. skvnasi mkafiod un iyos gamoxatuli eqspertis argumentirebuli pozicia kanonproeqtis zogadi koncefciis mimart, aseve, misi mirebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb misi kavsiris Sesaxeb moqmedi kanonmdeblobis sistemastan. sawiroa agretve kanonproeqti Sefasdes finansuri, organizaciuli sxva misi Sesrulebis uzrunvelmyofi RonisZiebebis TvalsazrisiTac. amgvar RonisZiebebs SeiZleba mivakutvnot pasuxismgeblobisa waxalisebis RonisZiebebic. zemotqmulin gamomdinare, SeiZleba CamovayaliboT kanonproeqtze momusave moukidebel eqsperttatvis im saorientacio sakitxta wre, anu is CarCo motxovnebi, romlebmac asaxva un hpovon saeqsperto skvnasi. eqspqrtma un adginos: ramdenad aqtualuria mocemuli kanonproeqti (un sabutdes kanonproeqtis socialuri mnisvneloba); ramdenad Seesabameba igi sakanonmdeblo politikas zogad kerzod, im samar- Tlis rgis ganvitarebis samartlebriv politikas, romlis regulirebasac igi apirebs; ra aris mocemuli sakanonmdeblo regulirebis mizani; ramdenad mizansewonilia, anu ramdenad realuria motxovna, rom mocemuli sakitxebi aucileblad s sasualebit un mowesrigdes; Seesabameba Tu ara kanonproeqti qveynis konstitucias, saertasoriso samartlis principebsa saertasoriso xelsekrulebebs; kanonproeqtis mirebis SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli korufciuli samartalrrvevebi; mocemuli kanonproeqtis amoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi, visi uflebebi umjobesdeba, visi uflebebi ilaxeba ra xarisxit. nebismieri sakanonmdeblo aqti, rogori idealuric ar un iyos igi, Seicavs uaryofit mxareebsa Sedegebs, ris gamoc sawiroa winaswar ganisazrvros, kerzod vis, rodis ra dozit Seexeba igi. mosalodneli uaryofiti mxareebis drouli Sefaseba eqspertizis mnisvnelovan nawilad un iqces; ramdenad efeqtiania; ramdenad realuria misi ganxorcieleba; Cadebulia Tu ara kanonproeqtsi is meqanizmebi, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis normit gatvaliswinebuli urtiertobebis ganxorcielebas; kanonproeqtis mireba gamoiwvevs Tu ara raime saxis kolizias kanonmdeblobasi; kanonproeqtis mireba an Zalakargulad gamocxadeba gamoiwvevs Tu ara cvlilebebisa matebebis Setanas sxva normatiul aqtebsi (sasurvelia mietitos konkretulad romeli aqti sawiroebs koreqtirebas); ramdenad srulaa regulirebuli is urtiertobebi, romelta regulirebis pretenziac aqvs mocemul kanonproeqts; 72

74 gamoiyeneba Tu ara iuridiuli terminebi mocemul kanonproeqtsi erti imave mnisvnelobit; aqvs Tu ara mocemul iuridiul terminebs zogad ariarebuli mnisvneloba; Tu saqme exeba avtonomiuri respublikis kanonproeqts, masin un dgindes, Seesabameba Tu ara massi gamoyenebuli terminebis mnisvneloba qveynis kanonmdeblobasi gamoyenebul Sesabamisi terminebis mnisvnelobas; xom ar aris e.w. `zedmeti~ normebi, anu iseti normebi, romelta garesec SeiZleba kanonma `imusaos~, anu miarwios saxul mizans; ra finansur naxarjebtanaa kavsirebuli kanonproeqti (kanonproeqtze xarjuli xarjebis mizansewoniloba mis rezultattan mimartebasi) kanonproeqtit saxuli miznis ganxorcielebisatvis aucilebeli finansuri resursebi. kanonproeqtis eqspertizis Catarebis dro safuzveli samecniero-samartlebrivi eqspertizis Catareba mizansewonilia kanonproeqtis parlamentsi gansaxilvelad Setanis Semdeg. amgvari eqspertizis nisvna SesaZlebelia mas Semdeg, roca kanonproeqti oficialurad miirebs kanonproeqtis statuss, rac sasualebas mogvcems mis mimart ganvaxorcielot sxvasxva moqmedebebi. eqspertizis nisvnis safuzvels warmoadgens uflebamosili organos mimartva saeqsperto organizaciisatvis. eqspertiza SeiZleba Catardes deputatis, deputatta jgufis, fraqciis motxovnis safuzvelze. eqspertiza SeiZleba Cautardes s im proeqtsac, romelmac ver miiro kanonproeqtis oficialuri statusi. am orive SemTxvevaSi, eqspertizis Sedegebs eqneba sakonsultacio xasiati. kanonproeqtis eqspertiza efeqtiani mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba, Tu misi Sedegebi cnobili gaxdeba deputatebisatvis, miuxevad imisa, rom kanonproeqtis winaswar ganxilvas didi mnisvneloba aqvs, rogorc calkeuli normatiulsamartlebrivi aqtis, ise mtlianad sakanonmdeblo procesiis asamarleblad. 8 mizansewonilia dgindes, rom eqspertta mier momzadebuli skvnebi winadebebi waredginos ganxilvisatvis Sesabamis komitetebs egzavnos igi deputatebs kanonproeqtis teqsttan ertad kanonproeqtis winaswari ganxilvis stadiamde. samwuxarod, procedurulad araa gawerili samecniero eqspertizis aucilebloba parlamentis mier kanonproeqtis ganxilvisas. ganmeorebiti eqspertiza kanonproeqti SeiZleba gaigzavnos ganmeorebit eqspertizaze. ganmeorebiti eqspertiza aucilebelad un Catardes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kanonproeqtma ganxilva-musavebisas ganica arsebiti xasiatis cvlilebebi, vinain sawiroa Sesworebebis Sefase- 73

75 martlmsajuleba bac mati mimartebis gansazrvra kanonproeqtis narcen nawiltan mtel kanonmdeblobastan. 9 ganmeorebiti eqspertizaa sawiro agretve, im SemTxvevaSic, roca warmodgenili eqspertiza ar pasuxobs masze wayenebul motxovnebs. aqtualuria sakitxi e.w. meore, anu sakontrolo eqspertizis Sesaxeb. sakontrolo eqspertiza gulisxmobs moqmedi sakanonmdeblo aqtis eqspetizas, kanonproeqtis kanonad gaqcevin garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, misi praqtikuli realizaciis SedegebTan mimartebasi. amgvari eqspertiza xels uwyobs kanonmdeblobis mdgomareobis mudmiv analizs kanonmdeblobasi arsebuli koliziebis armofxvras. rekomenciebi kanonproeqtis eqspertizis efeqtiani institutis SeqmnisaTvis kanonproeqtis eqspertizis efeqtiani institutis samkvidreblad mizansewonilad migvacnia: kanonproeqtis eqspertizis samartlebrivi regulireba an ertgvari stanrtuli saxelmzrvanelo dokumentis Seqmna gzamkvlevi principebit Tu sakontrolo kitxvebit; kanonproeqtis eqspertizis saqmesi mecnierebis SesaZleblobebis farto gamoyeneba; sakanonmdeblo organos profilur komitetebtan Sesabamisi rgobrivi samartlis kanonproeqtta eqspertizis, kanonmdeblobisa samartlebrivi informaciis sistematizaciisa kodifikaciisatvis maralkvalificiuri specialistebisagan Semdgari saeqsperto sabwos Camoyalibeba; SesaZlebelia amave miznit mtavrobastan kanonmdeblobisa SerebiTi samar- Talmcodneobis institutis Seqmna. 74

76 gamoyenebuli literatura: 1.saqarTvelos `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~; 2.saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamenti; 3.rogor iqmneba, Tb., 2000; 4.Svidi principi saqartvelosi kanonsemoqmedebiti procesis gasaumjobeseblad (momzadebulia mark sigalis, eskvaieris mier), Tb., 2005; 5. Ò.Â. Êàøàíèíà, Þðèäè åñêàÿ òåõíèêà, Ì., 2007; 6. À.Ï. Ìàçóðåíêî, ïðèíöèïû ïðàâîòâîð åñêîé ïîëèòèêè // Ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðâà, 2009; 7. Íîðìîãðàôèÿ, ïîä ðåä. Þ.Ã. Àðçàìàñîâà, Ì., 2007; 8. Ä.Â. óõâè åâ, Çàêîíîäàòåëüíàÿ òåõíèêà, Ì., 2006; 9. Þðèäè åñêàÿ òåõíèêà, ïîä ðåä. Ò.ß. Õàáðèåâîé, Í.À, Âëàñåíêî, Ì., SeniSvnebi: 1 À.Ï. Ìàçóðåíêî, ïðèíöèïû ïðàâîòâîð åñêîé ïîëèòèêè // Ôèëîñîôèÿ ïðâà, 2009, ¹ 4, ñòð Ä.Â. óõâè åâ, Çàêîíîäàòåëüíàÿ òåõíèêà, Ì., 2006, ñòð Ò.Â. Êàøàíèíà, Þðèäè åñêàÿ òåõíèêà, Ì., 2007, ñòð Íîðìîãðàôèÿ, ïîä ðåä. Þ.Ã. Àðçàìàñîâà, Ì., 2007, ñòð saqartvelos parlamentis reglamenti, m Þðèäè åñêàÿ òåõíèêà, ïîä ðåä. Ò.ß. Õàáðèåâîé, Í.À, Âëàñåíêî, Ì., 2010, ñòð wlis 22 oqtombris saqartvelos `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~, m b. 8 rogor iqmneba, Tb., 2000, gv Svidi principi saqartvelosi kanonsemoqmedebiti procesis gasaumjobeseblad (momzadebulia mark sigalis, eskvaieris mier), Tb., 2005, gv

77 martlmsajuleba ANALYSIS OF THE DRAFT LAW CONCEPT, TYPES, PURPOSE MURMAN GORGOSHADZE Associate Professor State University after Shota Rustaveli Analysis of the draft law is one of the types of analysis and represents an opinion on compliance with legislative techniques, international treaties, national legislation and Constitution based on special draft-law research. Its role increases every y and becomes a necessary element for creation of legally precise legislation. In order to prepare the opinion on the quality, contemporary nature and important for the future circumstances, it is necessary to have a person with special knowledge an expert. For the purpose of establishing the draft-law analysis effective institute, is desirable to determine a legal status of an expert; to legally regulate the draft law analysis; to create a stanrd guidelines, containing guiding principles and questions; to widely use capabilities of scientists; to create a sectoral group of experts under the relevant Parliamentary Committee, etc. 76

78 saqartvelos kanonsi Tqmis instituti saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb misi srulyofis zogierti sakitxi levan kokaia iuristi saqartvelosi, bolo periodis ekonomikuri ganvitarebis fonze, SeiniSneba ucxoel fizikur iuridiul pirta Semosvlis tendencia, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs sxvasxva samartlebrivi urtiertobis warmosobas saqartvelos moqalaqeebtan, saqartvelosi mudmivad mcxovreb moqalaqeobis armqone pirebtan aseve, qveyanasi registrirebul kerzo samartlis iuridiul pirebtan. arnisnul urtiertobata masstabi mravalmxrivia igi moicavs sainvesticio, saxelsekrulebo, deliqtur, Sromis, aseve saojaxo samemkvidreosamartlebriv urtiertobebs. dris wesrigsi dga sakitxi, rom ixvewos mowesrigdes sxvasxva kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertoba, romelic ekonomikuri ganvitarebis fonze efeqtianad upasuxebs kerzo samartlis qartvel ucxoel subieqtta motxovnebs. qartuli sakanonmdeblo baza, gansxvavebuli bunebis miuxevad, am motxovnata adekvaturi un iyos. `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos 1998 wlis 29 aprilis s mireba moqmedeba zemoarnisnuli miznis mirwevis ert-erti mnisvnelovani meqanizmia. Tumca, TavisTavad, gansazrvruli s arseboba moqmedeba azrs moklebuli iqneba, Tu misi TiToeuli norma 77

79 martlmsajuleba praqtikul WrilSi efeqtianad ar moemsaxureba samartlianobis ideas misi Sinaarsi ar iqneba logikuri arsebul realobastan SesabamisobaSi moyvanili. winamdebare nasromi miznad isaxavs arnisnul kanonsi arsebuli ramdenime Sinaarsobrivad urtiertsawinaarmdego alogikuri debulebebis gasuqebasa mati ganaxlebuli formatit Camoyalibebas. kvlevis formatsi mimoxilulia gansaxilveli T ganmtkicebuli Tqmis instituti, romelic kanonsi sami saxit aris gamoxatuli. kerzod, `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos T regulirebuli sakolizio saproceso normebis moqmedeba amave T SeiZleba SeizRudos, rac gamoxatulia `sajaro wesrigis Sesaxeb (me-5 muxli)~, `imperatiuli normebis Sesaxeb (me-6 muxli)~ `mititebis/ukumititebis Sesaxeb (me-4 muxli)~ gamoxatuli TqmebiT. upirvelesad, Cveni interesis sagania sajaro wesrigisa imperatiuli normebis Sesaxeb gaketebul TqmaTa ganmarteba, mati Sinaarsobrivi urtiertqmedeba arnisnul debulebata ganaxlebuli formatit Camoyalibeba. xsir SemTxvevaSi, saertasoriso kerzo samartlis sakolizio saproceso normebis praqtikasi gamoyeneba winaarmdegobasi modis erovnuli samartlis TaviseburebebTan. arnisnul winaarmdegobata mizezi bevri SeiZleba iyos, rac sxvasxva samartlebriv sistemebs Soris arsebuli sxvaobis gar, ama Tu im qveynis gansxvavebul samartlebriv kulturasac moicavs. gamoricxuli araa, rom ert samartlebriv sistemasi Semavali qveynebis Sierovnuli kanonmdebloba principulad gansxvavebulad aregulirebdes ama Tu im samartlebriv urtiertobas, rac Tavis mxriv artulebs sakolizio normebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. bunebrivia, TiToeuli qveyana interesebulia, rom ucxouri elementit tvirtuli kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertoba am urtiertobin warmosobili savo sakitxebi ise gawydes, rom culi iyos am qveynis samartlis funmenturi principebi. swored arnisnul mizans emsaxureba `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos s me-5 muxlis `sajaro wesrigis~ moqmedeba, romlis mixedvit: `saqartvelosi ucxo qveynis samartlis normebi ar gamoiyeneba, Tu es ewinaarmdegeba saqartvelos ZiriTad samartlebriv principebs.~ s arnisnuli debuleba zogadi saxisaa igi sakolizio normebis gamoyenebisas prevenciul funqcias asrulebs, rom culi iyos is ZiriTadi samartlebrivi Rirebulebebi, rac saqartvelos kerzosamartlebrivi kanonmdeblobit aris ganmtkicebuli. un arinisnos, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi, `samartlebriv principebsi~ moiazreba rogorc materialursamartlebrivi, aseve samoqalaqo saprocesosamartlebrivi principebi, vinain saerta- Soriso kerzo samartlit gansazrvruli samartlebrivi normebi ertdroulad orive matgans moicavs. kanonmdebelma `sajaro wesrigi~ `ZiriTadi samartlebrivi principebi~ identur cnebebad moiazra, rac savsebit logikuria, vinain `ZiriTadi samartlebrivi principebi~ qmnian sajaro wesrigs, xolo am principebis cva zemoarnisnuli prevenciuli zogadi saxis debulebebis moqmedebit ganamtkicebs arsebul sajaro wesrigs. s ganxiluli muxlis zogadi Sinaarsi misi sxvasxva debulebit aris konkretebuli. magalitad, `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ s 63-e muxlis me-4 nawilis mixedvit, `Suamdgomlobis armzvreli sasamartlos TxovniT, saproceso 78

80 moqmedebis Sesrulebisas SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ucxo qveynis samartlis saproceso normebi, Tu isini saqartvelos ZiriTad samartlebriv principebs ar ewinaarmdegeba.~ aseve, arsanisnavia gansaxilveli s 68-e muxlis me-2 nawilis `z~ qvepunqti, romlis Tanaxmad, saqartvelo ucxo qveynis er ZalaSi Sesul sasamartlo gawyvetilebas ar cnobs, Tu `gawyvetileba ewinaarmdegeba saqartvelos ZiriTad samartlebriv principebs.~ sajaro wesrigs aseve, exmianeba saqartvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 54-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmad: `batilia garigeba, romelic arrvevs T dgenil wessa akrzalvebs, ewinaarmdegeba sajaro wesrigsa zneobis normebs.~ sajaro wesrigis cneba pirvelad Semodis qartul samartlebriv yofasi. massi igulisxmeba samoqalaqo brunvis funmenturi principebi, rogoricaa sakutrebis, xelsekrulebisa mewarmeobis Tavisuflebani a.s. sajaro wesrigis rrvevit ilaxeba ara mxolod urtiertobis konkretuli monawilis uflebebi, aramed igi vnebas ayenebs, upirvelesad, saxelmwifosa sazogadoebis interesebs. ra Tqma un, garkveuli azrit, sajaro wesrigis rrvevasi ivaraudeba T dgenili wesebisa akrzalvebis rrveva piriqitac, zogjer am ukanasknelis rrveva sajaro wesrigis rrvevasac moicavs. garigebis batilobis am safuzvelta gamijvnasi arsebiti mnisvneloba aqvs TviT xelyofis obieqtta faseulobas. ase magalitad, Tu moijare meijaris Tanxmobis garese gascems qonebas qveijarit, amit is xelyofs, upirvelesad, konkretuli saijaro urtiertobisatvis maxasiatebel princips Sesabamisad, irrveva samoqalaqo brunvis arsebiti principebi amdenad sajaro wesrigic. iuridiul literaturasi gamotqmulia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom `sajaro wesrigis~ cneba, ramdenac misi Sinaarsi araa zustad gansazrvruli, orazrovania Zalzed artulebs swori analizis SesaZleblobas. amitom, gvtavazoben `sajaro wesrigis~ nacvlad SemoviRoT cneba `pirpiri regulirebis kanonebi.~ axla sainteresoa mimovixilot `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos s me-6 muxli _ `imperatiuli normebis gamoyeneba~, romlis Tanaxmad: `am s debulebebi ar vrceldeba saqartvelos samartlis imperatiuli normebis moqmedebaze, miuxevad imisa, Tu romeli qveynis samartali gamoiyeneba urtiertobata mowesrigebisas.~ `imperatiul normebs~ aseve, exmianeba gansaxilveli s sxvasxva norma. kerzod. 29-e muxlis me-3 nawili, romlis mixedvit: `garigebata mimart, romelta sagania miwis nakvetze ufleba, miuxevad xelsekrulebis debis adgilisa am adgilas moqmedi samartlisa, gamoiyeneba im qveynis samartlis imperatiuli normebi garigebis formis Sesaxeb, sac aris miwis nakveti;~ 35-e muxlis me-3 nawili, romlis mixedvit: `samartlis arceva CaiTvleba batilad, Tu igi ugulebelyofs xelsekrulebastan yvelaze mwidrod kavsirebuli qveynis samartlis imperatiul normebs~; 38-e muxli _ `socialuri cvis imperatiuli normebi,~ romlis mixedvit: `samartlis arcveva CaiTvleba batilad, Tu igi ugulebelyofs im imperatiul normebs, romlebic mirebulia momxmarebelta musamosamsaxureta diskriminaciisagan sacavad. es wesi agretve, gamoiyeneba mozravi niv- Tebis miwodebis, finansebis, Sromis an momsaxurebis xelsekrulebebis mimart, Tu 79

81 martlmsajuleba isini im qveyanasi iqna SeTanxmebuli an debuli, sac momxmareblebsa musa-mosamsaxureebs aqvt sacxovrebeli adgili sac aseti mcavi normebi moqmedebs.~ mocemul SemTxvevaSi, `saqartvelos samartlis imperatiul normebsi~ moiazreba yvela is moqmedi kerzosamartlebrivi norma, romelic samoqalaqo samartlis subieqtebs garkveulwilad uzruvs nebis Tavisuflad gamoxatvis TviTnebur SesaZleblobas. arnisnul mosazrebas samartlebrivad ganamtkicebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis zogadi saxis debuleba, romelic gamoxatulia kodeqsis me-10 muxlis me-3 nawilsi _ `samoqalaqo uflebata moukidebloba politikuri uflebebisagan. samoqalaqo samartlis imperatiuli normebi~. arnisnuli debulebis Sesabamisad: `uflebata borotad gamoyenebisagan sxvata Tavisuflebas icavs samoqalaqo kanonebis imperatiuli normebi. moqmedebebi, romlebic ewinaarmdegeba am normebs, batilia, gar im SemTxvevebisa, roca pirpir miutitebs sxvagvar Sedegebze. calkeuli Carevebi administraciuli aqtebis mesveobit akrzalulia, Tu es aqtebi konkretuli s safuzvelze ar aris gamoyenebuli.~ citirebuli norma zogadi saxisaa, romelic kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertobis nebismieri subieqtisatvis or ZiriTad stanrts adgens. pirveli stanrtis mixedvit, is samartlebrivi urtiertobis monawiletatvis samoqalaqo kodeqsis imperatiuli normebis moqmedebis Sedegad uzrunvelyofs uflebata boroti gamoyenebisagan mcav garantiebs, romelic SesaZloa mat winaarmdeg iyos gamoyenebuli. meore stanrtis mixedvit ki, citirebuli norma prevenciuli tvirtvisaa kerzosamartlebrivi ur- TierTobebis subieqtta TviTneburi moqmedebebis arkvetas uzrunvelyofs. `TviTneburi moqmedeba~ ki (kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertobistvis maxasiatebeli nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis miuxevad), kanonmdeblobit dgenili stanrtebis gverdis avlit Sesrulebuli moqmedebaa. imperatiuli normebis Sesaxeb zemoarnisnuli zogadi debulebis konkretizaciis miznit samoqalaqo kodeqssi mravlad aris aseti norma warmodgenili. magalitad, samoqalaqo kodeqsis 289-e muxlis 1-li nawilis 1-li winadebit dgenilia, rom: `ipoteka iuridiul Zalas izens sajaro reestrsi registraciis momentin.~ mocemuli debulebin natlad Cans, rom ipotekis samartlebrivi ZalmosilebisaTvis aucilebelia garkveuli proceduris gavla, romlis sawinaarmdego moqmedebis Sesruleba ugulebelyofs ipotekis namdvilobas. citirebuli samartlebrivi norma garkveulwilad ganamtkicebs gansazrvrul samartlebriv regulacias, romelic kerzo samartlis subieqtebs urtiertobis Tavisufali gamoxatulebis fonze adekvaturad uzruvs nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, rac miznad isaxavs kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertobebis cvas anarqiuli ubalansebeli mdgomareobisagan. samoqalaqo kodeqsis ganxiluli magaliti ar warmoadgens qartuli kerzo samartlis princips masasame, sajaro wesrigs, magram, misi motxovnis Sesruleba (anu ipotekis iuridiuli ZalmosilebisaTvis misi registraciis savaldebulooba sajaro reestrsi) TavisTavad gulisxmobs `sajaro wesrigis,~ rogorc zogadi samartlebrivi fenomenis konkretul cvas, vinain sajaro wesrigi, rogorc zemot arvnisnet, saqartvelosi moqmedi kerzo samartlis mier gansazrvruli sazogadoebrivi siketea. sajaro wesrigi/samartlis principebi Tavis TavSi moicavs `imperatiul normebs~ Sesabamisad, is ufro farto cnebaa, magram 80

82 yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, am cnebebs Soris erti saerto faqtori vlindeba. ker- Zod, orive matgani mkacrad gansazrvravs savaldebulod Sesasrulebel aucileblad gasatvaliswinebel qcevis wess. cxadia, `samartlis zogadi principebi~ am qcevis wesis ZiriTad strategias gansazrvraven, rasac, yovel operatiul doneze sxvasxva `imperatiuli normebi~ uzrunvelyofen. `sajaro wesrigi~ `imperatiuli normebi~ calke arebuli cnebebis saxit, praqtikulad azrs moklebulia. `sajaro wesrigi~ vlindeba sxvasxva T dgenili wesit. TviT gamotqma _ `T dgenili wesi~ _ samoqalaqo urtiertobis pozitiuri mdgomareobis amsaxvelia, sapirispirod misi negatiuri vitarebis amsaxveli gamotqmisa _ `T dgenili akrzalvebi.~ calkeuli SemTxvevebis ganxilvac imis mauwyebelia, rom saxezea s imperatiul nawesebtan nebis gamovlenis Seusabamoba. gansaxilveli s me-6 muxlis mizania, rom maqsimalurad uzrunvelyos saqartvelosi moqmedi kerzosamartlebrivi imperatiuli normebis cva Sinaarsobrivad sawinaarmdego ucxo qveynis samartlis normebisagan. sagulisxmoa, rom gansaxilveli s 1-li muxlis mixedvit, dgenilia, rom `es gansazrvravs, Tu romeli samartlebrivi wesrigi gamoiyeneba ucxo qveynis samartaltan kavsirebuli saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis arsebobisas, agretve, saproceso samartlis im normebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba aseti saqmis warmoebisas.~ am SemTxvevaSi `samartlebriv wesrigsi~ igulisxmeba rogorc qartuli, aseve ucxouri samartali. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samartlebrivi urtiertobis mosawesrigeblad gamoyenebuli un iyos ucxouri samartali, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT ewinaarmdegeba saqar- Tvelos ZiriTad samartlebriv principebs/sajaro wesrigs, masin is aseve, winaarmdegobasi modis qartuli kerzosamartlebrivi kanonmdeblobis ama Tu im normastan. aseti winaarmdegobis sapirispirod moqmedebs prevenciuli zogadi saxis norma gansaxilveli s me-5 muxlis saxit, xolo me-6 muxlis Sinaarsi ki, Tavis TavSi moicavs e.w. ormag prevencias. ert SemTxvevaSi, Tu ucxo qveynis gamosayenebeli s Sinaarsi ewinaarmdegeba qartuli samartlis imperatiul normas, masin me-6 muxli me-5 muxlis msgavsad, namdvilad prevenciuli funqciis matarebelia. meore SemTxvevaSi, Tu urtiertobata mosawesrigeblad qartuli samartlia gamosayenebeli, masin gamodis, rom saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb saqartvelos Tqmas aketebs ukve qartuli samartlis gamoyenebis akrzalvaze, rac vlindeba kidec me-6 muxlsi _ `s debulebebi ar vrceldeba saqartvelos samartlis imperatiuli normebis moqmedebaze.~ gamodis, rom `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos s sakolizio saproceso normebi ar vrceldeba saqartelos kerzosamartlebriv imperatiul normebze. gansaxilveli ki, Tavisi SinaarsiT gansazrvravs qartuli samartlis gamoyenebis SemTxvevasac, rasic Tavis mxriv, misi imperatiuli normebis gamoyenebac moiazreba, xolo, Tu me-6 muxlis citirebit s moqmedeba ar vrceldeba saqartvelos samartlis imperatiuli normebis moqmedebebze, masin mis arsebobas azri ekargeba, xolo Tu samartlebrivi urtiertoba sxva qveynis samartlit un gawydes, masin TavisTavad un amoqmeddes prevenciuli Tqma s me-5 muxlis saxit. zemoarnisnulin gamomdinare, SegviZlia vaskvnat, rom gansaxilveli s moqmedebis miznebin gamomdinare, `sajaro wesrigi~ `imperatiuli normebi~ ertian 81

83 martlmsajuleba samartlebriv fenomens warmoadgenen arnisnulis Sesabamisad, `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos s me-6 muxlit gansazrvruli Tqma azrs moklebulia Semdegi garemoebebis gamo: 1. Tu me-6 muxlsi xsenebul `romelime qveyanasi~ saqartvelo moiazreba, masin gamodis, rom saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb saqartvelos (romelic aseve, qartuli kanonmdeblobis nawilia) Tqmas aketebs saqartvelos samar- Talze, rac gansaxilveli s mizans ewinaarmdegeba gulisxmobs, rom nebismieri sakolizio SemTxveva ucxo qveynis samartlit un mowesrigdes. am yovelives ki, absurdul mdgomareobamde mivyavart; 2. Tu `romelime qveyanasi~ igulisxmeba ucxo qveyana, masin s me-6 muxlit gaketebul Tqmas eqneba prevenciuli tvirtva, rom culi iyos qartuli kerzosamartlebrivi kanonmdeblobis imperatiuli normebis motxovnebi. bunebrivia, rom am ori garemoebin meores aqvs pozitiuri tvirtva imisatvis, rom Tavin avicilot pirvel garemoebasi warmodgenili absurduli mdgomareoba, mizansewonilad migvacnia, rom me-6 muxli saertod gauqmdes am muxlis pozitiuri prevenciuli mxare Seerwyas s me-5 muxlis Sinaarss, romelic uvod mxolod prevenciuli ara amavdroulad, absurduli Sinaarsis mqonea. `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos s TvalsazrisiT, `sajaro wesrigisa~ `imperatiuli normebis~ Sinaarsobrivi identobis miuxevad, umjobesi iqneba, Tu s me-6 muxlis gauqmebita am ukanasknelis pozitiuri faqtoris me-5 muxltan Serwymis Sedegad cnebebi _ `sajaro wesrigi~ `imperatiuli normebi~ cal-calke iyos naxsenebi, radganac, rogorc zemot visaubret, `sajaro wesrigis~ cva zogad, martlwesrigs uzrunvelyofs, xolo `imperatiuli normebi~ yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, axdenen martlwesrigis winaarmdeg savaraudo an SesaZlo rrvevis prevencias. vfiqrobt, me-5 muxls un erqvas Semdegi satauri: `sajaro wesrigisa imperatiuli normebis cva~ igi un Camoyalibdes Semdegi reqciit: `saqartvelosi ucxo qveynis samartlis normebi ar gamoiyeneba, Tu es ewinaarmdegeba saqartvelos samartlis ZiriTad principebsa mis imperatiul normebs.~ `sajaro wesrigisa~ `imperatiuli normebis~ gar, `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos gansazrvravs kidev ert Tqmas, romelic asaxulia am s me-4 muxlsi _ `mititebasi~. arnisnuli muxlis pirveli nawili Semdegi Sinaarsisaa: `sxva qveynis (igulisxmeba mesame qveyanac) samartalze mititeba gulisxmobs am qveynis saertasoriso kerzo samartlis gamoyenebasac, Tu es mititeba mititebis azrs ar ewinaarmdegeba an Tu es mititeba ar gulisxmobs mxolod konkretul saqmestan kavsirebuli normebis gamoyenebas.~ citirebuli normis azri imasi mdgomareobs, rom ama Tu im kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertobis regulirebisas gamosayenebeli samartlis normebsi moiazreba saqartvelos an sxva (an mesame qveynis) rogorc Si materialuri saproceso samartlebrivi normebi, aseve, am qveynis sakolizio normebic. bunebrivia, rom Si materialur saproceso normebtan ertad gamoiyeneba ama Tu im qveyanasi moqmedi ormxrivi mra- 82

84 valmxrivi saertasoriso xelsekrulebebi, konvenciebi, ariarebuli Cveulebebi, precedentebi sxv. gansaxilveli normis Sinaarsi did risks moicavs, radganac advili SesaZlebelia, rom am qveynis sakolizio normebis Sinaarsi, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, seriozul winaarmdegobasi movides saqartvelos sakolizio normis an/ normebis SinaarsTan. martalia, rom s citirebuli norma mianisnebs am riskis prevenciul RonisZiebaze sityvebit: `Tu es mititeba mititebis azrs ar ewinaarmdegeba~, magram faqtobrivad, arnisnul minisnebas aravitari Zala ar gaacnia. amis Tqmis safuzvels gvazlevs is garemoeba, rom arc erti kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertoba ar aris zrveuli, rom sxvasxva dilemuri sakolizio SemTxvevis arsebobisas, mxareta mier gamosayenebeli Sierovnuli sakolizio normebis Semcveli s Sinaarsi winaarmdegobasi ar movides meore mxaris sakolizio normis an/ normebis SinaarsTan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu `mititeba mititebis azrs ar ewinaarmdegeba~, masin gamodis, rom gansaxilveli s me-4 muxlis pirveli nawili moiazrebs iseti SemTxvevebis arsebobas, rom TiToeuli qveynis TiToeuli sakolizio normis Sinaarsi ertmanetis Sesabamisi iqneba, rac praqtikulad arsebul realobasi gamoricxulia. arnisnuli msjelobin gamomdinare, mizansewonilad migvacnia, rom s me-4 muxlis pirveli nawilin amorebul iqnas sityvebi: `Tu mititeba mititebis azrs ar ewinaarmdegeba~. aseve, xazgasasmelia, gansaxilvel muxlsi arsebuli Sinaarsobrivi tavtologia. kerzod, yuradrebas gavamaxvilebt am normis or samartlebriv nawesze: 1. `sxva qveynis (igulisxmeba mesame qveyanac) samartalze mititeba gulisxmobs am qveynis saertasoriso kerzo samartlis gamoyenebasac~; 2. `Tu es mititeba ar gulisxmobs mxolod konkretul saqmestan kavsirebuli normebis gamoyenebas~. pirveli nawesi sityvasityvit pirpir gvamcnobs, rom ucxouri nisnit tvir- Tuli kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertobis regulirebisas gamosayenebeli qveynis samar- TalSi saertasoriso kerzo samartlis normebis gamoyenebac moiazreba, xolo meore nawesis mixedvit ki, `konkretul saqmestan kavsirebul normebsi~ moiazreba mxolod gamosayenebeli samartlis normebi ara amavdroulad sakolizio normebic. kerzod, ama Tu im qveynis samartalze mititebas mxolod masin aqvs azri, roca es mititeba ar gulisxmobs ama Tu im qveynis samartlis gamoyenebas am samartalsi Semavali sakolizio normebis garese. gamodis, rom s am or nawessi mocemuli gansazrvrebebi Sinaarsobrivad identuria. am problemis gawyveta martivad SeiZleba, Tu gansaxilveli normin amovirebt Cvens mier zemoganxilul nawess. arnisnulin gamomdinare, mizansewonilad migvacnia, rom `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos s me-4 muxlis pirveli nawili Semdegi reqciit Camoyalibdes: `sxva qveynis (igulisxmeba mesame qveyanac) samartalze mititeba gulisxmobs am qveynis saertasoriso kerzo samartlis gamoyenebasac.~ rogorc zemot arvnisnet, s me-4 muxlis pirveli nawilis Sinaarsis gatvaliswinebit, praqtikulad SesaZlebelia, rom gansaxilveli ama Tu im kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertobis regulirebisas utitebdes sxva an mesame qveynis samartlis gamoyenebaze, ra drosac advili SesaZlebelia, rom `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesa- 83

85 martlmsajuleba xeb~ saqartvelos T gansazrvruli esa Tu is debuleba seriozul winaarmdegobasi movides sxva an mesame qveynis sakolizio normebtan. magalitad, gansaxilveli s 52-e muxlis pirveli winadebis mixedvit: `Svilad ayvana wesrigdeba im qveynis samar- TliT, romelsac ganekutvneba msvilebeli Svilad ayvanis dros~. Tu sxva an mesame qveynis samartlis sakolizio normebis mixedvit, Svilad ayvanastan kavsirebuli samartlebrivi urtiertobebi wesrigdeba ara im qveynis samartlit, romelsac msvilebeli Svilad ayvanis dros ganekutvneba, aramed im qveynis samartlit, romelsac nasvilebi Svilad ayvanisas ganekutvneba, bunebrivad warmoiqmneba sakolizio normata konfliqti `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ kanonsa sxva an mesame qveynis sakolizio normata Soris. cxadia, rom arnisnuli potenciuri konfliqturi SemTxvevebi mxolod Svilad ayvanis sakitxit ar Semoifargleba. swored arnisnul sakolizio utanxmoebata SemTxvevebSi, saertasoriso kerzo samartlis normata praqtikuli realizaciisas, xsirad xdeba samartlis normata ukumititebata gamoyeneba zustad am uxerxulobata sazlevad gansaxilveli s me-4 muxlis me-2 nawili Semdegnairad Camoyalib: `saqartvelos samartalze ukumititebisas gamoiyeneba konkretul saqmestan kavsirebuli saqartvelos samartlis normebi~. citirebuli normis Sinaarsi gulisxmobs, rom saqartvelos samartalze ukumititebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneba saqartvelosi moqmedi kerzosamartlebrivi materialuri saproceso normebi ara `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~ saqartvelos. cxadia, rom Tu ukumititebisas gamoyenebuli iqneba gansaxilveli c, masin mxareebi verasdros ver gaerkvevian, Tu romeli qveynis samartali un gamoiyenon. gansaxilvel normastan kavsirebit bunebrivad Cndeba kitxva: Tu ukumititebisas saqartvelos samartlis gamoyeneba ewinaarmdegeba saqartvelos samartlis ZiriTad principebs yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, saqartvelos samartlis imperatiuli normis Sinaarss, masin winaarmdeg SemTxvevaSi, xom ar modis gansaxilveli s me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis Sinaarsi s me-5 me-6 muxlebtan (an Cvens mier zemoganxilul variantsi s me-5 muxltan) winaarmdegobasi? am kitxvaze pasuxis gasacemad sawiroa ertmanetisagan gavmijnot ucxo qveynis samartlis normebis Sinaarsis askara pirispirebisa formaluri pirispirebis SemTxvevebi. askara pirispirebasi igulisxmeba iseti SemTxveva, rodesac ucxo an mesame qveynis samar- Tlis normebis gamoyeneba winaarmdegobasi mova gansaxilveli s moqmed me-5 muxltan ara me-6 muxltan (Tumca, Cvens mier zemoganxilul SemTxvevaSi, moqmedi s me-6 muxlis moqmedebis pozitiur mxarestanac, romelic Serwymulia s me-5 muxlsi). formaluri pirispirebis SemTxveva ki, ar gulisxmobs me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis pirispirebas s me-5 muxlis moqmed reqciastan, radganac aset SemTxvevaSi, saxeze ar iqneba saqartvelos ZiriTadi samartlebrivi principebisa imperatiuli normebis materialuri Sinaarsis ugulebelyofa. normata askara pirispirebisas gansaxilveli s me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilsa me-5 muxls Soris Tavis mxriv, Si pirispirebas aqvs adgili. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven upiratesobas mivaniwebt me-4 muxlis me-2 nawils, masin gamodis, rom me-5 muxlis arsebobas ekargeba azri, rac zogad, saqartvelos ZiriTadi samartlebrivi principebis ugulebelyofit aisaxeba, rac cxadia, didi Secdoma iqneba. aset dros ki, metad aqtualuria s me 6 muxli 84

86 (romelic isec saxvewia). meore mxriv, Tu gansaxilveli s Si pirispirebasi upiratesobas me-5 muxls mivaniwebt, masin saqartvelos samartalze ukumititebas azri ekargeba. rogorc Cans, sakitxi askarad problemuria arnisnuli winaarmdegobis Zlevis miznit, sawiroa garkveuli kompromisis gaketeba. arsanisnavia, rom me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedvit, ukumititebisas sakitxis saqartvelos samartlit gawyvetis Sesaxeb gamoxatuli preferencia TavisTavad kompromisulia, rac zog SemTxvevaSi, Tavin gvasorebs sakitxis absoluturi gauwyvetelobis mdgomareobisagan. Tumca, es kompromisi gamoxatulia `sajaro wesrigisa~ `saqartvelos samartlis imperatiuli normebis~ potenciuri gautvaliswineblobis xarjze. s me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilsa me-5 muxls Soris arsebuli Si pirispirebis miuxevad, migvacnia, rom me-4 muxlis me-2 nawils aqvs pozitiuri tvirtva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqartvelos samar- Talze ukumititebisas kerzosamartlebrivi urtiertobis mogvareba ar moxdeba `sajaro wesrigisa~ `imperatiuli normebis xarjze~. anu, Tu saqartvelos materialuri saproceso normebi sxva an mesame qveynis samartlis normebi formalurad ara radikalurad gansxvavdebian ertmanetisagan, masin gansaxilveli norma ukumititebis dros SeinarCunebs realur kompromisul tvirtvas. arnisnulis sapirispirod ki, Tu saxeze iqneba askara winaarmdegoba me-4 muxlis meore nawilsa me-5 muxlebit gaketebul Tqmebs Soris, masin sakitxi isev isev moqmedi s me-5 muxlis sasargeblod un gawydes (uketes SemTxvevaSi ki, Cvens mier zemot ganxiluli, me-5 muxlis zusti Sinaarsobrivi gaazrebis Sedegad). samartlis normata arnisnuli Si pirispirebis dros gansaxilveli Sikoliziuri Tqmebis preferenciuli Tqmis Sinaarss un gansazrvravdes. arnisnuli Sinaarsis sakanonmdeblo matebit gawyvetas azri ar eqneba, vidre imoqmedebs gansaxilveli s me-6 muxlis arsebuli reqcia, romelic zruvs am s gamoyenebis masstabs saqartvelos samartlis imperatiuli normebis moqmedebazec. arnisnul sakitxtan kavsirebit, arsanisnavia s 32-e muxlis pirveli nawili, romlis mixedvit: `nivtze uflebis warmosoba, Secvla, gacema Sewyveta wesrigdeba im qveynis samartlit, sac es nivti imyofeba. am qveynis sanivtosamartlebrivi normebi gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSic, roca am s mititebiti (koliziuri) normis mixedvit, sxva qveynis samartali un iqnes gamoyenebuli~. Tu mocemul SemTxvevaSi, am qveynis sanivtosamartlebrivi normebis mixedvit, saqartvelos samartali un iyos gamoyenebuli, masin gamodis, rom warmoiqmneba seriozuli winaarmdegoba gansaxilveli s me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilsa 32-e muxlis pirvel nawils Soris, radganac me-4 muxlis me-2 nawilis mixedvit, ukumititebisas gamoiyeneba konkretul saqmestan kavsirebuli saqartvelos samartlis normebi. msgavsi saxis winaarmdegobis Zlevis miznit, umjobesia, rom mxareebi konkretuli sanivtosamartlebrivi urtiertobis regulirebisas winaswar SeTanxmdnen gamosayenebeli samartlis Sesaxeb, sac `samartalsi~ mxolod arceuli qveynis konkretuli materialuri saproceso samartlebrivi normebi un iyos gamoyenebuli ara amavdroulad sakolizio normebic. swored arnisnul mizans isaxavs s me-4 muxlis me-3 nawili, romlis mixedvit: `Tu mxareebs SeuZliaT aircion 85

87 martlmsajuleba ert-erti qveynis samartali, aseti arcevani gulisxmobs mxolod am konkretul saqmes- Tan kavsirebuli normebis gamoyenebas.~ skvnis saxit arvnisnavt, rom kanonsi arsebuli Tqmis sxvasxva saxeebi funqciurad urtiertmokidebul mdgomareobasi arian mati Sinaarsis ertmanetisagan gamocalkeveba azrs moklebulia. aseti Tqmebis sakanonmdeblo doneze SemuSaveba praqtikasi mati moukidebeli formatit gamoyeneba sauketeso SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod iseti sakanonmdeblo formulirebis pirobebsi, rodesac ama Tu im normis gamoyenebit ar ziandeba amave kanonsi gawerili sxva normit culi samar- Tlebrivi sikete. rogorc sajaro wesrigze Tqmas, aseve, imperatiul normebsa mititebaze (ukumititebaze) gaketebul Tqmebs un hqondet individualurad moqmedebis moukidebeli areali, rom am debulebebs Soris ar moxdes Si pirispireba praqtikasi Tavin avicilot nebismieri gaugebari mouwesrigebeli SemTxveva. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1.saqarTvelos `saertasoriso kerzo samartlis Sesaxeb~, kompiuteruli programis `kodeqsi 2007~ kodificirebuli kanonebis saziebo sistema. 2.`saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi~, kompiuteruli programis `kodeqsi 2007~ kodificirebuli kanonebis saziebo sistema. 3.Tengiz liluasvili, saertasoriso kerzo samartali, Tb., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni pirveli, Tb., Ì. Èññàä, Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå àñòíîå ïðàâî, Ïåðåâîä ñ ôðàíöóçñêîãî, Ì., J.G. Collier, Conflict of Laws, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, UK.,

88 INSTITUTION OF RESERVATIONS IN THE LAW OF GEORGIA ON INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW AND SOME REFINEMENT RELATED ISSUES LEVAN KOKAIA Lawyer In the paper below, the author reviews the institution of reservations in the Law of Georgia on International Private Law and focuses on refinement of regulating provisions. Namely, the paper reviews the concept of terms used in the law: public order, application of imperative provisions and instruction/reverse instruction; the author also reviews the scope of application and results of actions. In the framework of the existing paper, the author points out existing inner controversies between several reservations of the law. Several articles of the law become subject to criticism and therefore, the author suggests a renewed formulation of several articles of the Georgian law. In the end of the paper, the opinion is expressed, that practical application of each reservation under the law, shall take place in conditions of the legal framework, where the opportunity of breaching a legal interest protected by the reservation through application of another reservation is prevented. 87

89 martlmsajuleba saqartvelosi ganxorcielebuli sasamartlo reforma realurad mnisvnelovnad win gadgmuli nabiji iyo qveynis demokratizaciis ganvitarebis gzaze wlis 15 maisin amoqmed saqartvelos axali samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, romlis me-5 muxlis Tanaxmac, samoqalaqo samartalwarmoeba un warimartos yvela piris Tanasworobis sawyisebze. arnisnuli saproceso kodeqsi efuzneba samoqalaqo procesis ZiriTad principebs, kerzod, SejibrebiTobis, dispoziciurobis sajaroobis principebs, rac Tavis mxriv, mxareta saproceso uflebebis realizaciis efeqtianobasi vlindeba. Tavad rrveuli uflebis ardgena ki, SesaZlebelia mxolod efeqtiani saarsrulebo warmoebit. reformis farglebsi, 1999 wlis 16 aprils, mirebul iqna calke `saarsrulebo warmoebata Sesaxeb~. Tanamedrove saqartvelosi sasamartlo reformis ganxorcieleba sul rarac atiode wlis winat iwyo is faqtobrivad dremde mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad, winamdebare Tema dreisatvis aqtualuria, vinain, rogorc samarsamoqalaqo samartalwarmoeba arsruleba saqartvelosi XIX saukunesa XX saukunis sawyissi zurab Wyonia saqartvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti 88

90 Talwarmoebis, aseve, zogad, nebismieri rgisatvis istoriuli gamocdilebis magalitebis gatvaliswineba misi ganvitarebis TvalsazrisiT Seufasebelia. `samartlis istoria aqtualurs xdis warsuls, aertianebs epoqebs~. `samartlis Tanamedrove istorikosebs arar sjerat, rom istoria samartali ertmanetisagan moukideblad vi- Tardeba. amjamad mat Segnebuli aqvt, rom istoria samartali mwidrod aris ertmanetsi gaxlartuli cdiloben gaasuqon samartlis ganvitarebis arasamartlebrivi aspeqtebi faruli stimulebi. samartlis istoriis roli ar ifargleba sakutriv sagnis CarCoebiT, samartlebrivi politikis kritikul SefasebaSi~ wlin rusetttan SeerTebis Semdeg, saqartvelos istoriuli teritoriaze im droisatvis arsebul samefo-samtavroebsi gauqmebul iqna saxelmwifoebrioba misi elementebi, 2 Tumca vaxtang VI-is samartlis wignis samoqalaqo samartlebrivi nawili ar gauqmebula qartul CveulebiT samartaltan ertad 1859 wlamde moqmedeb. rusetis imperiis samsaxursi myofma giorgi konstantines Ze bagration-muxranskim moaxerxa rusetis samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebasi or ateulze meti muxli SeetanaT vaxtang VI-is samartlis wignin, kerzod, kanonta krebulis X tomis pirvel meore nawilsi. vaxtang VI-is samartlis wigni rusul enaze itargmna mas nawilobriv iyenebdnen. xolo praqtikasi samartlis wignsi xarvezis armocenis SemTxvevaSi, rusul samartals mimartavdnen. 3 Tavad samartalwarmoeba mosaxleobisatvis gaugebar rusul enaze mimdinareob, nebismieri dokumentic ki, rusul enaze un Sevsebuliyo. 4 arnisnuli epoqa rusetis imperiasi reformebis sawyisis, mat Soris, samartalwarmoebasi mimdinare reformebis xanaa. qartl-kaxetis samefos SeerTebis periodisatvis rusetis imperiasi kanonebis kodifikaciaze musaoba didi xnis wyebuli iyo. am miznit marto XVI I I saukunis manzilze Seiqmna 9 sakodifikacio komisia, romelta musaobasac saboloo Sedegi ar hqonia wels rusetis imperatorma Seqmna rigit me-10 komisia. Tumca, am komisiis morvaweobasac warmateba ar mohyolia, miuxevad imisa, rom am komisiasi Sediodnen im periodisatvis progresulad moazrovne amianebi. imperator nikoloz I-is dros iwyo musaoba rusetis imperiis `kanonta sruli krebulis~ rusetis imperiis kanonta nakrebis Sesadgenad. am musaobis xelmzrvaneloba graf speranskis evala. komisias un Seegrovebina wlebsi rusetsi gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi sistematurad gamoeca samartlis sxvasxva rgebsi moqmedi kanonebi wels gamoica `rusetis imperiis kanonebis sruli krebuli~, sul 46 tomi. am krebulsi qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT Sevi yvela, rogorc moqmedi, ise Zalakarguli, romelic gamocemul iqna rusetsi, wlebsi. krebulin SeirCa samoqmedo Zalis mqone kanonmdebloba, romelsac ewo `rusetis imperiis kanonta krebuli~. 5 rusuli samartlis ganvitarebisatvis win gadgmuli nabiji iyo XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebis Sua periodis sawyisin kanonta krebulis Seqmna, romelsic Sesuli iyo samoqalaqo kanonebi, kerzod, "Çàêîíû ãðàæäàíñêèå è ìåæåâèå", sac gaertian kanonebi samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebisa saarsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb. am krebulsi pirvelad, rusuli samartlis istoriasi calke, gansakutrebuli rgad gamoiyo samoqalaqo samartali, Tumca, materialuri samartali jer ar iyo gamoyofili saproceso samart- 89

91 martlmsajuleba lin. 6 afasebs ra, rusetis imperiasi XIX saukunis sawyissi reformas kanonta kodifikaciis sakitxs, parizis saertasoriso universitetis profesori rene vidi nasromsi ganmartavs, rom `nikoloz I is dros, rusuli samartlis konsolicia ufro gatar, vidre kodifikacia modernizacia~. igi aseve arnisnav, rom `SeiZleba itqvas, rom ruskaia pravdin 1649 wlis sjuldebamde am sjuldebin 1832 wlis krebulamde aris samartlis konsolicia, gadmocema ara mtliani reforma modernizacia.~ 7 zemoarnisnuli kanonebi, dgenilebebi, gankargulebebi wesebi Seicavdnen mraval xarvezs ertmanettan winaarmdegobasi modiodnen. wigni I samoqalaqo sasamartlo warmoebis Sesaxeb uvo warmoebis saqmeebsi Sedgenilia ekaterine I I kanonebis Tanaxmad ugvianesi gankargulebebit. I I wigni savo saqmeebis warmoebis Sesaxeb Sedgenilia 1649 wels, sxva gankargulebebis safuzvelze, magram ZiriTad, efuzneba citatebs samxedro wesebin. samartalwarmoeba 17 gansakutrebuli gvarin iyofo 4 mtavar gvarad. wigni I I I _ `saarsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb~ Sedgebo XIX saukunis sxvasxva gankargulebebisagan wlis sjuldebit samoqalaqo samartalwarmoeba mimdinareob SejibrebiTobis principit, mxareta an mati warmomadgenlebis monawileobit, mxolod vebi mamulebisatvis aseve, xazinis interesis Semcveli yvela sxva saqmeebi sagamoziebo wesebit iwarmoebo. sjuldeba Seicav savsebit konkretul monacemebs SejibrebiTobis procesisatvis. 9 `realurad samoqalaqo samartalwarmoeba TavisTavSi moicav policiur sasamartlo Sereul xelisuflebas, sxvasxva fenebisatvis sasamartloebis arsebobas, saqmeta sabolood gawyvetis gansakutrebulad gawianurebas, sasamartlo moqmedebis ganxorcielebisatvis dgenili vadebis mravalferovnebas. is ganicdi samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebisas sisxlis samartlis samartalwarmoebis formebis gamoyenebas, e.w. sagamoziebo procesis, romlis Tanaxmac, mosamartleebs Tavad SeeZloT moepovebinat cnobebi mxareta motxovnis garese. aseve, samartalwarmoeba sajaro ar iyo saqmeebi wydebo kancelariis wesit, rac zruv mowinaarmdege mxareta uflebebs.~ samoqalaqo samatalwarmoebis problemas wamoadgen aseve, saqmeta ganxilvis Senelebuli tempebi, arasruli uzusto wesebi mtkicebulebebis Sesaxeb, sasamartlos ufleba ficis nisvnis Sesaxeb, sasamartlos piradi Semadgenlobis gonebrivi moraluri done, Zalian bali jamagiri, rac meqrtameobas uwyob xels praqtikulad, yvela sasamartlosi. 10 `samartalwarmoeba mtlianad mtavrobasa policiaze iyo mokidebuli. mosamar- Tleebs mtavroba nisnav gamoziebasi gamwyvet rols policiis moxeleebi asrulebdnen. Zvel sasamartlosi saqmiswarmoebas instanciebis simravle awianureb. zogierti saqmis garceva gawyveta ati, oci ormocati welic ki, grzeldebo. Zveli martlmsajulebis ert-erti mtavari nakli iyo, rom saqmis gamozieba-garceva saidumlod, mxolod dokumentebis safuzvelze warmoeb. sasamartlo procesi, rogorc aseti ar imartebo. momcivani mopasuxe sapyrobilesa, Tu sakutar saxlsi elodebodnen sasamartlos dgenilebas.~ 11 samartalwarmoeba mimdinareob ZiriTad, werilobiti saxit, saidumlod, kancelariis mesveobit. saidumlooba vrceldebo aseve, 90

92 Tavad mxareebzec. samartalwarmoebis ZiriTad, kancelariis gzit werilobiti saxit warmoeba gasaidumloeba TavisTavad, mnisvnelovnad zruv mxareta uflebebs gamoricxav SejibrebiTobis princips. `sagamoziebo warmoeba itvaliswineb saqmis wyebis SesaZleblobas sarcelis arzvris garese, policiis an administraciuli organos Setyobinebis safuzvelze. 12 sasamartlo sistema iyo wodebrivi yovel wodebas, batonymobis rigisamebr, calke sasamartlo hqon. 13 rusetis imperiasi aseve, moqmedeb komerciuli sasamartloebi. komerciuli sasamartlo Seiqmna 1853 wels TbilisSic wels gamocemul kanonsi komerciuli sasamar- Tloebis samartalwarmoebis wesebis Sesaxeb, Sevi SejibrebiTobis principi. amastan, umetes SemTxvevebSi, gatvaliswinebul iqna saqmis zepiri ganxilva, Tumca arnisnuls, miuxevad askara upiratesobisa, gavlena ar mouxdenia saerto sasamartlo samartalwarmoebaze. 14 mnisvnelovania, rom komerciul sasamartloebsi mosamartleebs ircevdnen vawrebi, vawarta wrin wlis 14 marts gamocemuli komerciuli sasamartloebis samartalwarmoebis wesebis Sesaxeb Setanil iqna rusetis imperiis kanonta krebulis XI tomsi. 15 rac Seexeba samoqalaqo saarsrulebo warmoebas, rogorc ukve arinisna, XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebsi Seiqmna kanonta krebuli, sac Sesuli iyo samoqalaqo kanonebi, kerzod, "Çàêîíû ãðàæäàíñêèå è ìåæåâàíèå". am krebulsi Sedio kanonebi samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebisa saarsrulebo warmoebis Sesaxeb. samoqalaqo iurisdiqciis aqtebis arsrulebis procesi ZiriTad, emyarebo sagamoziebo princips, romlis ZaliTac gawyvetileba eqvemdebarebo arsrulebas, miuxevad imisa, itxov Tu ara mas is piri, vis sasargebloc iyo gamotanili igi. arsruleba xdebo policiis ZalebiT. arsrulebis procesi wlebis ganmavlobasi grzeldebo. 16 XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebsi, rusetsi ukiduresad Zabuli mdgomareoba iyo. aucilebeli gax reformebis gatareba, mat Soris, samartalwarmoebasic wlis 19 Tebervals rusetis imperatorma aleqsandre meorem xeli moawera manifests batonymobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb wels rusetsi ganxorciel sasamartlo reforma. martlmsajulebis rgsi garqmnebi xuti weliwadi mzaddebo mis momzadebasi monawileoba miires qveynis gamocenilma iuristebma wels batonymoba gauqm saqartvelosic. imave wels, saxelmwifo sabwoze winaswari ganxilvis Semdeg, imperatorma aleqsandre meorem amtkica sasamartlo wesdebebi, mat Soris, samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis Sesaxeb. reformis Sedegad kardinalurad Seicvala sasamartlo sistema samartalwarmoeba, rac ert-erti yvelaze umnisvnelovanesi iyo sxva reformebs Soris wlis 20 noembrin amoqmed otxi sakanonmdeblo aqti, kerzod: 1. sasamartlo wyobilebis debuleba; 2. sisxlis samartlis warmoebis zogadi wesebi; 3. samoqalaqo samartlis warmoebis wesdeba; 4. momrigebeli mosamartleebis mier ganwesebuli sasjelebis Sesaxeb debuleba. 17 saimperatoro wmin vladimiris iurevis universitetebis sapatio wevri, rusi mecnieri iuristi, msaxurebuli profesori i. e. engelmani areb ra reformamdel reformis Semdgom sasamartlo sistemebs wer, rom `1864 wlis sasamartlo wesebi Tavisi arsit gaxlavt mteli sasamartlo sistemis Zirfesvianad garqmna. Zveli 91

93 martlmsajuleba sasamartlo ganicdi Tavisi sistemit morvaweobit sazogadod ariarebuli iseti naklovanebebis arsebobas, romlebic TiTqmis anadgurebdnen martlmsajulebis mnisvnelobas akargvinebdnen yovelgvar ndobas~... axali sasamartlo ki, piriqit T iyo im mdgomareobasi flob im uflebamosilebebs, rom realurad SeeZlo emoqme s saxelit ecva im pirta uflebebi Tavisuflebebi, vinc mimartav mas uflebis sacavad.~ wlis samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis wesebis udides mnisvnelobaze XIX saukunis avtoritetuli rusi iuristi, sazogado saxelmwifo morvawe, profesori, akademikosi a. f. koni wer, rom `wesdeba iyo armatebuli Sromis nayofi, ganmswvaluli SemdgenelTa rusetis winase Segnebuli pasuxismgeblobit~. igi am nasroms samartalwarmoebis wesdebis mamebis namdvil Zeglad racxavs. 19 reformis Semdeg samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis wesdebit uzrunvelyofili iyo sajaroobis principi. am TvalsazrisiT mnisvnelovania aseve, amave wesdebit dgenili valdebuleba samoqalaqo saqmeebze mirebuli sakasacio gawyvetilebata gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb. yovelwliuri gawyvetilebebi dgebo calke tomad gansakutrebuli nomeraciit. sakasacio sasamartlos gawyvetilebata gamoqveyneba xelmisawvdomoba gar sajaroobisa, xels Seuwyob ertiani sasamartlo praqtikis Camoyalibebas. samartalwarmoebisas uzrunvelyofili iyo saqmis zepiri warmoeba. procesi emyarebo SejibrebiTobis princips. mtkicebulebata Sefaseba sasamartlos un moexdina ara mititebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, aramed faqtobrivi garemoebebin gamomdinare, Sinagani rwmenit. axali wesdebit samoqalaqo saqmeta warmoebisas gamoqveynebistanave, uyovnebliv moqmedeb axali procesualuri normebi aseve saqmeebze, romlebic arzruli iyo gamoqveynebamde. 20 Tavad mosamartlis Tanamdeboba SeuTavsebeli iyo, rogorc sxva sasamartlo, ise nebismier administraciul TanamdebobasTan. gamonakliss warmoadgen sapatio Tanamdebobebi. mosamartled gamwesebisatvis sxva pirobebtan ertad aucilebeli iyo iuridiuli ganatleba, rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli. mnisvnelovania, rom axali wesdebit samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebisas gatvaliwinebuli iyo mosamartlis, mdivnis prokuroris acilebis SesaZlebloba. amastan, am pirebze vrceldebo TviTacilebis valdebuleba acilebis garemoebebis arsebobisas. 21 reformis Semdeg, arsebobdnen samoqalaqo, sisxlis saeklesio sasamartloebi. Tumca, ar iyo Seqmnili administraciuli sasamartloebi administraciul saqmeebs ganixilavdnen Tavad administraciuli organoebis xelmzrvanelebi. sasamartloebi iyofodnen saerto gansakutrebul sasamartloebad. saerto sasamartloebsi Sediodnen: `samomrigeblo sasamartlo wesebulebebi~, e.w. "çåìñêèå íà àëüíèêè", saqalaqo sasamartloebi, saolqo sasamartlos mazris wevrebi, saolqo sasamartloebi, sasamartlo palatebi senatis sakasacio departamenti. gansakutrebul sasamartloebsi Sedio: komerciuli, saeklesio e.w. "âîëîñòíûå" sasamartloebi, romlebic saqmeebs ixilavdnen gansakutrebuli procesualuri normebit iyenebdnen gansakutrebul moukidebel calkeul samartals, savawros, saeklesios sxva

94 sasamartlo sajarod gamocxad moukideblad. mosamartleebi irebdnen maral xelfasebs. isini inisnebodnen mtavrobis mier, magram mati gatavisufleba mxolod sasamartlos gawyvetilebit iyo SesaZlebeli, rac aseve, mosamartleta moukideblobis garantia gaxlt. Seiqmna sasamartlo instanciebi. naklebad mnisvnelovan vebs ganixilav samomrigeblo sasamartlo, momrigebel mosamartles ircevdnen qalaqis satatbiroebi erobebi. soflebsi arsebob satemo sasamartloebi, romlebic ganixilavdnen glexta vebs. saolqo sasamartloebi ixilavdnen SerebiT mnisvnelovan sisxlisa samoqalaqo samartlis saqmeebs. 23 Semovi nafic msajulta instituti. nafic msajulta mier mirebuli gawyvetilebebi arsebitad ar SeiZlebo gasacivrebuliyo. narcen SemTxvevebSi, sasamartlos gawyvetilebebi sacivrdebo sasamartlo palatasi. umarles sasamartlo instancias warmoadgen senati, sac palatis gawyvetilebebi sacivrdebo sakasacio wesit wlis reformis Semdeg, arsebitad Seicvala sasamartlo gawyvetilebata arsrulebis sistema, saarsrulebo warmoeba kvlav araefeqtiani iyo. saarsrulebo funqciebi gaeca sasamartlostan arsebul gansakutrebul Tanamdebobis pirebs, armasruleblebs, romeltac `pristavebi~ ewodebot. dgin sasamar- Tlos mier am Tanamdebobis pirebis uwyebrivi kontrolis zogierti elementebi. sasamartlo pristavebi iricxebodnen sasamartlos StatSi. arnisnuli wodebis mosapoveblad sawiro iyo gamocdebis Cabareba sasamartlosi mat sasamartlos Tavmjdomare nisnav. Tumca, am Tanamdebobis pirebis realuri kontrolis ufleba sasamartlos ar gaacn. mas SeeZlo gaeuqmebina sasamartlo pristavis esa Tu is moqmedeba mxolod mxareta mier sacivris Setanis Semdeg. masindeli mecnierebi, romlebic kavebuli iyvnen am rgis SeswavliT, kritikulad afasebdnen arsrulebasi arsebul mdgomareobas. `visac ertxel mainc hqon saqme sasamartlo pristavebtan, man icis isini rogori `morvaweebi~ arian, usecdomod SeiZleba itqvas, rom am institutma saertod ar gaamar- Tla. sasamartlo pristavebma sasamartlo reformis kompromentacia moaxdines, gansakutrebit provinciebsi~ _ arnisnav sankt-peterburgis saxelmwifo universitetis reqtori a.x. golmsteni. samaris saolqo sasamartlos angarissi arnisnuli iyo, rom `martali saqmis mogeba ar aris Zneli, magram sasamartlo gawyvetilebis arsruleba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. sasamartlos gatavisufleba misi gawyvetilebis arsrulebis kontrolisagan Teoriis TvalsazrisiT gasagebia, magram praqtikis TvalsazrisiT Znelad SeiZleba mouzebno gamartleba im umweo mdgomareobit, romelsic vardeba piri, romlis sasargebloc iqna gamotanili gawyvetileba.~ 25 samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis wesdebit dispoziciurobis principi moqmedeb saarsrulebo warmoebasic. dispoziciuroba gamoixatebo imasi, rom sasamartlo gawyvetilebis arsasruleblad miqceva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod im piris survilis SemTxvevaSi, romlis sasargebloc iyo gamotanili gawyvetileba. survilis arsebobisas mas SeeZlo miemarta sasamartlosatvis saarsrulebo furclis gacemis motxovnit, romlis gacemis Semdgom, imave sasamartlos Tavmjdomares mimartav werilobit an sityvierad sasamartlo pristavis nisvnis Sesaxeb, romelsac sasamartlo nisnav 93

95 martlmsajuleba an Tavisi SexedulebiT an arnisnuli mxaris mititebit. amis Semdeg is mimartav sasamartlos pristavs werilobiti gancxadebit, romelsic upirveles yovlisa, ircev arsrulebis wess. sasamartlos ar hqon ufleba Seecvala am gancxadebasi motxovnili arsrulebis sasualeba wesi. Tumca, pristavic mxarec, romelic itxov mis sasargeblod gamotanili gawyvetilebis arsrulebas, SezRudulebi iyvnen T, ker- Zod, miutiteb Svebul arsrulebis sasualebebze krzalav iset sasualebebs, romlebic ar iyo gatvaliswinebuli. 26 `saarsrulebo warmoeba gaxlavt axali SejibrebiTobis procesi, romelsic dokumentacia un gaeces mxareebs _ arnisnav i. e. engelmani. 27 arsanisnavia, rom sasamartlo reformis praqtikam gamoavlina samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis wesebis mravali xarvezi, rasac mowmobs 1894 wlis 7 aprilamde am wesebsi Setanili 700 mateba, cvlileba Sesworeba. aseve, wesdebis arasrulyofilebis sturia 1894 wels rusetis imperiis iusticiis ministris xelmzrvanelobit komisiis Seqmna samartalwarmoebis wesebis gaxedvis miznit, romelmac xuti wlis musaobis Semdeg, Seadgina samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebisa sisxlis samartalwarmoebis wesebis kanonproeqti. 28 profesori rene vidi reformis Semdgom rusetis samartalwarmoebis sistemaze wer: `mxolod 1864 wlis reformit Seiqmna profesiuli advokatura, mosamartlis funqciebi ki, administraciul funqciebs gamoeyo. am reformamde ar iyo mkvetri gansxvaveba policias, sasamartlosa administracias Soris.~ aseve, wer, rom glexebs `martlmsajuleba~ samartlianobad ecvenebat im saxit, rogorc mas satemo sasamartloebsi axorcielebdnen araiuristi mosamartleebi, xolo satemo sasamartlo Sinagan saqmeta saministros emorcilebo ara iusticiis saministros. rusi xalxis ertianoba ar emyarebo samartals.~ 29 `saqartvelosi sasamartlo reforma Sekvecili saxit gatar. reformatorebi amis mizezad `mosaxleobis moumzadeblobas~ `adgilobriv specifikur pirobebs~ asaxelebdnen. sinamdvilesi ki, aqac Tavi icina mefis mtavrobis koloniurma politikam: mefis mtavrobas SeuZleblad miacn koloniebsi Tavisi administraciis yovlissemzleoba SeezRu, samartliswarmoebis sfero gaeca adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier arceuli mosamartleebisa nafici msajulebisatvis.~ `1868 wlis 1 ianvrin saqartvelosi gauqm wodebrivi sasamartloebi. Seiqmna saerto sasamartloebi, mazrebsi ars momrigebeli ganyofilebebi momrigebeli mosamartleebit, romelnic sasamartlo organoebis yvelaze bal instancias warmoadgen, guberniebsi Camoyalib saolqo sasamartloebi. sasamartlo palatis iurisdiqcia mtels amierkavkasiaze vrceldebo. saolqo sasamartlo mxaris umarlesi sasamartlo instancia iyo. saolqo sasamartlos gawyvetilebebis gasacivreba mxolod imperiis senatsi SeiZlebo. saqartvelosi ar SemouRiaT mosamartleta arcevitoba nafic msajulta instituti. mosamartleebs kvlavindeburad mtavroba nisnav isini mtlianad mtavrobaze iyvnen mokidebulni. nacvlad arceviti sasamartloebisa, aq Seiqmna axal yaize mowyobili mtavrobis moxeleta sasamartloebi, romlebsac un SeesrulebinaT umarlesi neba.~ saqmeebis warmoeba mimdinareob rusul enaze, xolo mosaxleobis umravlesobas ki, rusuli ar esmo. `amierkavkasiasi moqmedebis gansakutrebuli didi asparezi mieca yvelaze bal 94

96 instancias, momrigebel mosamartleta instituts. reformatorebis azrit, es imit iyo ganpirobebuli, rom amierkavkasiis mosaxleoba ganvitarebis bal doneze idga, ar SeeZlo Seguebo sxvasxvanair kanononebs, samartlis rgobrivad yofis Taobaze amitomac sawiro iyo iseti organos Seqmna, romelsac droulad un gaercia sxvasxva xasiatis saqmeebi.~ wels, Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, aseve, wlebsi saqartvelos moukidebeli respublikis arsebobis periodsi, faqtobrivad SenarCun samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebasi 1864 wlis reformis Semdgomi wesebi samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis Sesaxeb, im cvlilebebita matebebit, rac mirebuli gaxlt am wesdebasi misi mirebis Semdgomi periodin. Tumca, moukideblobis periodsi ganxorciel sul sami cvlileba samomrigeblo sasamartloebtan kavsirebit, kerzod, momrigebel mosamartleta institutis _ samomrigebelo sasamartlota garqmnis mowyobis Taobaze. arsanisnavia, rom 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals mirebul moukidebeli saqartvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciasi sasamartlo xelisuflebas Tmobili aqvs calke Tavi, kerzod, X Tavi, 31 magram 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals, sabwota rusetis mier saqartvelos aneqsiis gamo konstitucias ar umoqmedia. skvna italieli moazrovne nikolo makiaveli arnisnav, rom `respublikasi qalaqis Zveli Cveulebebis sawinaarmdego s mireba SesaZlebelia mravali gaugebrobis safuzveli gaxdes~. 32 XIX saukunis sawyissi rusettan miertebis periodsi saqartvelos istoriul teritoriaze arsebul saxelwifoebsa samtavroebsi moqmedi `samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis kargad organizebuli xvewili sistema, aseve efeqturi saarsrulebo meqanizmebi, fuznebuli mxareta Tanasworuflebianobis, dispoziciurobis, SejibrebiTobis principebze qristianul humanizmze~ 33 TanTanobiT Caanacvla rusulma imperiulma samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebam wodebrivma sasamartlo sistemam. igi inkviziciuri xasiatis iyo, romlistvisac realurad ucxo iyo igive dispoziciurobis, sajaroobis, SejibrebiTobis principebi, rom araferi arar vtqvat humanurobaze. aqen gamomdinare, qartuli samartalwarmoebis Canacvleba rusuli, mkvetrad gamosaxuli reaqciuli wodebata utanasworobaze fuznebuli samartalwarmoebit (rac miurebeli iyo qartuli cnobierebistvis), mkvetrad ukan gadgmuli nabiji armocn qartuli samoqalaqo zogad, samartalwarmoebis ganvitarebis gzaze. rusetis imperiasi wodebrivi sasamartloebis arseboba, samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebisas kancelariis saidumlo warmoebis wesi, zepiri ganxilvis ararseboba, saqmis usruleblad gawianureba, aseve, sagamoziebo principi, TiTqmis usedego saarsrulebo warmoeba rac mtavaria, saqmis warmoeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobisatvis gaugebar rusul enaze, pirovnebis funmenturi saproceso uflebebis Selaxvad un Sefasdes. miuxevad zemoarnisnulisa, reformamdel samartalwarmoebasi debit movlenad samartlis ganvitarebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba SevafasoT rusetis imperiis mier yvela 95

97 martlmsajuleba arsebuli sakanonmdeblo xasiatis aqtebis `kodificireba~ 1832 wels kanonta krebulis saxit gamocema, aseve, komerciuli sasamartloebis Seqmna, mat Soris, 1853 wels, TbilisSi. samartalwarmoebisas aseve, debitad SeiZleba Sefasdes 1859 wlamde vaxtang VI-is `samartlis wignis~ qartuli CveulebiTi samartlis gamoyeneba 1832 wels, imperiis mier gamocemul kanonta krebulsi vaxtang VI-is samartlis wignis normata nawilis Setana. istoriuli eqskursisa winamdebare statiasi motanili magalitebis analizisas, SeiZleba progresulad SevafasoT rusetis imperiasi 1864 wlis sasamartlo reforma Sedegad mirebuli samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis wesdeba sasamartlo sistema. arsanisnavia, rom samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis ganvitarebis istoriasi pirvelad, moukidebl rgad Camoyalib samoqalaqo saproceso samartali saarsrulebo warmoeba, rac samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis ganvitarebisatvis mnisvnelovani faqtia. swored am reformis Sedegia wodebrivi sasamartlo sistemis gauqmeba (Tumca, mainc rcebo am tipis sasamartlo rgoli, satemo, anu saglexo sasamartlos saxit). aseve, samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebasi saarsrulebo warmoebasi mosamartleta moukideblobisa Seucvlelobis, mxareta Tanasworuflebianobis, dispoziciurobis, SejibrebiTobis, sajaroobisa yvela sxva im mnisvnelovani principebisa wesebis mkvidreba, romelta ertianobac mxareta uflebebis cvis garantiebs qmnis. Tumca, zemoarnisnuli wesdebit ariarebuli principebi praqtikasi arasrulfasovnad mkvidrdebo, mit ufro, amierkavkasiasi, vinain sasamartlo reforma aq maxinjebulad gatar. yovelive arnisnulis mizezi ki, ilia WavWavaZis sityvebsi un vezebot: `un movitxovot, rom kanonebi, romelic axla peterburgsi iwereba, aqve adgilobriv un iwerebodes, radgan rac rusistvis sasargebloa, is SeiZleba qartvelistvis mavne iyos.~ 34 gar zemoarnisnulisa, gansakutrebit mnisvnelovania, rom reformis Sedegad ar momxra samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis umnisvnelovanesi rgolis, kerzod, saarsrulebo warmoebis `gamojanmrteleba~ igi kvlav samoqalaqo procesis aqilevsis quslad rcebo. Tumca, saarsrulebo warmoeba samartlebrivi praqtikis umnisvnelovanesi etapia, sac srulad vlindeba samartlebrivi regulirebis mteli meqanizmi, rac faqtobrivad, rogorc piris, ise organizaciis uflebebis uzrunvelyofis ertaderti sa- Sualebaa. rogorc samartalwarmoebis, aseve zogad, nebismieri rgisatvis istoriuli gamocdilebisa magalitebis gatvaliswineba misi ganvitarebis TvalsazrisiT, Seufasebelia. samartlebrivi bazisa sistemis Zireuli cvlileba ver iqneba realurad efeqtiani misi xsiri cvla xels ki ar uwyobs samartlis ganvitarebas, aramed piriqit, mnisvnelovnad aferxebs, mit ufro, Tu cvlileba ar efuzneba qveynisa aseve, ucxo qveynebis gamocdilebebs. kacobriobis istoria gvicvenebs, rom moqmedi samartali zogad, nebismieri axali ideologiac, mat Soris religiuric ki, TiTqmis yoveltvis adrindels efuzneba misi saxecvlili modernizebuli variantia. arsanisnavia, rom swored am zemoarnisnuli mizezis gamo, Tavad rusetis imperiis kanonta krebulsic 1859 wlamde Sesuli iyo vaxtang VI-is `samartlis Zeglebi~ samartalwarmoebasi gamoiyenebo qartuli CveulebiTi samartlis normebi. 96

98 XIX saukunisa XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis gamocdileba swored zemot gamotqmuli Tvalsazrisis sturia. vinain, miuxevad XIX saukunis I naxevarsi aseve, 1864 wlis reformis Sedegad ganxorcilebuli progresuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebisa, arnisnul kanonmdeblobasi, kerzod, samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis wesdebasi 1864 wlin 1894 wlis 7 aprilamde Setanilia 700 cvlileba, mateba Sesworeba. amastan, 1894 wels Sedga komisia, romelmac SeimuSava axali proeqti samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebis Sesaxeb, rac 1864 wlis wesdebis arasrulyofilebaze miutiteb e.i. miuxevad imisa, rom Teoriulad igi mxareta uflebebis cvis garantiis uzrunvelyofisatvis aucilebel TiTqmis yvela motxovnas efuznebo. praqtikam cxadyo gamoavlina misi arasrulyofileba, vinain wesdebas safuzvlad ar edo samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebasi, ara marto rusetis an rusetis imperiasi Semavali qveynebis, aramed zogad, samartlis am rgsi ucxo qveynebis praqtikuli gamocdileba umtavresad Teoriul codnas emyarebo. swored amitomac migvacnia, rom arnisnuli dresac yuradsarebia. amastan, sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziarebisas, aucileblia ilias zemoarnisnuli sityvebis gatvaliswineba. 97

99 martlmsajuleba SeniSvnebi: 1 konrad cvaigeri, hain kotci, SerebiTi samartalmcodneobis Sesavali kerzo samartlis sferosi, gamomcemloba `jisiai~, Tbilisi, 2000 w., tomi I, f avtorta koleqtivi: nor asatiani, nino kiruraze, giorgi sanikize, lali fircxalava, istoriis saxelmzrvanelo me-11-e klaseltatvis, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2007 w., Tavi IV, gv. 324, g. nareisvili, saqartvelos saxelmwifosa samartlis istoria, gamomc. `bona kauza~, Tbilisi, 2003 w., gv avtorta koleqtivi: nor asatiani, nino kiruraze, giorgi sanikize, lali fircxalava, istoriis saxelmzrvanelo me-11-e klaseltatvis, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2007 w., Tavi IV, gv. 324, g. nareisvili `sabwota socialisturi respublikebis saxelmwifosa samar- Tlis istoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1986 w., gv. 374; 375; È. Á. Ìîðîçîâà, À. Ì. Òðåóøíèêîâ, Èñïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî, ó åáíîïðàêòè åñêîå ïîñîáèå, èçäàíèå åòâåðòîå, äîïîëíåííîå, èçäàòåëñêèé äîì Ãîðîäåñ, Ì., 2007, ñ rene vidi, Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samartlebrivi sistemebi, gamomcemloba `ganatleba~, Tbilisi, 1993 w., gv. 144; È.Å. Ýíãåëìàíú, Ó åáíèê ðóññêîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà, èçäàíèå âòîðîå, ïå. Â òèï. Ê. Ìàòòèñåíà â. Þðåâü ã. ñ iqve, gv Íàçàðîâà Í. À., Ðåôîðìèðîâàíèå è ðàçâèòèå ðîññèéñêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XIX â íà àëå XX âåêà, äèññåðòàöèÿ êàíäèäàòà þðèäè åñêèõ íàóê, , Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2007, ñ. 170, ÐÃÁ ÎÄ, 61:07-12/1528, Ââåäåíèå ê ðàáîòå ( 11 saqartvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi V, saqartvelo XIX saukunis ian wlebsi, sareqcio kolegia, gamomcemloba `sabwota saqartvelo~, 1970 w., gv È.Å. Ýíãåëìàíú, Ó åáíèê ðóññêîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà, èçäàíèå âòîðîå, ïå. Â òèï. Ê. Ìàòòèñåíà â. Þðåâü ã. ñ g. nareisvili `sabwota socialisturi respublikebis saxelmwifosa samartlis istoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1986 w., gv È.Å. Ýíãåëìàíú, Ó åáíèê ðóññêîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà, èçäàíèå âòîðîå, ïå. Â òèï. Ê. Ìàòòèñåíà â. Þðåâü ã. ñ Àðõèïîâ, È. Â. Êîììåð åñêèå ñóäû è òîðãîâûé ïðîöåññ â Ðîññèè.//Æóðíàë "Ïðàâîâåäåíèå". 1994, ¹4, Ñ , asp? articleid= ). 16 È. Á. Ìîðîçîâà, À. Ì. Òðåóøíèêîâ, "Èñïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî "ó åáíîïðàêòè åñêîå ïîñîáèå", èçäàíèå åòâåðòîå, äîïîëíåííîå, èçäàòåëñêèé äîì Ãîðîäåc, Ì., 2007, ñ g. nareisvili `sabwota socialisturi respublikebis saxelmwifosa samartlis istoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1986 w., gv È.Å. Ýíãåëìàíú, Ó åáíèê ðóññêîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà, èçäàíèå âòîðîå, ïå. Â òèï. Ê. Ìàòòèñåíàâ. Þðåâü ã. ñ Ä. ß. Ìàëåèøèí, èñïîëíèòåüíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî (ôóíêöèè ñóäà), 2-å èçäàíèå, ïåðåðàáîòàííîå è äîïîëíåííîå, ìîñêâà 2005 ã. ñ È.Å. Ýíãåëìàíú, Ó åáíèê ðóññêîãî ñóäà ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà, èçäàíèå âòîðîå, ïå. Â òèï. Ê. Ìàòòèñåíà â. Þðåâü ã. ñþ iqve, gv. 48;49; iqve, gv. 35;52; g. nareisvili `sabwota socialisturi respublikebis saxelmwifosa samartlis istoria~, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1986 w., gv. 404;

100 24 saqartvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi V, saqartvelo XIX saukunis ian wlebsi, sareqcio kolegia, gamomcemloba `sabwota saqartvelo~, 1970 w., gv Ä. ß. Ìàëåèøèí, Èñïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî (ôóíêöèè ñóäà), 2-å èçäàíèå, ïåðåðàáîòàííîå è äîïîëíåííîå, Ì., 2005, ñ. 32; 33; È. Á. Ìîðîçîâà, À. Ì. Òðåóøíèêîâ, "Èñïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî, "ó åáíîïðàêòè åñêîå ïîñîáèå" èçäàíèå åòâåðòîå, äîðîëíåííîå, èçäàòåëñêèé äîì Ãîðîäåñ, Ì., 2007 ã. ñ.11; È.Å. Ýíãåëìàíú, Ó åáíèê ðóññêîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà, èçäàíèå âòîðîå, ïå. Â òèï. Ê. Ìàòòèñåíà â. Þðåâü ã. ñ Íàçàðîâà Íàäåæäà Àëåêñàíäðîâíà. Ðåôîðìèðîâàíèå è ðàçâèòèå ðîññèéñêîãî ãðàæäàíñêîãî ñóäîïðîèçâîäñòâà âî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XIX - íà àëå XX âåêà, äèññåðòàöèÿ êàíäèäàòà þðèäè åñêèõ íàóê: Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, ñ. ÐÃÁ ÎÄ, 61:07-12/1528, Ââåäåíèå ê ðàáîòå ( html) 29 rene vidi, Tanamedroveobis ZiriTadi samartlebrivi sistemebi, gamomcemloba `ganatleba~, Tbilisi, 1993 w., gv saqartvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi V, saqartvelo XIX saukunis ian wlebsi, sareqcio kolegia, gamomcemloba `sabwota saqartvelo~, 1970 w., gv. 313; saqartvelos demokratiuli respublikis samartlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, specreqtori v. SaraSeniZe, gamomcemloba `iverta mxare~, Tbilisi, 1990 w., gv Ìàêèàâåëè í., Ãîñóäàðü, ñî. Õàðüêîâ, 1999, ñ zurab Wyonia, statia, samoqalaqo samartalwarmoebisa arsrulebis sakitxebi Zvel qartul samartalsi, praqtikul-samecniero Jurnali (issn ) `cxovreba ~ #2(10) 2010 w., Tbilisi, gv gazeti `iveria~, #20. 99

101 martlmsajuleba CIVIL PROCEEDINGS AND ENFORCEMENT IN GEORGIA IN 19 TH AND BEGINNING OF 20 TH CENTURY ZURAB CHKONIA Doctor s Degree Student Technical University of Georgia In the beginning of 19 th century, during annexation to Russia, the well organized and refined civil law proceedings system, as well as effective enforcement mechanisms, based on equality of parties, disposition, adversarial principle and Christian humanity, which existed on historical territories of Georgia, including its states and provinces, was gradually replaced by Russian imperialistic civil law proceedings; it was inquisitorial and basically did not recognize disposition, publicity, adversarial principles, not to mention humanity. Based on that, replacement of the Georgian administration of justice by the Russian clearly reactionary and status-based proceedings (which was unacceptable for the Georgian mentality), represented a big step back in the development of the civil law and generally legal proceedings. Based on analysis of historical digression and examples brought in the article below, we can unambiguously assess the judicial reform, conducted in the Russian Empire in 1864 and the judiciary and the civil proceedings statute received as a result of such a reform as progressive. It shall be noted that from that time civil procedures law as well as enforcement were allocated into the separate area; it is a very important factor affecting development of the civil law area. However, it must be said that principles recognized by the statute, were not fully implemented in practice, especially, in Caucasus and certainly, in Georgia. In addition to the said above, it shall be mentioned, that crucial component of civil proceedings namely, enforcement - was not treated/cured 100

102 as a result of the reform and it remained an Achilles heel of the civil law proceedings; and the enforcement represents crucial part of the judicial practice, where the whole mechanism of effectiveness of the judicial regulation becomes apparent. Consideration of past experience and practice in legal proceedings, and, generally, in any area, is invaluable for its development. Major change of the legal framework and the system will not be effective and its frequent change may not facilitate development of the law; quite opposite, it significantly hinders it, especially if such changes are not based on experience of the country itself or experience of foreign countries is based only on theoretical knowledge. This is why we believe that all that shall be considered in the Georgian reality. 101

103 martlmsajuleba amianis uflebata evropuli sasamartlos gancinebata krebuli saqartvelos saqmeebze 2010 wels, saqartvelos uzenaesi sasamartlos amianis uflebata centrsi momzad amianis uflebata evropuli sasamartlos gancinebata krebuli saqartvelos saqmeebze. es krebuli 2009 wels gamocemuli asetive krebulis Sevsebuli versiaa massi Sesulia 2010 wlis CaTvliT yvela is gancineba, romelic saqartvelos winaarmdeg aris gamotanili, gar ramdenime gancinebisa, romelebic ukve gamoica saqartvelos evropis sabwos sainformacio biuros mier. winamdebare gamocema miznad isaxavs yvela interesebul pirs mieces saqartvelostan kavsirebuli gawyvetilebebis gacnobis sasualeba. krebulsi warmodgenilia 31 gan- Cineba, romeltagan 6 saqmeze amianis uflebata evropulma sasamartlom adgina, rom ar rrveula amianis uflebata ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa cvis konvenciit garantirebuli uflebebi, xolo 25 saqmeze miicnia, rom r- Rveulia arnisnuli konvenciis garkveuli muxlebi. yvela is gawyvetileba, romelic mirebulia saqartvelostan mimartebit, umnisvnelovanesia Cveni qveynisatvis sawiroa TiToeul matganze jerovani yuradrebis gamaxvileba, radgan erovnuli sasamartloebisatvis ara mxolod mizansewonili, aramed aucilebelicaa, konvenciastan ertad, evropuli sasamartlos precedentuli samartlis gamoyeneba. krebuli Seadgina amusava uzenaesi sasamartlos amianis uflebata centris mtavarma specialistma TinaTin bejasvilma. 102

104 nafic msajulta sasamartlo 2010 wels uzenaes sasamartlos amianis uflebata centrsi momzad kidev erti gamocema, romelic nafic msajulta sasamartlos warmosobisa ganvitarebis istorias exeba. wignis samecniero reqtoria saqartvelos uzenaesis sasamartlos Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgile zaza meisvili, xolo wignis Seadgina gamosacemad moamza amianis uflebata centris mtavarma specialistma TinaTin bejasvilma. nasromi mimoxilviti xasiatisaa mkitxvels awvdis garkveul informacias imis Taobaze, Tu ras warmoadgens zogad, nafic msajulta sasamartlo, rogoria misi warmosobis istoria, ra ganvitareba hpova am institutma SemdgomSi, vin iyvnen nafici msajulebi ra roli ekisrebot mat sazogadoebasi, arsebob Tu ara nafic msajulta sasamartlo saqartvelosi amjamad ra formit un amoqmeddes igi. amis gar, mkitxvels aseve ainteresebs msajulta mier gamotanili verdiqti zogiert gaxmaurebul saqmeze, rasac mohyva mnisvnelovani cvlilebebi ama Tu im qveynis kanonmdeblobasa, Tu sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebis CamoyalibebaSi. nafic msajulta sasamartlos Sesaxeb mravali nasromia gamoqveynebuli, romelta didi nawili ZiriTad, mecnieruli kvlevis xasiats atarebs. winamdebare wigni am mxriv gamonaklisia. uzenaesi sasamartlos mxrin es aris pirveli mcdeloba, rac miznad isaxavs interesebul mkitxvels gaacnos am uarresad saintereso urtulesi institutis warmosobisa ganvi- Tarebis istoria calkeuli qveynis mixedvit. nafic msajulta sistemis warmateba Tu warumatebloba mokidebuli iqneba imaze, rogor Seewyoba is Cveni qveynis martlmsajulebis Rirebulebebs, romlebic gulisxmobs konstituciit garantirebuli uflebebisa Tavisuflebebis cvasa pativiscemas. vfiqrobt, rom sazogadoebis aqtiuri mxarwera am procesebisadmi sasurvel Sedegs gamoirebs, rac Cveni qveynis warmatebis gzaze kidev erti wingadgmuli nabiji iqneba. 103