Who are the Australian Greens? Surveying the membership
|
|
- Domenic Logan McDowell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 Who are the Australian Greens? Surveying the membership. Ariadne Vromen Government and International Relations, University of Sydney Sydney NSW Abstract The October 2004 federal election in Australia gave the Coalition government extensive new powers with majorities in both houses of parliament, but it also led to the anointing of the Australian Greens as the third force in Australian politics. The Greens are significant due to their deliberate stance as a social movement-based party with a clear left-libertarian ideological base. This paper places the emergence of the Greens electorally into the broader context of their policy and organisational agenda. Rapid growth in membership is affecting the issues the Greens campaign on, and provides new challenges to the party s commitment to a participatory, grassroots structure. This paper will describe the Greens membership in NSW based on original survey results. It will particularly highlight the demographic backgrounds of Green party members and their experiences as active participants in politics and society, including social movements. Keywords: Green party, party membership, social movements, environmental politics Introduction The Greens, here and in Europe, focus on the promotion of ideas and distinctive policy agendas and pair this with a participatory membership. These factors differentiate the party in style from other Australian political parties, especially the major parties. Party theorists such as Frank Sorauf (1984), and also Richard Katz and Peter Mair (2002), have constructed several typologies of political parties. One significant differentiation is made between mass parties and electoral/professional parties. The Australian major parties, as have most major parties internationally, have evolved into the electoral professional type that focuses on elected MPs and election campaigns at the expense of active membership and broad-based policy development. The Greens are not a Mass party because they do not have the broad societal base that a mass party needs, but they do focus on the participatory elements, listed in the table below, that facilitate an active membership.
2 2 Table 1: Comparing Broad Party types and the role of the membership Organisational feature Members Activities Organisational continuity Position in party Source: Adapted from Sorauf 1984, p. 42. Electoral-professional party Generally few Predominantly electoral Active chiefly at elections Subordinate to party in government Mass membership party Many dues paying members Ideological and educational, as well as electoral Continuously active Some influence over party in government Richard Gunter and Larry Diamond (2003) describe species of parties: elite-based parties; mass-based parties; ethnicity based parties; electoralist parties; and movement parties. The Greens are clearly a movement party of a left-libertarian type. Gunter and Diamond (2003: 188) describe left-libertarian movement parties as quintessentially post-materialist in their attitudinal orientation and behaviour. This discussion builds on the work of Herbert Kitschelt (1989: 64) who argues that this party type rejects the central status of economic issues and is characterised by a negative consensus that the predominance of markets and bureaucracies must be rolled back in favour of social solidarity relations and participatory institutions. This paper will demonstrate that the Australian Greens encapsulate this post-materialist, participatory membership base similar to Green parties elsewhere. Greens Electoral Presence The Greens support in the Australian electorate is strengthening. For example, in the recent 2004 federal election the Greens scored an average of 8.1% among the 50 NSW based House of Representatives electorates and 7.3% in the Senate. 1 This is a high proportion of the vote when compared to European Green parties. For example the successful German and Austrian Green parties have averaged 5.7% of the vote over the last 20 years. Belgium has been the highest at 6.5%; however Greens parties in Europe are at an advantage because of proportional representation and lower 1 They are most successful in Tasmania from where they now have two Senate representatives.
3 3 thresholds for representation than in Australian parliaments. The Greens crossed the 4% threshold for public funding in 43 seats out of 50 in NSW. In 2001 it was only 25 out of 50. The importance of obtaining this proportion of the vote in so many electorates is that it will provide resources for the Greens state offices and the capacity to further strengthen their party organisation. At the same time as the Greens electoral success they are also experiencing rapid membership growth, especially in NSW and Victoria. There are now about 10,000 members nationally. The party membership increased significantly after the 2001 federal election where Senator Bob Brown was a high profile advocate for asylum seekers to Australia. This activist role and membership growth continued through the high profile involvement of both Senator Brown and Kerry Nettle in the anti-war movement of 2002/2003. Senator Nettle links this involvement of the Greens with social change movements as integral to their political practice and an indicator that the Greens are more than a parliamentary presence: I think the Greens are as well as being a political party are part of a social change movement. So to just call us a minor party, I think, misses out on a lot of the influence that we have. The examples of that are things like Bob speaking so clearly on the Tampa [asylum-seekers] issue, really early on, and that that became the genesis for a whole lot of extra- Parliamentary social and community action, that the Greens are central to. That far exceeds the role that you play as a minor party. And equally on the Iraq war. The stance that we ve taken provided us with that ability to play that role, within the community and the progressive movement generally (Nettle 2003). The presence of Green politicians in these social justice causes is in addition to major environmental campaigns on logging of forests, in Tasmania and NSW, and climate change. In NSW, in particular, Green politicians and activists have campaigned on the provision and funding of public education. For example, research conducted by The Greens (NSW) into how the federal government funds wealthy private schools was cited extensively in the mainstream media (Burke 2004; Silmalis 2004). The high profile, broad ranging social and environmental justice issues in Green campaigns suggests that new members are attracted to the Greens because of the broad progressive position the party takes in policy debate. Reinforcing this Senator Bob
4 4 Brown, during a National Press Club talk in the 2004 federal election campaign, labelled himself and the party as social democratic (see Vromen 2004). The party is also gaining in strength at the local government level. For example, in NSW the party has the first directly elected Green mayor in Byron Bay; and in the 2004 local government elections the Greens doubled their representation to 57 councillors on 34 local councils. The party encourages activism by local groups (branches) and allows them considerable autonomy in pre-selecting local candidates and conducting independent campaigns in their region. There are currently 50 local groups in NSW alone, and most local groups meet once a month. The local groups vary in their membership numbers and their level of activity. It seems that the most active groups are those with Green representation on local councils. The Greens state decision-making body, NSW Delegates Council, meets about every two months, and local groups take turns at hosting the meeting. Method Very little has been written on party membership in Australia (see Ward 1989; Ward 1997). In mass opinion surveys it is regularly found that at most 3% of the Australian population are a member of a political party (McAllister 1992; Smith 2001; Vromen 2003). Party membership is a form of committed political participation that is entered into by only those with existing political resources and belief structures that support institutionalised party politics. As a separate population of political participants party members are very difficult to research without provision of access by political parties and their private data-bases. Thus this study makes an original contribution because access to members was provided by The Greens, and we were the first Australian researchers to use the methodological approach of original survey research with party members 2. The questionnaire was predominantly a partial replication of a questionnaire that had already been sent to Green party members in 13 European countries and New Zealand (Rudig 2003). This study was coordinated by Wolfgang Rudig at the University of Strathclyde and was itself based on influential studies of 2 Political scientists have had difficulty accessing members of Australian major parties. For example, Patrick Seyd recently tried to replicate his UK-based survey work with both the ALP and Coalition but was not given permission to access members.
5 5 party membership undertaken by Patrick Seyd and Paul Whitely with the major parties in the UK (Whitley, Seyd and Richardson 1994; Seyd and Whitely 1992). An 8 page questionnaire was sent out with the Greens NSW quarterly newsletter, Greenmail in September The questionnaire was sent with the newsletter for 3 reasons: economy, as only printing costs were paid for, not initial postage; legitimacy of the survey, as it was clearly endorsed by Greens NSW; and for ethical considerations, through preservation of anonymity of members as we did not need to access membership lists. An Australia Post authorized, addressed reply paid envelope was provided with the survey; and they were all returned to the University of Sydney. Reminders to fill in and return the questionnaire were issued through the Greens NSW local groups structures, and the fortnightly lists of the Greens NSW MPs. There were 2400 members at the time the questionnaire was distributed and 806 questionnaires were returned, leading to a response rate of 34%, which is acceptable for a mail out survey that did not use individual solicitations. Who are the Greens? In this section of the paper I will briefly describe the demographic backgrounds of Green party members in NSW. The respondents are highly educated: 79% have attended university and, as shown in Table 2 below, 67% have completed a degree significantly more than both Green voters and the general public in NSW. Furthermore, of those with degrees 40% have a Masters or PhD qualification. The majority (64%) of those with degrees have them in the broad social sciences: including economics, law, business, politics, psychology, sociology and the humanities. Most Green members work in either the public sector (47%) or the nongovernment sector (16%). These background characteristics of the members substantiate the idea of the middle class radicals orientation of the Greens, similar to new left social movement participants (della Port and Diani 1999: 30, 113). 3 Only Greens NSW were included as there is no federal database of all Australian members; and resources prevented the coordination of eight separate mail-outs to include all the membership.
6 6 Table 2: Green member demographics compared to voters and general population Green members Green voters 4 General public 5 Average age 47 years 44 years years Proportion female 52% 58% 51% Have university degree 67% 43% 14% Professional occupation Public sector employment 59% 42% 29% 47% 28% 16% Participatory backgrounds and social movement involvements The respondents have been highly active in social movements. They were asked whether they had been active in a range of social movements, and across the last four decades (in Table 3 below). I also did analysis to find that the established Green Party members (pre-2001) and the new Green Party members (post-2001) have participated in the majority of these movements equivalently. There are however, three exceptions which may reveal more about the ideological and political tendencies that differ between the sets of members. The established members are significantly more likely to have participated at some stage in the environmental movement (76% of pre-2001 members and 61% of post-2001 members), the anti-nuclear movement (62% and 51%) and indigenous rights (53% and 43%). Both the environmental and anti-nuclear movements were at their height in Australia in the early to late 1980s (Hutton and Connors 1999), this finding about the newer members suggests that the party may be developing different links with a broader social movements base including the reemergence of the peace movement, the anti-globalisation movement and the refugee rights movement. Table 4 also shows that Green members have higher rates of participation in more individualised forms of participation than do the general public, especially in terms of protest activity (see Papadakis 2001; Vromen and Gelber 2005: 301-5) 4 From Bean et al (2001 )Australian Election Study 2001 data; N=137 Green Senate voters 5 From ABS (2001) national Census, based on NSW population characteristics.
7 7 Table 3: Social Movement involvement Movement Ever involved? Involved 2000s Peace movement 69% 50% Environment movement 68% 47% Anti nuclear movement 57% 22% Refugee rights 51% 48% Indigenous rights 48% 32% Student movement 44% 8% Unions 38% 20% Anti-globalisation movement 36% 31% Feminist movement 28% 13% Animal rights movement 21% 11% Gay and lesbian movement 19% 10% Table 4: Green Participation patterns Members Green voters General public Environmental group member 58% 29% 10% Trade union member 32% 23% 20% Frequently worked in community organisations 37% 23% 20% Frequently boycotted products Frequently participated in demonstrations 56% 44% 79% 38% 51% 12% Ideology The vast majority of respondents were happy to identify both themselves and most Australian political parties on a left right ideological scale. On a scale of left 0 to right 10, the members unambiguously saw the Greens NSW as a left wing party with an average of 2.3, similarly they saw themselves as left wing with an average of 2.4. Figure 1 below shows that the Green members and voters consider themselves left
8 8 wing but that members see both themselves, and the party itself, further to the left than the voter s perception. The chart comparing members with voters and the general public also shows that the members think the party system in Australia encapsulates a broader range of ideological viewpoints that the general public does. That is, for the general public parties range on the scale from nearly four to about 7 with themselves right in the middle at 5. Left-Right scores: members, voters, general public 10 8 score Green members Green Voters Self Greens Aust Democrats ALP Liberal National General public party The Table below orders the policy goals that respondents believe the Greens ought to follow in the next few years in terms of their top priority status. Notably improving Australia s economic competitiveness was the least important goal with only 7% suggesting it as a top priority, it was also the only policy goal that had a majority (66%) state that it was not a high priority or not a priority at all. The top priority policy goals listed here show that the members are committed to a broad environmental and social justice agenda. They are not limited to a deep green environmental agenda, blending in issues of peace and public provision of services, such as education. This links in with a Green oriented post materialist agenda as post materialists tend to highlight societal shifts toward valuing non-material goods such as the natural environment, public interest and debate, freedom of speech and a more humane society (Inglehart 1990; Pakulski 1991). More traditional material areas, such
9 9 as the public policy concerns of poverty, unemployment and economic competitiveness, are rated by very few Green members as high priorities for the party s policy agenda. Thus while the Greens rate themselves unambiguously as left wing this needs to be interpreted through their social justice agenda rather than one predicated on ideas of economic equality as is traditionally associated with the Australian labour movement. Conflict between the social and economic justice policy agendas, driven from within by the Green party members, will necessarily be an area for ongoing scrutiny in the conservative Australian political environment. Table 5: Top Priority Policy Goals for The Greens Protecting forests & opposing land clearing 71% Settling international conflicts with peaceful means 64% Supporting public education 63% Stopping global warming 59% Protecting civil rights 56% Creating a more democratic society 53% Promoting nuclear disarmament 50% Phasing out nuclear energy/uranium mining 44% Opposing globalisation 44% Helping the poor in society 41% Combating the use of genetically modified food 32% Fighting unemployment 29% Improving the status/rights of women 23% Constructing a multi-cultural society 17% Improving Australia s economic competitiveness 7% Conclusion This paper shows that the Greens attract a distinctive group as party members. Most are highly educated, in their mid to late 40s, working in professional occupations for either government or the non-government sector. The members have been highly active both in individualised and institutionalised forms of participation and in social
10 10 movement politics. That the members are already active and politicised partly explains why the Greens - as a clearly activist, grassroots oriented party - would appeal as an arena for continuing activism. The members are comfortable expressing a Green, left wing and social justice oriented ideology and this follows through to the policy agenda they seek to foster. The members do not prioritise traditional left-wing issues based on ideas of economic justice and if the party hierarchy tries to implement this broader left policy agenda they will surely face dissent from within. Their policy agenda and activist involvements will shape the Greens ongoing interaction with mainstream institutionalised politics. Unlike Green parties in other nations the Australian Greens remain on the margins of governmental politics. The strength of the party, and its member s backgrounds, lie in its protest role working with NGOs and social movements, and setting policy agendas through media work and participation in parliamentary committees. The peculiarities of Australia s predominantly majoritarian electoral system leave little scope for the Greens forming government coalitions. The only exception is Tasmania that uses proportional representation and where the Greens retain a strong electoral presence. Everywhere else the main focus for the Greens will be to consolidate their primary vote, develop better preference exchanges with the ALP and to win more seats in state and federal upper houses that will enhance their balance of power and legislative deliberation role. There are several environmental policy issues that the Greens focussed on in the 2004 federal election which will continue to be contentious such as climate change, Australia s reluctance to sign the Kyoto Protocol, renewable energy sources, and protection of Tasmanian forests. The party may be able to mobilise public opinion in support of these issues, despite arguments that the environment as a political issues has become routinised as part of conventional politics (Tranter 1999: 346; see also Lothian 2002). Other issues that were important to the Greens 2004 election campaign, such as preservation of federal public health and education funding and withdrawal of troops from Iraq, will have less resonance in a conservative political climate.
11 11 While the Greens have been successful in generating a media presence at both the national and state level this is not always positive. Subsequent to the federal election much mainstream media has been critical of the Greens, many suggesting that the increase in the party s vote was minimal and leading one high profile commentator to call the Greens the most extreme political movement seen in this country for many decades (Kelly 2004). The increased scrutiny by the media and the advent of a more conservative national political context will provide challenging times for the Greens in Australia, but it seems that both the established and newer members will be keen for the party to maintain its social justice, protest oriented role. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (2001) 2001 Census Basic Community Profile and Snapshot: New South Wales, available at Bean, Clive, David Gow and Ian McAllister (2001) Australian Election Study 2001, Australian Social Science Data Archive, Australian National University. Burke, Kelly (2004) Wealthiest Schools Reap Funding Windfall Sydney Morning Herald, February 19: 3. della Porta, Donatella and Mario Diani (1999) Social Movements: an introduction, Oxford: Blackwells. Gunter, Richard and Larry Diamond (2003) Species of Political Parties: A New Typology Party Politics, 9 (2): Hutton, Drew and Libby Connors (1999) A History of the Australian Environment Movement, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. Inglehart, Ronald (1990), Values, Ideology and Cognitive Mobilization in New Social Movements pp in Challenging the Political Order, Russell Dalton & Manfred Kuechler (eds) New York: Oxford University Press. Katz, Richard & Peter Mair (2002) The Ascendancy of the Party in Public Office: Party Organisational Change in Twentieth Century Democracies pp in Political Parties: Old Concepts and New Challenges, Richard Gunther, José Ramón-Montero & Juan J. Linz (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kelly, Paul (2004) Captain contradiction The Australian, October 13: 15. Kitschelt, Herbert (1989) The Logics of Party Formation, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Lothian, Andrew (2002) Australian attitudes towards the environment: Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 9: McAllister, Ian (1992) Political behaviour: citizens, parties and elites in Australia, Melbourne: Longman.
12 12 Nettle, Senator Kerry (2003) interview by Ariadne Vromen and Nick Turnbull, July 28. Papadakis, Elim (2001) Social Movements: the Citizens in Action pp in Are You Being Served? States, Citizens and Governance, Glyn Davis and Patrick Weller (eds), Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Pakulski, Jan (1991) Social Movements: the Politics of Moral Protest, Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. Rudig, Wolfgang (2003) Comparative Green Party membership surveys: a research agenda paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions, Edinburgh, April. Seyd, Patrick and Paul Whiteley (1992) Labour s grass roots: the politics of party membership, New York: Oxford University Press. Silmalis, Linda (2004) Taxes help elite school to rebuild Sunday Telegraph, January 4: 3. Sorauf, Frank (1984) Party Politics in America, 5 th edition, Boston: Little Brown. Smith, Rodney (2001) Australian Political Culture, Sydney: Pearson s Education. Tranter, Bruce (1999) Environmentalism in Australia: elites and the public Journal of Sociology, 35, (3) : Vromen, Ariadne (2003) People try to put us down : Participatory citizenship of GenerationX Australian Journal of Political Science, 38(1): Vromen, Ariadne (2004) Not watermelons, John, social democrats New Matilda, September 8, available at: Vromen, Ariadne and Katharine Gelber (2005) Powerscape: Contemporary Australian Political Practice, Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Ward, Ian (1989) Two faces of the ALP in the 1980s Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 25(2): Ward, Ian (1997) Party organisation and membership participation pp.?? in Keeping the Bastards Honest: the Australian Democrats; first twenty years, John Warhurst (Ed) Sydney: Allen and Unwin. Whiteley, Paul, Patrick Seyd, and Jeremy Richardson (1994) True blues: the politics of Conservative Party membership, New York: Oxford University Press. Wilson, Shaun and Rachel Gibson, (2003) Australian Survey of Social Attitudes, ACSPRI Centre for Social Research, Australian National University.
The University of Sydney
The University of Sydney Government and International Relations School of Economics and Political Science Faculty of Economics and Business NSW 2006 AUSTRALIA Dear Greens NSW member, We are currently conducting
More informationTHE GOOD OIL ON THE GREENS 30 TH ANNIVERSARY
THE GOOD OIL ON THE GREENS 30 TH ANNIVERSARY PETRA KELLY 1947-1992, FOUNDER OF THE GERMAN GREENS: For the Greens, parliamentary work should be of benefit to our many supporters at grass-roots level; it
More informationParty Leaders, Global Warming and Green Voting in Australia. Bruce Tranter University of Tasmania
Party Leaders, Global Warming and Green Voting in Australia Bruce Tranter University of Tasmania Word count 4,545 (including abstract) Contact Bruce Tranter Sociology and Social Work, Private Bag 17, University
More informationSupport for the Australian Greens. Bruce Tranter University of Tasmania
Support for the Australian Greens Bruce Tranter University of Tasmania 5265 words Contact Associate Professor Bruce Tranter, Sociology and Social Work, Private Bag 17, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania,
More informationEnforcing democracy? Towards a regulatory regime for the implementation of intra-party democracy
Enforcing democracy? Towards a regulatory regime for the implementation of intra-party democracy Anika Gauja University of Sydney Discussion Paper 16/06 (April 2006) Democratic Audit of Australia Australian
More informationIt s time for more politicians
It s time for more politicians The number of members of Parliament and senators has not kept up with Australia s population growth. Increasing the number of federal parliamentarians would give parliamentarians
More informationANU College of Arts & Social Sciences
Attitudes to electoral reform ANUpoll August 13 ANU College of Arts & Social Sciences ANUpoll contents Attitudes to electoral reform Professor Ian McAllister ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences Report
More informationRodney Smith is Associate Professor in Australian Politics in the Department of Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney.
CONTEMPORARY Politics in Australia THEORIES, PRACTICES AND ISSUES Contemporary Politics in Australia provides a lively and wide-ranging introduction to the study of Australian politics. Written by a diverse
More informationIUSY MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION FORM
IUSY MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION FORM CONTACT INFORMATION 1. Full name of the organization (both in original language and in English) Tasmanian Young Labor 2. Abbreviated name of the organization TYL 3. Country
More informationOnline publication date: 18 January 2011 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [University of Tasmania] On: 8 March 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 930575241] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales
More informationAttitudes to Nuclear Power Are they shifting?
Attitudes to Nuclear Power Are they shifting? Research Paper No. 43 May 2007 Andrew Macintosh and Clive Hamilton Summary In March this year, The Australian newspaper carried several stories that suggested
More information27. Electoral Behaviour in the 2010 Australian Federal Election
27. Electoral Behaviour in the 2010 Australian Federal Election Clive Bean and Ian McAllister All elections are unique, but the Australian federal election of 2010 was unusual for many reasons. It came
More informationKent Academic Repository
Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Seyd, Ben (2013) Is Britain Still a 'Civic Culture'? Political Insight, 4 (3). pp. 30-33. ISSN 2041-9058. DOI https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-9066.12035
More informationThis is the author s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source:
This is the author s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Bean, Clive S. (2012) Democratic participation in a globalised World : immigrants in Australia
More informationELECTORAL REGULATION RESEARCH NETWORK/DEMOCRATIC AUDIT OF AUSTRALIA JOINT WORKING PAPER SERIES
ELECTORAL REGULATION RESEARCH NETWORK/DEMOCRATIC AUDIT OF AUSTRALIA JOINT WORKING PAPER SERIES ALTERNATIVE VOTING PLUS: A PROPOSAL FOR THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY 1 Daniel Messemaker (BA (Hons)
More informationElections and Voting Behaviour. The Political System of the United Kingdom
Elections and Behaviour The Political System of the United Kingdom Intro Theories of Behaviour in the UK The Political System of the United Kingdom Elections/ (1/25) Current Events The Political System
More informationPolitical strategy CONSULTATION REPORT. Public and Commercial Services Union pcs.org.uk
Political strategy CONSULTATION REPORT Public and Commercial Services Union pcs.org.uk Introduction In 2015, PCS launched a strategic review in response to the new challenges we face. The central aim of
More informationSample. The Political Role of Freedom and Equality as Human Values. Marc Stewart Wilson & Christopher G. Sibley 1
Marc Stewart Wilson & Christopher G. Sibley 1 This paper summarises three empirical studies investigating the importance of Freedom and Equality in political opinion in New Zealand (NZ). The first two
More informationDRAFT. 24B What are the freedoms and responsibilities of citizens in Australia s democracy?
Unit 1 Government and democracy Democracy in is a democracy. In a democracy, each citizen has an equal right to influence the political decisions that affect their society. This means that each person
More informationRATIONALITY AND POLICY ANALYSIS
RATIONALITY AND POLICY ANALYSIS The Enlightenment notion that the world is full of puzzles and problems which, through the application of human reason and knowledge, can be solved forms the background
More informationPaper presented by Dr James Jupp (Australian National University) The overall policies of the Commonwealth government under the immigration power
NATIONAL POLICY FORUM MULTICULTURALISM IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM BRISBANE 29-30 MARCH 2001 Paper presented by Dr James Jupp (Australian National University) "Future Directions for Multicultural Policy" To
More informationPES Roadmap toward 2019
PES Roadmap toward 2019 Adopted by the PES Congress Introduction Who we are The Party of European Socialists (PES) is the second largest political party in the European Union and is the most coherent and
More informationIntroduction: conceptualizing social movements
1 Introduction: conceptualizing social movements Indeed, I ve heard it said that we should be glad to trade what we ve so far produced for a few really good conceptual distinctions and a cold beer. (American
More informationTony Harris
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts - Papers Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts 2013 Tony Harris 1948-2013 Rowan Cahill University of Wollongong, rowanc@uow.edu.au
More informationPolitics and Law. Resource list ATAR Year 11 and Year 12
Politics and Law Resource list ATAR Year 11 and Year 12 Copyright School Curriculum and Standards Authority, 2012 This document apart from any third party copyright material contained in it may be freely
More informationPeter James Patmore LL.B., Dip. Crim.
Structure and Ideology in the Tasmanian Labor Party: Postmaterialism and Party change,- By Peter James Patmore LL.B., Dip. Crim. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of
More informationAttitudes towards Refugees and Asylum Seekers
Attitudes towards Refugees and Asylum Seekers A Survey of Public Opinion Research Study conducted for Refugee Week May 2002 Contents Introduction 1 Summary of Findings 3 Reasons for Seeking Asylum 3 If
More information11. The Greens. Andrew Bartlett. The Greens 2010 vote was larger than any previous third party in modern Australian political history.
Andrew Bartlett The 2010 federal election was undoubtedly a watershed for the Australian Greens as a political party at the national level. It produced a record high vote for third parties in a federal
More informationHow Do Unionists Vote? Estimating the Causal Impact of Union Membership on Voting Behaviour from 1966 to 2004
Australian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 41, No. 4, December, pp. 537 552 How Do Unionists Vote? Estimating the Causal Impact of Union Membership on Voting Behaviour from 1966 to 2004 ANDREW LEIGH
More informationATTITUDINAL DIVERGENCE IN A MELBOURNE REGION OF HIGH IMMIGRANT CONCENTRATION: A CASE STUDY
ATTITUDINAL DIVERGENCE IN A MELBOURNE REGION OF HIGH IMMIGRANT CONCENTRATION: A CASE STUDY Andrew Markus and Arunachalam Dharmalingam Dingley Village and Springvale are two suburbs in South-Eastern Melbourne
More informationAustralian Government and Politics in the Pacific Rim Context
In partnership with CAPA International Education Australian Government and Politics in the Pacific Rim Context COURSE DESIGNATOR SDNY 3011 NUMBER OF CREDITS 3 LANGUAGE OF INSTUCTION English COURSE DESCRIPTION
More informationHow Do Unionists Vote? Estimating the Causal Impact of Union Membership on Voting Behaviour from 1966 to 2004 *
How Do Unionists Vote? Estimating the Causal Impact of Union Membership on Voting Behaviour from 1966 to 2004 * Andrew Leigh Social Policy Evaluation, Analysis and Research Centre Research School of Social
More informationNation Building of Towns, Cities and Regions: the Search for Coherence and Sustainability Governance in an Australian Federal Context
Nation Building of Towns, Cities and Regions: the Search for Coherence and Sustainability Governance in an Australian Federal Context Abstract by Helen Swan (PhD Candidate) University of Canberra, Canberra,
More informationINFORMATION SHEETS: 2
INFORMATION SHEETS: 2 EFFECTS OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS ON WOMEN S REPRESENTATION For the National Association of Women and the Law For the National Roundtable on Women and Politics 2003 March 22 nd ~ 23 rd,
More informationCOSMOPOLITANS AND PATRIOTS: AUSTRALIA'S CULTURAL DIVIDE AND ATTITUDES TO IMMIGRATION
COSMOPOLITANS AND PATRIOTS: AUSTRALIA'S CULTURAL DIVIDE AND ATTITUDES TO IMMIGRATION Katharine Betts Opposition to immigration in Australia has continued to weaken. Causes include: a strong economy, restricted
More informationCommunity perceptions of migrants and immigration. D e c e m b e r
Community perceptions of migrants and immigration D e c e m b e r 0 1 OBJECTIVES AND SUMMARY OBJECTIVES The purpose of this research is to build an evidence base and track community attitudes towards migrants
More informationAssociative project draft VERSION
Associative project draft VERSION 2 Our fundamental principles As members of Doctors of the World/Médecins du Monde (MdM), we want a world where barriers to health have been overcome and where the right
More informationThe Bylaws of The Harvey Milk Lesbian / Gay / Bisexual / Transgender Democratic Club
The Bylaws of The Harvey Milk Lesbian / Gay / Bisexual / Transgender Democratic Club Updated August 2016 ARTICLE I: NAME The name of the organization shall be The Harvey Milk Lesbian / Gay / Bisexual /
More informationNew tactics see coal seam gas protests gain the upper hand
University of Wollongong Research Online Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic) - Papers Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic) 2014 New tactics see coal seam gas protests gain the upper hand Michael Organ University
More informationDemocratic Values: Political equality?
Democratic Values: Political equality? Marian Sawer Democratic Audit of Australia, Australian National University Discussion Paper 9/07 (May 2007) Democratic Audit of Australia Australian National University
More informationThe UK Party System and Party Politics Part II: Governance, Ideology and Policy. Patrick Dunleavy
The UK Party System and Party Politics Part II: Governance, Ideology and Policy Patrick Dunleavy Gv 311: British Politics course, Lecture 10 Michaelmas Term P.J. Dunleavy In governance terms a party system
More informationWhat criteria should guide electoral system choice?
What criteria should guide electoral system choice? Reasoning from principles What do we mean by principles? choices determined by principles -- not vice versa Criteria from New Zealand, Ontario and IDEA
More informationCHAPTER 9: Political Parties
CHAPTER 9: Political Parties Reading Questions 1. The Founders and George Washington in particular thought of political parties as a. the primary means of communication between voters and representatives.
More informationIdeas about Australia The Hon. Dr. Geoff Gallop Lecture Australia in the World University of New South Wales 3 March 2015
Ideas about Australia The Hon. Dr. Geoff Gallop Lecture Australia in the World University of New South Wales 3 March 2015 In my lecture this evening I will seek to situate a discussion of Australia's role
More informationCastan Centre 2016 Impact Report
Castan Centre 2016 Impact Report MONASH CASTAN CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS LAW monash.edu/law/ castancentre CASTAN CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 2016 IMPACT REPORT As world-renowned human rights experts, we
More informationChapter 12. Representations, Elections and Voting
Chapter 12 Representations, Elections and Voting 1 If Voting Changed Anything They d Abolish It Title of book by Ken Livingstone (1987) 2 Representation Representation, as a political principle, is a relationship
More informationGOVERNMENT & POLITICS UNIT 1 GLOSSARY
NAME: GOVERNMENT & POLITICS UNIT 1 GLOSSARY TASK Over the summer holiday complete the definitions for the words for the FOUR topics AND more importantly learn these key words with their definitions! There
More informationRefugees and regional settlement: win win?
Refugees and regional settlement: win win? Paper presented at the Australian Social Policy Conference Looking Back, Looking Forward 20 22 July 2005, University of New South Wales Janet Taylor Brotherhood
More informationBCGEU surveyed its own members on electoral reform. They reported widespread disaffection with the current provincial electoral system.
BCGEU SUBMISSION ON THE ELECTORAL REFORM REFERENDUM OF 2018 February, 2018 The BCGEU applauds our government s commitment to allowing British Columbians a direct say in how they vote. As one of the largest
More informationAbstract. Key words. Deborah Wise. School of the Creative Industries Faculty of Education and Arts University of Newcastle Australia
A quest for, and the pursuit of, power: a case study applying James (2014) Framework for Intentional Positioning in Public Relations and Tobias (2011) concept of master plots to examine political positioning.
More informationA Revolt on The Right?
British Social Attitudes 32 A Revolt on The Right? 1 A Revolt on The Right? The social and political attitudes of UKIP supporters The last five years of coalition government has been marked by an unprecedented
More information3. Framing information to influence what we hear
3. Framing information to influence what we hear perceptions are shaped not only by scientists but by interest groups, politicians and the media the climate in the future actually may depend on what we
More informationIntroduction. Cambridge University Press Global Distributive Justice Chris Armstrong Excerpt More information
Introduction Protests in favour of global justice are becoming a familiar part of the political landscape. Placards demanding a more just, fair or equal world present a colourful accompaniment to every
More informationExaminers Report June GCE Government and Politics 6GP03 3D
Examiners Report June 2011 GCE Government and Politics 6GP03 3D Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications
More informationPolitical Socialization and Public Opinion
Chapter 10 Political Socialization and Public Opinion To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O Connor and Larry J. Sabato Pearson
More informationELITE AND MASS ATTITUDES ON HOW THE UK AND ITS PARTS ARE GOVERNED DEMOCRATIC ENGAGEMENT WITH THE PROCESS OF CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE
BRIEFING ELITE AND MASS ATTITUDES ON HOW THE UK AND ITS PARTS ARE GOVERNED DEMOCRATIC ENGAGEMENT WITH THE PROCESS OF CONSTITUTIONAL CHANGE Lindsay Paterson, Jan Eichhorn, Daniel Kenealy, Richard Parry
More informationThinking global-historically: reacting local-temporally Unpacking current struggles for control of the labour process in the welfare sector
Thinking global-historically: reacting local-temporally Unpacking current struggles for control of the labour process in the welfare sector Simon Emsley Fairfield Migrant Resource Centre Prepared for `Riding
More informationTrends in Political Participation in the UK. Figure 1: Turnouts at UK General Elections, (%)
Trends in Political Participation in the UK Evidence derived from key indicators of political participation in the UK is broadly typical of the data obtained across all fields of our Audit in that they
More informationCivil and Political Rights
DESIRED OUTCOMES All people enjoy civil and political rights. Mechanisms to regulate and arbitrate people s rights in respect of each other are trustworthy. Civil and Political Rights INTRODUCTION The
More informationArguments for and against electoral system change in Ireland
Prof. Gallagher Arguments for and against electoral system change in Ireland Why would we decide to change, or not to change, the current PR-STV electoral system? In this short paper we ll outline some
More informationUsing polling to project the potential future makeup of the Senate.
Faces of the Senate Using polling to project the potential future makeup of the Senate. Bill Browne June 2017 The Australia Institute routinely polls a representative sample of the Australian population
More information8th International Metropolis Conference, Vienna, September 2003
8th International Metropolis Conference, Vienna, 15-19 September 2003 YOUNG MIGRANT SETTLEMENT EXPERIENCES IN NEW ZEALAND: LINGUISTIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ASPECTS Noel Watts and Cynthia White New Settlers
More informationpart civics and citizenship DRAFT
part 4 civics and citizenship The civics and citizenship toolkit A citizen is a person who legally lives in a geographical area such as a town or country. Being a citizen is like having a membership where
More informationTHE ORIGINS OF GREEN PARTIES IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
THE ORIGINS OF GREEN PARTIES IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Symposium at the GHI, May 26, 2004. Co-sponsored by the GHI and the Heinrich Böll Foundation of North America. Conveners: Frank Zelko (GHI) and Marc Berthold
More informationCrossing Boundaries: Local government amalgamations and intercommunity. relations in Buloke Shire
Crossing Boundaries: Local government amalgamations and intercommunity relations in Buloke Shire Damon Alexander School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne Email: dta@unimelb.edu.au
More informationTHE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL: POSSIBLE CHANGES TO ITS ELECTORAL SYSTEM
PARLIAMENTARY LIBRARY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL: POSSIBLE CHANGES TO ITS ELECTORAL SYSTEM BY JENNI NEWTON-FARRELLY INFORMATION PAPER 17 2000, Parliamentary Library of
More information2 The Australian. parliamentary system CHAPTER. Australian parliamentary system. Bicameral structure. Separation of powers. Legislative.
CHAPTER 2 The Australian parliamentary system This chapter explores the structure of the Australian parliamentary system. In order to understand this structure, it is necessary to reflect on the historical
More informationShining light on corruption The power of open and transparent anti-corruption investigations
Shining light on corruption The power of open and transparent anti-corruption investigations Corruption and misconduct happen behind closed doors. A national integrity commission must open those doors
More informationBUSINESS COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA
BUSINESS COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA Submission to the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet on Constitutional Change 23 December 2003 Table of Contents The Need for Constitutional Reform... 3 Certainty and
More informationPearson Edexcel GCE in Government & Politics (6GP04/4B) Paper 4B: Ideological Traditions
Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2016 Pearson Edexcel GCE in Government & Politics (6GP04/4B) Paper 4B: Ideological Traditions Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by
More informationCOMPARATIVE POLITICS
Contact joseramon.montero@uam.es COMPARATIVE POLITICS Professor: JOSE RAMON MONTERO GIBERT E-Mail: jrmontero@faculty.ie.edu Education Law degree, University of Granada, 1970; Ph.D. in Law, University of
More informationThe quest for legitimacy in world politics international organizations selflegitimations
The quest for legitimacy in world politics international organizations selflegitimations Outline of the topic International organizations (IOs) take increasing interest in their legitimacy. They employ
More informationThe fundamental factors behind the Brexit vote
The CAGE Background Briefing Series No 64, September 2017 The fundamental factors behind the Brexit vote Sascha O. Becker, Thiemo Fetzer, Dennis Novy In the Brexit referendum on 23 June 2016, the British
More informationStanding for office in 2017
Standing for office in 2017 Analysis of feedback from candidates standing for election to the Northern Ireland Assembly, Scottish council and UK Parliament November 2017 Other formats For information on
More informationAustralian and International Politics Subject Outline Stage 1 and Stage 2
Australian and International Politics 2019 Subject Outline Stage 1 and Stage 2 Published by the SACE Board of South Australia, 60 Greenhill Road, Wayville, South Australia 5034 Copyright SACE Board of
More informationPaper C: Influencing and Changing Decisions in Society and Government
Scheme (Results) Summer 207 Pearson Edexcel GCSE in Citizenship Studies Unit 3 (5CS03) Paper C: Influencing and Changing Decisions in Society and Government Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and
More informationNgä Mäori i te Ao Moemoeä Mäori in Australia
MÄTAURANGA KNOWLEDGE PÄRONGO FACT SHEET Ngä Mäori i te Ao Moemoeä Mäori in Australia Australia has become home to a significant number of Mäori, either born there or having migrated from New Zealand. This
More informationNational Quali cations
H 2017 X758/76/11 National Quali cations Politics FRIDAY, 2 JUNE 1:00 PM 3:15 PM Total marks 60 SECTION 1 POLITICAL THEORY 20 marks Attempt Question 1 and EITHER Question 2(a) OR Question 2(b). SECTION
More informationNational Quali cations SPECIMEN ONLY SQ38/H/01. Politics *SQ32H01* Date Not applicable Duration 2 hours and 15 minutes.
H National Quali cations SPECIMEN ONLY SQ38/H/01 Politics Date Not applicable Duration 2 hours and 15 minutes Total marks 60 SECTION 1 POLITICAL THEORY 20 marks Attempt EITHER Question 1(a) OR Question
More information5. Political elites. POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY (Hilary 2018) Dr Michael Biggs. Introduction. Power elite (Domhoff)
POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY (Hilary 2018) Dr Michael Biggs 5. Political elites http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sfos0060/politicalsociology.shtml Introduction How is power distributed in democracy? Median voter: parties
More informationcampaign spending, which may raise the profile of an election and lead to a wider distribution of political information;
the behalf of their constituents. Voting becomes the key form of interaction between those elected and the ordinary citizens, it provides the fundamental foundation for the operation of the rest of the
More informationAnnual Report on Achievements and Activities of WEL NSW Inc. September, 2010 to September, 2011
Annual Report on Achievements and Activities of WEL NSW Inc. September, 2010 to September, 2011 The last year saw a process of regeneration for WEL NSW. We welcomed a number of new additions to the Executive
More informationNew Zealand Germany 2013
There is a budding campaign to change the UK electoral system from a First Past the Post system (FPTP) to one that is based on Proportional Representation (PR) 1. The campaign makes many valid points.
More informationNational Quali cations
H 2018 X758/76/11 National Quali cations Politics MONDAY, 4 JUNE 1:00 PM 3:15 PM Total marks 60 SECTION 1 POLITICAL THEORY 20 marks Attempt EITHER question 1(a) OR question 1(b). SECTION 2 POLITICAL SYSTEMS
More informationRe-imagining Human Rights Practice Through the City: A Case Study of York (UK) by Paul Gready, Emily Graham, Eric Hoddy and Rachel Pennington 1
Re-imagining Human Rights Practice Through the City: A Case Study of York (UK) by Paul Gready, Emily Graham, Eric Hoddy and Rachel Pennington 1 Introduction Cities are at the forefront of new forms of
More informationChapter 7 Public Opinion
Chapter 7 Public Opinion WHO GOVERNS? 1. How does public opinion in America today vary by race, gender, and other differences? 2. What is political ideology, and how does it affect political behavior and
More informationExaminers Report June GCE Government & Politics 6GP01 01
Examiners Report June 2014 GCE Government & Politics 6GP01 01 Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson, the UK s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range
More informationELITE AND MASS ATTITUDES ON HOW THE UK AND ITS PARTS ARE GOVERNED VOTING AT 16 WHAT NEXT? YEAR OLDS POLITICAL ATTITUDES AND CIVIC EDUCATION
BRIEFING ELITE AND MASS ATTITUDES ON HOW THE UK AND ITS PARTS ARE GOVERNED VOTING AT 16 WHAT NEXT? 16-17 YEAR OLDS POLITICAL ATTITUDES AND CIVIC EDUCATION Jan Eichhorn, Daniel Kenealy, Richard Parry, Lindsay
More informationWomen s. Political Representation & Electoral Systems. Key Recommendations. Federal Context. September 2016
Women s Political Representation & Electoral Systems September 2016 Federal Context Parity has been achieved in federal cabinet, but women remain under-represented in Parliament. Canada ranks 62nd Internationally
More informationThe Lobbying Code of Conduct: An Appraisal
The Lobbying Code of Conduct: An Appraisal JOHN WARHURST Democratic Audit Discussion Paper 4/08 April 2008 John Warhurst is Professor of Political Science, Faculty of Arts, Australian National University,
More informationNo seat is unwinnable: how Labour activists set out to reclaim Tory strongholds and defy predictions
No seat is unwinnable: how Labour activists set out to reclaim Tory strongholds and defy predictions Nick Mahony 30 June 2017 In North London s Chipping Barnet, pop-up alliances and an emerging ecology
More informationThe Mathematics of Democracy: Is the Senate really proportionally representative? 1
The Mathematics of Democracy: Is the Senate really proportionally representative? 1 Scott Brenton Australian National University Former Prime Minister Paul Keating memorably described the Senate, when
More informationPirates of the Australian Election
Queensland University of Technology From the SelectedWorks of Matthew Rimmer March 26, 2013 Pirates of the Australian Election Matthew Rimmer, Australian National University College of Law Available at:
More informationPurposes of Elections
Purposes of Elections o Regular free elections n guarantee mass political action n enable citizens to influence the actions of their government o Popular election confers on a government the legitimacy
More informationPlan International submission on the International Aid (Promoting Gender Equality) Bill 2015
Plan International submission on the International Aid (Promoting Gender Equality) Bill 2015 June 2015 1 A. Introduction Plan International Australia supports the introduction of legislation which embeds
More informationRadical Right and Partisan Competition
McGill University From the SelectedWorks of Diana Kontsevaia Spring 2013 Radical Right and Partisan Competition Diana B Kontsevaia Available at: https://works.bepress.com/diana_kontsevaia/3/ The New Radical
More informationThe New South Wales Police Media Unit: A History of Risk Communications
TASA Conference 2005, University of Tasmania, 6-8 December 2005 1 The New South Wales Police Media Unit: A History of Risk Communications Alyce McGovern The University of Western Sydney a.mcgovern@uws.edu.au
More informationRefereed paper delivered at Australian Political Studies Association Conference 6 9 July 2008 Hilton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia
Refereed paper delivered at Australian Political Studies Association Conference 6 9 July 2008 Hilton Hotel, Brisbane, Australia Future directions in Australian party competition: some strategic considerations
More informationCampaign Skills Handbook. Module 11 Getting on a List Setting Personal Political Goals
Campaign Skills Handbook Module 11 Getting on a List Setting Personal Political Goals Introduction The quality of any democratic system of government is directly tied to the abilities and commitment of
More informationPolitical parties and democratic representation in the era of crisis: mapping changes and functions in the composition of the Greek political elites
Political parties and democratic representation in the era of crisis: mapping changes and functions in the composition of the Greek political elites Gerasimos Karoulas PhD, National and Kapodistrian University
More information