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1 " t t ( \ f!, i'!,,~ ",,,.,.., t ", \ l -~~.?! "'-, \", "- MARXIST HUMANISM: PERSPECTIVES ON PHILOSOPHY AND SOCIAL THEORY Kevin Andeson Special Issue Edito Nothen Illinois Univesity This special issue of Quately Jounal of Ideology on Maxist humanism is dedicated to the memoy of Raya Dunayevskaya, , the founde of Maxist humanism in the United States, whose death came, sadly, just befoe the ealie special issue on Maxist humanism (Vol. 0:4) had come off the pess. Dunayevskaya was autho of fou books and hundeds of aticles, most of which ae gatheed in the Raya Dunayevskaya Collection at Wayne State Univesity. Taken togethe, these witings constitute one of the most oiginal contibutions eve made to Maxian and Hegelian thought. To those like myself (and many of the othe contibutos to this issue) who also knew he pesonally, the loss was one of a dea colleague, fiend and suppotive citic, who geneously offeed he time again and again to help othes with thei wok, while at the same time continuing ight up to he death to wok podigiously on he own goundbeaking studies, such as he book, left uncompleted at he death, which she had tentatively entitled "Dialectics of Oganization and Philosophy: The 'Paty' and New Foms of Oganization Bon Out of Spontaneity" (see the RD Collection, Vol. 3). It should be pointed out that he fiends and colleagues wee not only intellectuals, but also dawn fom the ank and file wokes, Blacks, women's libeationists and youth. Fittingly, he last public lectue was to an oveflow audience of 400 at Nothen Illinois Univesity in Apil 987 on "Youth of the 980's, Youth of the 960's, the Othe Ameica and the Idea of Feedom. " Some of the tuly dialectical spiit of he geneous mind can be seen in the fist fou contibutions, which take up he coespondence with anothe geat philosophe and social theoist, Hebet Macuse. These lettes, bief but epesentative selections fom which ae published hee fo the fist time, ae commented upon by Macuse biogaphe Douglas Kellne and by Kevin Andeson, who edited them fo this publication. The next contibution is by Mihailo Makovic, a Yugoslav Maxist humanist philosophe of intenational standing, who' hee discusses incisively the libeal and Maxian notions of ights. His aticle in memoy of Dunayevskaya appeas in the jounal which he founded, Paxis Intenational (Vol. 8:3, 988), along with one of he last witings. Following Makovic's aticle is a new and imaginative exploation by Lou Tune, autho of a book on the Afican evolutionay Fantz Fanon and Black thought, which caied an intoduction by Dunayevskaya. His ---topic is the elation of Fanon to Hegel.

2 Paticia Altenbend Johns,.. discussion to Hegel and femin~sn s mteestmg c~ntibution moves the D~nayevskaya's wok to a femi: whe~ she affims the impotance of atlcle, which follows build t eadmg of Hegel. Andew Kliman's a new ~ook at the el;tionsht u:o~ wo~k by Du~ayevskaya to offe us humams.t dialectic, contasti~ M a~ s economic theoy to his oveall pespectives of Engels. g ax s concepts to the fa naowe The final a t' IC I e, appopiatel. Dunayevskaya duing he I t y, IS by Pete Hudis, a secetay to on Dunayevskaya's new v:~tie:s, ~ho ~as witten an oiginal aticle :henomenology and on Max's ;84%~~~ m he. las~ yeas on Hegel's etween he wok and that f G ys, dawmg Impotant contasts?e a success if it seves as a eog ~ukacs. As a whole, this issue will IS also poof of the on oin. memonal to Raya Dunayevskaya which Dunaye~skaya's conce p 7 o/~~:x~;:ance fo~ the 990's and beyond of couse, IS the esponse of th humamsm. The poof of that of pespectives of Maxist h e ~eades, who ae invited to examine 'the de.. umamsm as p. " ep cnsis affecting Ameican hila am mg t~wad a way out of the daws to a close budened ~ sophy and social theoy as the centuy Dunayevskaya ap~ly called "Rea own. al~e~dy by a full decade of what gansm s ideological pollution." I [ ( ( EXClf,RPTS FROM THE DUNAYEVSKAYA-MARCUSE CORRESPONPENCE, Edito's Note: Publisbed below fo the fist time anywhee ae selections fom the extensive coespondence betwe.en Raya Dunayevskaya and Hebet Macuse. In 986, a yea befoe he death, Dunayevskaya deposited he coespondence with Macuse as pat of Volume XII of The Raya Dunayel'sbya CoNection (Detoit: Wayne State Univesity Achives of Labo and Uban Affais, pp , micofilm). All of the lettes would compise well ove one hunded pinted pages, and theefoe only a vey bief selection fom this is published hee. The bulk of the coespondence occued duing the yeas 954 to 965, when Dunayevskaya was completing he MlJfXism and Feedom, fi~t published in 958 with a citical peface by Macuse, and beginning he wok on Philosophy and RCl'olutiop (973). Since both of these woks centeed on Hegelian-Maxian dialectics, much of the coespondence was taken up with this issue, paticujaly with a contovesy ove the elation of Hegel's AbsQlute Idea to Maxist dialectics. Othe discussions, elated to Macuse's pojected book on industial society, late published as One Dimensional Man (964), focused on automation and the sociology of wok. These excbanges evf;!aled sbaply diffeent views of the moden woking class. Afte 964, thei dialogue became moe spoadic, but it coj}.t~nued until 973, one yea befoe Macuse's death. Dunayevskaya's memoial aticle "Hebet Macuse, Maxi$t Pbilosophe" appeaed ip the Intenational Society fo.the Sociology qf Knowledge Newslette (Vol. 5:2, 979). Numbeed explanatoy notes wee added by the edito, as wee occasional claifications ip backets. Except in the case of a few obvious typogaphical eos, no challges o coections wee made in the texts which have been excepted below. 2 Dea Hebet Macuse: Decembe 7, 954 Although I do not know YOll in peson, you ae of c.ouse familia to me fo you Reason and Revolution. I was so impessed with the wok at the time it w,as published that I then got you addess fom Meye Schapio and iittended to wite you. I intended also to visit you, but you wee then living in Washington, D,C, and I in Pittsbugh. I hope when next I come east, tlee will be <\n oppotunity to meet you m peson. Now let me intoduce myself, I am Raya Dunayevskaya. You might have ead my tanslation of "Teaching Economics in the Soviet Union" that appeaed in the Septembe, 944, issue of the Ameican Economic Review. The intoduction that I wote to it, "A New,Revision of Maxian 3

3 7:., caused suff".. Imes at the tim IClent sti to hit the fo t yea at which t: and to polong the debat ~ Phage Of. the New Yok R lme I e In t e AER f eafflmation. f M. came back with a " o a whole. 0 axism "in Sept b ejoinde, "Revision o Then I tuned to. '. em e, 945, issue of the AER. Notebooks. Rowe philosophy and tanslated.,. an intoducf ve, as you know they a t' Lemn s Philosophic wanted noth IOn, a lengthy one. When I e s nctly notebooks and need fo not less th ng less than the wok on Ma got do~n to wok on that I.. an a dec d x on WhICh I had b. to lllclude othe.a e to seve as that "int d ' "een wokmg o the o" matenal fom Max' A. h' o. uctlon. I also wished own ben:~:n~l last ch~pte fo Capit:l ~~.l~esi Including "Chapte 6," became luto EnglIsh. You can IC had tansla. ted fo my,.,, sense how b e a oate the poject Sinceely yous Raya Dunayevs'kaya Dea Ray D. a unayevskaya' Apil 4, 955 I have '.. now ead tii fa~cinating, and I ~ notes on HegeJI whi PhIlosoPhical not' admie YOU way of co c~. you lent me. This is tanslation of 'd 0~S: Howeve, I still c ncetizlng the most abstact minimize the,/ ea~tlc PhilOSOphy into an~?~ get along with the diect t~ political Phe~egation" which the applic~~ IhCS~ I think you somehow With you, and I ~mena pesupposes, I wouldo~ko the.hegelian dialectic you know as s ope that we can do s ' I e to discuss these things A oon as thee is a chance 0 III the nea futue; I shall let s to the Sixth Ch. to waant Publicat' apte I Wonde Whethe.. ~Ontained in the l~~. Al~o, one should che : ~t IS eally novel enough aue.... eoleen ilbe Meh c ow much of it is aleady Dea Hebet M acuse... You see. application of tmh to think that I.,, B t e He I' ',, mluim wet [Theoies of Suplus- With best wishes &. Yous He b geetings, ~acuse May 5,955 co::e~~~ Hegel's Ab!~Jl~~ ~~alec~ic to politi~:l ~~e:negation" whicb the djcfeenct'l!n of the Absolute ~a as nothing in com::en~ pesupposes. ~hat chap~ life absobed by th ~?e synthesis O 'd ~ wl~h Schelling's e When Hegel speaks c f One." Lenin so~ ~~tjty In whicb all o the Idea as Nat ue p put.. a peiod in 4 ' OIntIng out that ( 'i' I' f- ) l f - Hegel was stetching a hand to mateialism. That was as fa as 95 could each. It was fa enough: fo his tansfomation of eveything into its opposite was no abstaction but the tansfomation of the impeialist wa into a civil wa, But this is 955, and if 4 decades does not mean all new, we should suely stat at least not with Lenin on the eve of evolution but Lenin afte conquest of powe, shows how had Lenin laboed to find the something which would make his Univesal-that eveyone "to a man" un poduction and the state-a eality, He came up with the notion that what is needed is that "the wok of the paty must be checked by the non-paty masses." No small thing fo the ceato of the paty as the knowing of the poletaiat! 30 yeas late when neithe the state witheed away no the paty checked itself but, on the contay, tuned into the one-paty state, we must see that the point today is the libeation fom the paty, The witheing away of the state (Doesn't Hegel's phase about the "falling off" of the Idea emind you of this?) is no ovenight job and the paty not in powe does emain the knowing of the poletaiat and hence a much moe complex job, its witheing away o "falling off," But in that contadiction does lie the movement towad libeation and theoeticians can least of all allow themselves to be enslaved by any divisions between philosophy and politics. In tuth, only when you do have the "tanslation" in mind, and posit the poletaiat, the feely associated poletaiat, as the Notion, can you hea the Idea at all. How is it that Hegel phases it? "The selfdetemination in which alone the idea is is to hea itself speak,"... Yous, Raya Dunayevskaya Decembe 2, 955 Dea Raya Dunayevskaya: I apologize fo my long silence: () I did not have yo~ ~ddess en oute (2) I was so busy with the final ush of the pubhcatlon of my Feud book- that I had to abandon all coespondence. In addition: I was most of the time not in Cambidge and picked up you lettes WIth geat delay, Howeve, I have ead-at least as a fist eading-you notes and I should like to tell you that I must encouage you to go ahe~d with the elaboation. You ideas ae a eal oasis in the deset of ~axlsft, I h d' uss with you-pomts 0 thought-thee ae many thmgs ave to lsc disageement and polnts, WhICh. equle '} c an 'fi lca tion, but I am at pesent bi D t 't and also una e to J 'ust unable to come to New Yok o even e Ol. h did, I h t wite my comments down, We wait unt my se e u e an WI} ave 0 pogam is a little easie..,. Codially, Hebet Macuse 5

4 Exce ts fom MacQse's 958 Peface to Maxism &- Feedom3:... Failue to elucidate the function and the full content of dialectical mateialism has maed much of the Maxist and non-maxist discussion of MaXian theoy. With 'ome notable exceptions (such as Geog Lukdcz's Geschichte Und Klassenbewn,stsein and the moe ecent Fench eexaminations of Maxism), dialectical mateialism was minimized as a distubing "metaphysical est" in Maxian theoy, o fomalized into a technical method, o schematized into a Weltanschauung. Raya Dunayevskaya, book discads these and simila distotions and ties to ecaptue the integal unity of Maxian theoy at it< vey foundation: in the humanistic PhilOSOphy.... While the autho of the Peface agees in all essentials with the theoetical intepetation of the Maxian oenve in these fist pats, he disagees with some decisive pats of the analysis of post-maxian development<, especially with that of the elationship between Leninism and Stalinism, of the ecent upheavals in Easten Euope, and, pehaps most hnpotant, With the analysis of the contempoay Position, stuctue and consciousness of the laboing Classes. Max's concept of the poletaiat as "evolutionay class in-it<elf (an sich)" did not designate a meely occupational goup, i.e., tbe wage eanes engaged in the mateial poduction_" a tuly dialeetical concept, it Was at one and the same time an economic, political, and philosophical categoy. As,uch it compised thee main elements--{l) the specific societal mode of p~d.uction chaacteistic of "fee" capitalism, (2) the existential and pohbcal Conditions bought about by this mode of poduction, (3) the political consciousness developed in this 'ituation. Any histoical change '" even one of these elements (and Such a change has cetainly occued) Would equie a thoough theoetical modification. Without such modification,. the Maxian notion of the Woking class seems to be apphcable?elthe to the no to that majoity of the laboing classes in the West In the communist obit. Dea R.D.: August 8, 960 th: feelpetty bad fo not having answeed you vaious notes and lettes, ~aln e".on that I am neuotically busy with my new book and ~q ua Y neuot" about tbeslightest inteuption Please accept my ap ology I am SUe You will undestand. I should even f;el Wose about it becaus~ ne~"'b:n:lu~ You now to "k a favo. I may have told you that my IDdusFaJ ~th. tho tentative title Studi., in 'he Ideology of Advanced M"'xu"'_th':,'~'Y' is '?me. 'Ot of Westen countepat of Soviet ' to aay It WIll deal, not only With the ideology but also 6 [ l ~ f t [, f--- (. t ~ f" '. f. poblems will. b e. the with the coesponding ~ai~~s~~:de~ th':t.paot 0 ~atio~a=t;:; 'anstomation of the.la~o~ gthe hlghe standad of ltvm g ' Fench automation and patlcu a ~ I ele to the discussion ",,!on g t' the los It is ou will know what I mean. I Sege Mallet, a lc.. I ~ociologists in Agumentshan~ etspescaya~a moe affimative attltutdetho questton. of a c h' angtn g-t at S0 the system as a who e but even. t's 0 field e the laboe not only towa:~e highly modenized pl~ts. Mall.; oints oganization of wok m th~ tbe Caltex establishment tn Fa; d i';'eost study of Fench woke.s ll tive attitude and of aves e up shaply the ise of a hghly coopea '. in the establishment.. own consideed. fst you Now what I should like to ask. you S lis c~ncened, and secondly, evaluation as fa as the situation in ths f ceout~tmeican liteatue on tthee if it isn't asking. too ch-e mui know eenc tbat you ownevaluatto?th. uns the coun factoy poblems po and conta.... of the woke w,.. t to the thesis of ec?nciliatoy mte~:~~~: thee is any sensible agumen but I would also hke to know w fo the othe side... Dea HM: Sinceely, HM August 6, 960. 'ous time since the special. 8 h me at an auspic'. ai pamphlet,... You lette of ~E~Sc~hiCh will be is~ued as a sv;::ne pess and issue of NEWS & L~E A UTOMA TION, has Just co:e 0okessp.aking WORKERS BAIT because you will see t ew h' b standad should be of value to you ~?':~ns of labo and the ai~g~~o:," consideed it is tue tbat fo themselves on the co: ~'~e I last spoke to you, tb~ of living. I know, fom t e 'UIt of my influence. W "!this pamphlet these views as belog the (~es no means au) ofthe w,:,tes ':u.take if you Chales Denby' and s?me ~u would make a se~ou~ot epesent the ae Maxist Hum.austs, Yexceptional that they d,d nt segment of the consideed the Vews so epesent a vey mpot~ el coal-and the Ameican poletaiat. '?e~ basic industies-:-au~o~::;,; line, not w~at Ameican wokes and what tbey expenen~. call you attention conditions they desc~bea ~!~eld study." I woul~ lik;::se contay to the some sociologists see m "Which Way Out be thi;k they must have also o especially t~ ~~!munists but ooicals:~ hee disagee 0,:~ monolith not only 0 h face the p~bhc, wo t in MARXIS a "united voice" when t ey u may ecall I.quo ~ wbat kind of labo~ Angela Teano,. whom he has yo aised ted h question the 0 expession. that WOf" FREEDOM because s d who then use in the tue Maxist sense, an 7

5 Would have to b k e totally dif~ Wo to -get m leent "someth' tied up with li~:~y to buy food a;d things ~~~~mpletely new, not just, the edito insists' t~~~ ~75) hee ejects A~tomatio~a:~t~o be completely,be a House of T the Wokes managed th i ge!he Wheeas of wokes' Cont' ~o and Woks along the e act~~ It would not,,' N '" o of poduction shote k moe taditional channels " ow then the A', ' Wo day, etc... stopped 'payin m~~lcan liteatue on the'..,.intothe schoof oft~;nh~n t9 sociologists Whos~~ect: I have long since Ightly call "h d s~cia psychology" whi h h ve athe degeneated give You the e~ shnnking" so my list c t e wokes in the factoy ~in Ameican ~:? efeences. Since the c~:s~not be exhaustive but I can those who spe kclology as the famewok f stuggle was neve accepted and even "o a.of alleged coopeative att'tod analysis, you efeence to gadlzati f' nea adi'c I on U e ofwo k t 0 wok" (I) e 0 a s who. must hav', management of summed u. se ecent toutings of th. e In mind ex-adicals and caljed a boo! ~h the peson of Daniel ; ~ltues of capitalism ae sot the end of the ~la e End of Ideology by ~h ~~d his stung-out aticles Th ss stuggle.... IC they mean, of couse, D ee ae all Sots ucke), the end of o~ ~houting On The End. Konhause N PolItICal man Thep t't" of Industnal Man (Pete POlitical ma~ ow no~e claim that the 0 Idles afmass SOciety by William b '.,even as his th" en of the e '. ain, IS happ InklOgtoo has b conomic, mdustial ~s seen cleaesi~~on~ent with his Wok I~e~t~en ove by the electbni~ ~s that the atte.amel Bell's "Wok a' d I a.espect the ambivalence if not in the fac~uatlon of the class stu n ts Dlsconten,ts" Whose claim tluch have we h oy, then by "the new h ggle has nevetheless OCCued David Riesman 's e; d?f those TV sets a~~~~ the candied caot." Ho~ Reconsideed" of th P SIde ecod fom. th L occupational mobility" and the sak e need "t. e onely Man t " " itself 'os e of pleasue and 0 Incease automatizati. 0 ndlvlduaiism that.' At least Bell has consum.ption and not f, on In wok-but fo but ~;sue fom. the so-called ~.ne good catch phase ~ the sake of wok cow, sociology" human elations"p. hat the desciptions It ". '" OJects ae "not fh.. IS tue that 0 uman, quantitative" b Au~omation and ~~t :~a~~edo~:n~~:j~~t:v~ changes i~t~~ ~~~!!alism ae not only of an,.tln u not the who! OUld also affect a mpoay society and <,t, Uent $ e. ndeed h pat of th the IllilliO'... f OC:iety not only \' h,t e fact that g' e poletaiat. III... 0 empl n t e bo. lves the a ~ not sho\\< t Yed so that th 5 ~~eois secto but' ppeaance lfi'o'i'xcil. N.at those Une e millions Une In the masses_ I,w,On... 0 sububi,'t hee Imployed ae pedollj' mployed look "little" -ell..,0 o,.. t IS all InantJy, - Neia ~ti:::llled but wildcat concentated in th. In the poduction, 'tyhich is by 0 Ing poletaiat a d e IndUstial centes 0' means quiescent n aggavated by th~ and am ong a Youth :: 8!giL that has shown that they ae not ebels without a cause but with one. I know you do not accept my view that they ae is seach of a total philosophy and ae not getting themselves eady fo the dustbin of histoy. But it is a fact that not only among the poletaiat and the million that wee stiking just when Khushchev was visiting and Eisenhowe wanted to show him Ameican supeioity in industy, not industy at a standstill, it is a fact that in just the few months that Nego college youth began sitting in the whole question of feedom and youth "coming up to the level of the West Euopean" has been moved fom the stage of the futue to that of the pesent..., Dea R.D.: Yous, Raya August 24, 960 It was wondeful to get fom you such quick and good help. I ead at once the issue of NEWS AND LETTERS. Don't misundestand me: I agee with pactically eveything that is said thee, and yet, somehow, thee is something essentially wong hee, () What is attacked, is NOT automation, but pe-automation, semi-automation, non-automation, Automation as the explosive achievement of advanced industial society is the pactically complete elimination of pecisely that mode of labo which is depicted in these aticles. And this genuine automation is held back by the capitalists as well as by the wokes-with vey good easons (on the pat of the capitalists: decline in the ate of pofit; need fo sweeping govenment contols, etc.; on the pat of the wokes: technological unemployment). (2) It follows that aested, esticted automation saves the capitalist system, while consummated automation would inevitably explode it: Max, Gundisse de Kitik de politischen Oekonomie p (3) e Angela T.: you should eally tell he about all that humanization of labo, its connection with life, etc.-that this is possible only though complete automation, because such humanization is coectly elegated by Max to the ealm of feedom beyond the ealm of necessity, i.e., beyond the entie ealm of socially necessay labo in the mateial poduction. Total de-humanization of the latte is the peequisite. But all this has to be discussed oally, I hope we can do so in the winte. And again, my geat gatitude!, -. Codially, Hebet 9

6 DeaHM: Novembe 22,960 ",,, Lest you'd consi e m l?eahsm, will you pemit :e ~ontay stess on subjectivity as "pue" SInce 953 when I became 0 sum ~p what it is I have been doin ;~s~~ce of those May lettes~ow~:et~c:tuf~ed ~ith the Absolute Idea? Th! eoy as well as fom th ee IS a movement fom pactice up such a fuss in the secta/ oy to pactice, The eason that it stied statement of fact was made Ian?Jovements is that heetofoe had th "', equivalent to'. ',. this,e nght Instinct" and M' :~stjnct: wokes, of couse, gene~hzed this instinct into axis~, of couse," had coectly MaxISt theoy the l' a evolutionay theoy but. h all. evo utlonay',.., Wit out, It was stessed onl M pactice would get "nowhee" Ab of',y ax could h ' ove tho pactice was fo the theoy of k ave seen this whee Hegel's idea a IS movement fom pactice fo now edge "only." Theefoe, to deduce o?i~ment against me, is shee a:~~gel 's PhJosophy of Mind, an the ". oy towes, a etun fom nment of the eal wold fo that philosophes." The "phil h the wold of action to that of talk f to bend th. osop es," on thei,0 A ei eas to the eath and l' t f pat, wee as little inclined Sot h m th IS en o an. beh' on afte my lettes,y new Impulses fo theoy the :ii~~e Ion Cutain stated S:~~:t d~~~tched the fist evolt fo~ question' ophe, not to speak of the van th~ man on the steet and to WllJ h~? Can man gain feedom fom ou~ua;dlsts,. ha? to change the, 0 totalitanan stanglehold Fom 953 to I the th ' 956 (Hungaian R. Max,~O~~~al ~ont,,by the sudden a~:~c~!lon) we ~ee confonted, on "evisionist" ~mst. wntings which tuned o~ RUSSIan Communism on not only in W axlsts as the banne unde Wh~uh to have been used by font the m este.n EUope but in fa awa IC. they fought Communism my ideas ono~~ sig:ificant evolutions of ~ AfTIca whee, on the pactical FREEDOM thee bsolute Idea got wok:: epo~h wee unfolding, As not because I / Wee quite geneal. It was up III MARXISM AND because I was d ou~d myself outside any "c ea I,was walking gingely 00 yeas divid ea Ing moe with Max' ecognized" movement but fist stood Hee ou,age fom the peiod s ~ge than Ous. Moe than a compulsion to gel nght side up and w en the founde of Maxism "b go fom th vey nealy d'. oedom the. e Absolute Id' lsmlssed Hegel's h,yeamng f, ea m the L. w ~. made cleve b o ~ Content," on the a " oglc to Natue as decided unde m ex:penence and en]' h p t of the abstact thinke and to 5UbstitUt:~~i alse and still abstact I;o~~:~d beyond its tuth, has sel~contained b. S ~, the pat' itons, to abandon himself ltldete. elog, his h' ICU a, the dete. d mmateness" (C., not Ingness h'. mlne, fo his fltlque of the Heg ' l~ UnIVesality and h' e Ian DIalectic) N IS, evetheless the 0 f '. young Max cannot stop thee and does follow Hegel fom Natue to Mind, beaking off, howyve, in vey shot ode. * Fom then on the Maxian dialectic is the ceative dialectic of the actual histoic movement and not only that of thought. The continuation theefoe esides in the thee volumes of CAPITAL, the Fist Intenational, the Civil Wa in Fance and the Citique of the Gotha Pogam, A ich enough heitage not to get mummified, but the objective wold has its own way of magnetizing so to speak a single point in thought. Only with the collapse of that wold does Lenin feel the compulsion to etun to the Hegelian oigins of Maxism bl.].t the Russian Revolution has a wold to emake and no time fo abstact discussion on the Absolute Idea. Lukacs limits Hegelianism to the single field of consciousness as oganization, o the paty as the poletaiat's "knowing." In any case the peiod between 923 and 953 is a peiod of standstill in theoy so that the movement fom pactice finds no theoy to match it even as the new stage in poduction finds only in the wokes battling automation any new points of depatue fo theoy as fo pactice. N ow those who stop with "knowing," whethe they ae neutal patisans of a technology sans class natue o thought embodiment, o Communist adheents to patinost (be it idealistically a la Lukacs o cynically a la Kada), fail to gasp that both in Hegel and in Max the qu~stion of cognition is not an abstact question but a concete, dialectical-empiical one of the how thought molds expeience o gives action its diection. If the Whole govens the Pats even when the whole is not yet fact, then suely, whethe Hegel knew it o not, the pun of the futue on the pesent also tugged at his "system" with such ovewhelming foce that he could not escape, ivoy towe o no ivoy towe, any moe than pesonal capitulation to the Pussian State could compel his philosophy to stop thee to genuflect instead of ising 0,lt of it and even out of eligion into the absolute o the new society he as peson could not envisage. Somewhee D.H. Lawence says of the elationship of atist to the wok of at: Atists ae the biggest lias and ae not to be taken at face value. But that at, if it is eally geat at, is tuth and will eveal both society and the vision of the atist he buies in his explanatoy lies. It is even tue of philosophes in geneal and Hegel in paticula. Subjectivity as objectivity absobed is not fo the philosophes, but fo the masses and it is they who ae witing the new page of histoy which is at the same time a new stage in cognition, Even as evey pevious geat step in philosophic cognition was made only when a new leap to feedom became possible, so pesently the new stuggles fo feedom the wold ove will cetainly shake the intellectuals out of the stupos so that :~ey too can ceate feely a new "categoy," While I may not be awaltmg beathlessly fo these ideologists, I am fo the " deve I' OpIng su b' Jec t" that

7 is the" negative. facto" Y the masses, can you?' ou can't eally mean that you ae "giving up" Yous, *C. Raya m uno~sly my lette on Philoso h. Y having been awae that M!/ho~ ~md bega.n with pa. 385, without ~~a=-.:::.~o:::,:k~e~n~his MSS off at pa f Dea RD: Decembe 22, 960 do not w~nt the ead the yea let go without th k' thee is ju: tseveal times, but am unable ;n d Iṇg you fo you lettes. f" 00 much to say. 0 ISCUSS them in witing- To me, the most im the need fo a f potant passages ae th.. and the not' e omulation of the elation b t ose m WhICh you stess agee with Ion of the new subject This'.e ween theoy and pactice, fist and se:oou; state;nent that the' soluti~~ ~~de~d the ~ey, and fully of mateialis: n~gatlon. Pehaps I would sa I~S. m the lmk between the " appaatus ' o m the technological Aufh ;. m the self-tanscendence. e ung of the eified technical But aga' " In, although I the Absolute Idea. am tying had I canno do not need 't' In ode to say what' t see why you need In ode t d you want to sa S d etemination 0 emonstate th. y. ue y you l:' is altogethe ti~~~ the Subject, etc. The ve c e MaxIan content of selfpoductivity at th 0 and justifies the sepaazo:n~ept of.the Absolute Idea also this pat f ~ pe-technological stage C 0 ~atenal and intellectual language? 0 egel-but why tanslat~ if etamly you can "tanslate" PI you can speak the oiginal ~ ease don't mind m too much ab b y all too bief and. hope thee Wi~~~ ed by these and othe pm~~equate eaction. I am still. e moe. o ems. But one day s :> With th oon e vey best wishes fo th e new yea, ".,~ Yous HM ' Dea HM: Januay 2, dealing with. ". why tanslate /ou question as to wh " wllh you when YOUf :aoyuthcan speak the o~g~nanleled the Absolute Idea at "Th anguage?" I'. e vey concept of th. disagee e Absolute Idea 2 ' l 7J f ( f" ~\ I ' ~ I is altogethe tied to and justifies the sepaation of mateial and intellectual poductivity at the pe-technological stage." It was not the petechnological stage that impelled Hegel to the Absolute Idea. Although he cetainly lived in a pe-technological ea, it was the fact that the Fench Revolution had not bought about the millennium-reason, Feedom, Self-Libeation-which impelled him towads the Absolute Idea. As we know fom his Fist System, he couldn't accept the fledgling poletaiat as that absolute negativity which would econstuct society, but he didn't just "give up" when he stopped shot with that wok. Insofa as he compomised with the Pussian State, he seemed to have accepted the State as the Absolute and the oppotunist in him, no doubt, did. Max, in fact, was tansfomed fom th~ petty bougeois intellectual into the Max we know by so pofound a citique of the Philosophy of Right that the mateialist conception of histoy was bon. But, in all fainess to Hegel the philosophe, he just.couldn't stop eithe at the State. o even Religion o its At (Foms) of the Spiit, but poceeded on to the A.I. Why? Why, when you conside that he had boken with all peceding philosophy and had no use whatsoeve fo the empty Absolute of Fichte,,,,\- Schelling, Jacobi?... If I must futhe justify myself, I would say that, fankly duing the 940's, when I fist became enamoed with the Absolute Idea, it was just out of loyalty to Max and Lenin; Regel was still hadly moe than gibbeish, although by now the music of his language got to me even if I couldn't ead the notes. But once the new technological peiod of Automation got to the mines and they stated asking questions about what kind of labo, the etun of the ealy Max meant also the late Hegel. As I said, I do not agee with you that the Absolute Idea.elat~s to a pe-technological stage. So long as classes still exist, the dla~ect~c will, and A.I. will foeve show new facets. What I do agee Wlt~ IS that once on the wold scale,';'e have eached the ultimate in technolog~cal development, then the esponse of the masses in the pe_techn.ologlcal unde-developed economies ae the spu to seeing the somethmg ne~ in the Absolute Idea. Be it backwad Ieland in 96, o backwad R~s~la in 97, o backwad Afica in 960, somehow that absolute, negativity of Hegel comes into play...,. I am cetainly all fo the pactice of the 9 Revolution. But even as Lenin had to live' also with what "happens afte," so m we who have lived with what "happens afte" fo nealy fou decades Iyl:~..' h bject and new not 00 fmd the self-developmg subject, t e new s~, 't (as against a county and egading a specific lay~ m the ::~ f~:: "stata" that ou "aistocats of labo" a~d fo ~ax s dee:~~ new that embaces the have continued the. evolu~0?a;y lmp~lse) o look only at the advanced whole wold. That IS why It IS lmposslbl e ~ al at the most backwad: economy; that is why it is necessay to 00 so 3

8 and that is why the wold must be ou county, i.e., the county of the self-developing subject. Back then to that final paagaph of the A.I., the insistence that we have not just eached a new tansition, that this detemination is "an absolute libeation, having no futhe immediate detemination which is not equally posited atd equally No~i?n. Consequently thee is not tansition in this feedom..., The tansition hee, theefoe, must athe be taken to mean that the Idea feely eleases itself in absolute self-secuity and self~epose. By eason of this feedom the fom of its deteminateness also is uttely fee-the extenality of space and time which is absolutely fo itself and without subjectivity." You see I am not afaid eithe of the "system" of Hegelian Philosophy, o of the idealism of the Absolute Idea. The A.!. is the method of cognition fo the epoch of the stuggle fo feedom, and philosophic cognition is not a system of philosophy, but the cognition of any object, ou "object" being labo. The unity of object and subject, theoy and pactice and the tanscendence of the fist negation will come to ealize itself in ou time. One mino wod on the question as to why Hegel continued aft~ he "ended" with Natue, which is the way he ended the smalle LOgl,c and which is the logical tansition if you tansfom his Science of Logw into a system as he did in the Encyclopedia and move fdm Logic to Natue to Spiit o Mind. Max, too, had thee volumes to his Capital and likewise was going to end the fist volume "logically," i.e., without enteing this sphee of Accumulation. When he decided, howeve, to extend the book to include the notion not as mee "summation" of all that peceded, but, to use a Hegelian phase 6nce again, "the pue Notion which foms a Notion of itself," he also induded an anticipation of what Volumes II and III would contain. Volume It, as we Know, is fa fom bei~g Natue; on the contay, it is that fantastic, pue, isolated "single ~()Clety" ("socialism in one county," if you please, only Max thought it wa~ state capitalism). It was so pue and so logical and so uneal that It completely disoganized poo Rosa when she contasted that phantasmagoia to the apacious impeialism living off all those unded~vel,oped counties it conqueed. 7 And, finally, he tells us also that he WIll mdeed come down fom those heights to face the whole concete mess of capitalism and ates of pofit and speculation and cheating, but we would only lose all knowledge of what society eally is if we evesed the method. And even though Volume III stopped befoe he had a chance t~ develqp the chapte on Classes, we know that it was not eally the c alii! bu~ the full and fee development of the individual that would signify lib ne~at()n o~ a negation that was not meely destuctive of the old,.. ut co.. tl$tuctlve of the new. I ntis h' sense, and m " this sense only Hegel's lut!!k:nlence about the Notion pefecti "'t If l'b.'. h {lhi!olm:lphv of S.. \, ng s se - eatlon In t e... pmt must be tanslated, stbod ight-side up. And Hegel 4 to descibe feedom,. that book as he goes on will cetainly help us a lot:~ " t a "have " but as an IS. no as, Yous, Raya Januay 2, 965 Dea R.D:. e ead you eview of I the meantime I hay as expected Thanks fo you lette. n. telligent one so famy book8 which is pobably the most m. it would be. f F buay unfotunately S,. 't the 2th 0 e, Thusday As to you pospectlve VIS 'I h cetainly eseve tune. ' h fday but s a not a Umveslty. 0 'ill be good seeing you. aftenoon o evemng. It w Best egads and au evoi, HM Januay 3, 978 fme Apil Dea HM, w whethe you'll have an~ f~= ;an Diego HoW ae you'? Do you kn~ calls fo my speaking o 22' My lectue tou this yea ld 'ke to talk with you h ght I wou f Rosa those two days, and t ou time on a study 0. d woking fo some. on the peno As you know, I have, b~m.9 I've been concen~at~~!ed he agitation Luxembug an~ today s boke with KauLsk~, ~elgh im eialism, not 90-4, which S when Rosa' k but the OPPOSltlO n to 'a/democacy's) not only on the geneal st~ ~ecifically the SD's [SOC. is and witing only "in geneal," but mos.s n duing the Moocc~ ;:l~n'all these, she failue to cayon a camp~g Accumulation of Cap~t i ding Lenin. At he geatest theoetical w:'intenational leades, l~:e times and the was way ahead of all ot anxious to get a feel o. S atakus. A few the same time, I was m~st w Rosa o pati~ip~ted If w~ most anxious peson, fom tho~e who. :~ee quite illuiunatlng. o f the lettes did. ecelv to get you eacho n... Yous, Raya 5

9 !teference NOT : This efes to D p b unayevskay' 95 ", N~w:';.~t:::" :;'~).SOPhic ~ome~t O~:'i;'~H~;::;'~s;~t;,%:,~~; ThIs efes to Macuse's 955). Eos and Civilization (Boston' B. eacon Pess 3 Re. J PInted with pem'. Dunayevskaya M. ~SSlon of Columbia Univesit P. Pess, 988). ' axlsm & Feedom (New Yok-! es~ fo~ Ra?a 4 olumbla Unveslty Autho of L d' State U n.lgnant Heat: A Black W;, nvesity Pess 989) okes Jounal (Detoit. W 5 A '.. ayne ni appaent efeence to R' Ya e U. lesman's ~'h L 6 nveslty Pess, 950). e onely CoWd (New Haven: See footnote one. 7 This efes to R Yok- M osa Luxembug's Th 8 Th. onthly ReView Pess, 968) e t7c~mulation of Capital (New e efeence is to D. ngmai Geman edition ) fm unayevskay,.. 9 W 0 acuse's One-Dimension:ls~evle; in The Activist (, Fall omen's Libeation Mo an ( oston: Beacon Pess, 964). Rosa Luxembu vement. Dunayevsk ' Revolution (Ne ~ Women ~ Libeation a d a~ S book was entitled w esey: HUmanities P n ax~ Philosophy of ess, 982). ~~~ m... 6 IN MEMORIAM: RAY A DUNA YEVSKAYA, 90 to 987 Douglas Kellne Univesity of Texas With the death on June 9, 987, of Raya Dunayevskaya, the tadition of Maxist-Humanism has lost one of its majo theoists and activistf'. Dunayevskaya's life and wok spans the entie histoy of evolut~onay socialism in the twentieth centuy. Few thinkes have eflected so deeply and witten so insightfully on the tajectoy of evolutionay histoy fom Max's day to ou own. And pehaps no othe wite a:p.d activist has contibuted so significantly to illuminating the tajectoy and dynamics of contempojiy evolutionay theoy and histoy. Fp my own geneation of New Left activi$ts, punayevskaya'~ book Maxism and FeedoJIl (958) seved as one of the ~ey intjl'odllctions to Maxian evo!utioi}.ay thepy. Dunayevskaya's empl).asis on the evolutionay humanism of the young Max and insistence on the continuity of the Hegelian-evolutionay philosophical '<)ots of Ma:x;ism thoughout Max's witings deeply influenced us, and povided what I still conside as one of thy best intoductions to M~xist thought and one of the most illuminating intefp,etl,ttions of the wok and contibutioils of Kal Max. Dunayevskaya's Philosophy and Revolution (973) theoized the peiod of the upsuge of Thid Wold Revolutionay stuggle~ that began with the Cuban Revolution and that was continuing in the Vietnamese and othe evolutionay stuggles of the time. He studies showed the linkage between l:j,ctl+al evolutionay stuggles and evolutionay philosophy, and thus also povided impotant theoetical and political guidanpe fo contempoay evolutionay theoy and pactice by undescoing the impotance of evolutionay the9y fo the evolutionay pocess.. Dunayevskaya's connection with two othe theoetical Jllentos of the New Left-Hebet Macuse and Eich Fomm-sheds light on the mpltifaceted natue of he wok, elationships, and influence. Dunayevskaya caied out a voluminous coespondence ove thee decades with both Macuse and Fomm. She peceived these Euopean exiles fom fascist Gemany as two of the only people in the United States who possessed a high level of knowledge of Hegel and Max, and thus peceived them as individuals with whom she could deve~op a poductive theoetical and political elationship. He extemely nch coespondence with Macuse and Fomm contain fas 7i,nating insig~ts into he own stuggles with the complex and difficult ta~ltlon of Hegel~an Maxism, and shed light on he effots to elate Hegehan and MaxIan philosophy to cuent theoetical and political poblems. While Dunayevskaya often engaged in shap polemical exchanges with 7

10 Macuse, he had the utmost espect fo he and fequently consulted with he on theoetical and political issues. In 957, Macuse wote a Peface fo the fist issue of bunayevskaya's Ma.xism and Feedom and when seveal yeas late he was witing on the studies that became One Dimensional Man he wote he on Aug. 8, 960, equesting infomation on contempoay Ameican liteatue on "the tansfomation of the laboing class unde the impact of ationalization, automation and, paticulaly, the highe standad of living." Dunayevskaya answeed Macuse on Aug. 5, 960, with a five-page single-spaced lette summaizing ecent wok by Maxist-Humanists on the poblem ~nd descibing in detail a wealth of othe liteatue on the topic fom a vanety of positions. Dunayevskaya also conducted a long a voluminous coespondence with Fomm who had much moe espect fo Dunayevskaya than Macuse (indeed his lettes to he ae full of citicisms of his one-time colleague in the Institute fo Social Reseach). Fomm invited both Dunayevskaya and Macuse to contibute to his symposium Socia.list Humanism which was published by Doubleday in 965; this collection contains a wealth of studies which exhibit the intenational ange of humanistic Maxism. Dunayevskaya's contibution "Max's Humanism Today" contains a chaacteistic attempt to make the tadition of Maxist-Humanism come alive fo the pesent political situation. On Nov. 30, 968, Fomm volunteeed to povide any potential help with publishes fo "I have geat espect fo you knowledge, you penetation, you honesty and you couage and I believe that you have something to say which should be known as much as possible." Dunayevskaya's coespondence with Fomm and Macuse has been conected and is available in the micofilm collection (Dunayevskaya, 986). I v.:0u~d u~e all of those inteested in contempoay Maxism to ask thelf hbanes to puchase this collection and look fowad to aticles and discussion of the coespondence. ' ~~ya Dunayevskaya combined temendous intellect, leaning, and pohttcal expeience in a life devoted to evolutionay theoy and activism. He c~ntibutions ae enomous and povide a living heitage of evolutionay Maxist-Humanism. While she will be missed he ideas and tadition will live on in the evolutionay stuggles of the pesent and futue as we move out of the Reagan ea into a new age of evolution. Refeences -. ) Detoit: Wayne Dunayevskaya, Raya- C llection (micofilm. The Raya Dunayevskaya 0 -d Uban Affais A h' es of Labo an k' State Umvesty c IV. T d New Yo. Fom 776 Until 0 a. 988 Maxism and Feedom... 0 'nial edition 958. Columbia Univesity Pess. g and fom Max He el to Sate d'f n 989 Philoso h and Revolution: :o~nivesity Pess. Oginial e 0 to Mao. New Yok: Colum la.:...; Fomm, Eich, edito-. New Yok: Doubleday. 965 ~ocialist HumantS!. Macuse, Hebet. Man' studies in the Ideol o 964 One_DimenslO. nal B t' n' Beacon pess. Industi.al Soclety. os 0. of Advanced 9

11 ... ',.' ,! I ( f I J. f., oc t "- \ ~ A PRELIMINARY EXPLORATION OF THE DUNAYEVSKAYA MARCUSE DIALOGUE, Kevin Andeson Nothen Illinois Univesity A eal teasue in dialectical philosophy which is in fact a living legacy to futue geneations-the lengthy dialogue which occued duing the yeas 954 to 979 between Raya Dunayevskaya and anothe geat and oiginal Maxist philosophe, Hebet Macuse-is contained in Vol. XII of the Raya Dunayevskaya Collection (986), the last volume of he papes which Dunayevskaya pesonally pepaed fo the Wayne State Univesity Labo Achives, in the yea just peceding he death in 987. These lettes, which total almost one hunded pages of single-spaced text (Dunayevskaya 986: ), combined with the two thinkes' public debate on each othes' wok duing the same peiod, may constitute one of the most seious and extended dialogues between two Maxist philosophes in the post-wold Wa II peiod. One cental theme in the coespondence is Dunayevskaya's ealy development of he dialectical concept, Hegel's Absolutes as New Beginnings. In 954, at the beginning of the coespondence, Macuse was a wellknown Maxist philosophe, autho in 932, the yea they appeaed in Geman, of the fist impotant discussion anywhee of Max's 844 Essays, an aticle which stands to this day as one of the most oiginal (Macuse 973). Douglas Kellne, Macuse's most seious intellectual biogaphe, demonstates in detail "how the (844) Manuscipts 'libeated' him fom Heidegge and tuned him close to Max" (984:77).2 Afte Macuse fled Nazi Gemany, he authoed Reason and Revolution (94) in.engl~sh, a study of Hegel's majo woks which linked Hegel's concept of dialectical Reason to Max's 844 Essays (Macuse 960). When thei coespondence began in 954, Dunayevskaya was known to Macuse mainly as Totsky's Russian Secetay and as autho of goundbeaking studies of Russia as a state capitalist society. Whee Macuse's Reason and Revolution moved fom philosophy to "social theoy" ~nd then to moden sociology. Dunayevskaya's theoetical wo~k was g?ing in the opposite diection: fom economic studies of RussI~n totalltaianism-which fom the beginning took up not only CapItal but also in peliminay fom the 844 Essays-towad a full vision of Hegel's Absolutes as the pathway to the dialectics of libeation fo o~ age. Thus~ by 953, she had penned he povocative "Lettes on Hegel s Absolutes (Dunayevskaya 989a). The Ealy Yeas, Fom the beginning of the coespondence Dunayevskaya had p( 2

12 LHe question of Hegel's Abs0 ', eached the age of b I utes, wnting to Macuse in 955' "W h life h a so utes that ae' ' eave. W en the question" ca not In heaven but concetely in IS the same that the odina n man be fee?] "that bothes philosophes also sends him he 953 I t~ woke asks," With that lette, Dunayevskaya Mees on Hegel's Absolutes, acuse esponds: "I have lent me, This is fascinatin a now ea~ the notes on Hegel which you ~ost abstact PhilosoPhic!; nd, I admie you way of concetizing the WIth the diect tanslation o~~~on~, Ho:veve, I still cannot get along you somehow minimize th ' eallst philosophy into politics' I think Hegelian dialectic to political e h negation' which the applicatio~ of the 4, 955), P enomena pesupposes" (HM to RD, Apil M DunayeVskaya does not let th' h acuse both on the Wokin I: go,?h~ :espo~ds, tying to convince S e~,",:oke Colleagues Such g c ~~-InVItIng him to Detoit to meet c el~ng: "Now that the scho as aies, Denby-and on Hegel and ~~~ WI,n ~ake that tip to Deto~! s:aso n IS dawing to a close pehaps d' I my, diect tanslation of id 'I' ~d thus see that it is not a question Ia ectical de I ea IStIc philoso h',, itself' ve opment of polet' "~ Y IDto POIItlCS, but the Th ~f Its specifically class ch ana,n POlItICS Itself as it stuggles to id at IS why I ' aacte In ItS move t to think tanslated' Absolute M' men to a classless society, the He ~hat I, thus minimize the 'n:nd,as,the ~ew society. You seem l-iegel's ~~an dialectic to political ph galion which the application of of the Ab Solute Idea has nothing i enomena pesupposes. But suely absobed ~ol~e as the synthesis 0; i~oem~o~ with ~cheling's conception y t e 'One' "(RD to HM M n y In whlch all diffeences ae Macuse esp d ' ay 5, 955), On Hegel d On s (June 22, 955)' ICy Concludes' "ob es not satisfy me "He', OU answe to my bief emaks, ut this' ' gives a few m b" You that I am IS not supposed to b oe 0 ~ectlons, and afte eadin Deally thinking about th e an agument-just to show l:hat despit/ Unayevskaya's daft of M,ese p:oblems," Six months late d aeas of dl" axism and D d ' ' ~t of M' sageement loy, ee om, he wntes 9.5()...57 axlst l.ili thought (HM to' RDouDIdeas ae a eal oasis in the F-, 'V! CUse () ec CCdom, includin :eads and cjtiqu~s t " 5). In the peiod In l:enationaj; (2) h g lcalltng fo expansion of th he ~aft,of Maxism and e ps he find a publish ' e dl~cusslon On the Second ~~"Q!fI'eenc... 0 e, (3) Wntes the Peface, '"""~."-!"~~,AI ealy at! July 9 fi~t lectue tou 58, once Maxism and R ' lit""'eal long l~~e the book is eompiete:c~om IS published and dea Ih. at Ma.. s to Maeuse on th A' unayevskaya is back "")j!v~;iil'~ii!ij' ~IiI,t d"i < 'X.un and P' e bsolute 0!~Iic,t!! f... cedom did s. ne of them Ist elucidated in 953' ~Oyt exhaust the Maxist. au 0 22 nee told me that what I wote in the fist lettes in 953 on the Absolute Idea and what appeaed in Maxism and Feedom wee miles apat and, in a sense, it is. No public wok, popula o unpopula, can contain the inticacies of thought as they develop in thei abstact fom befoe they become filled with moe concete content. And no doubt also pat eason of leaving it in its undeveloped state was finding none but 'dumb wokes' ageeing while the theoeticians wee shying away, But I do mean to follow up the book with futhe development,.," (RD to HM, July 5, 958). The coespondence now beaks off fo two yeas while Dunayevskaya goes to Euope, but in August, 960, Macuse eopens the dialogue aound what was to become in 964 his book One-Dimensional Man. Dunayevskaya answes in detail on the state of the sociology of labo in the U,S., giving a lengthy citical summay of cuent sociological woks (RD to HM, 8/6/60), Macuse also citiques Denby's Wokes Battle Automation as soon as it appeas in the August-Septembe, 960 special issue of News and Lettes (HM to RD, 8/24/60). - In Mach 960, Macuse had penned his essay "A Note on the Dialectic" as the Peface to a new edition of Reason and Revolution, In this 960 essay, Macuse epudiated the woking class as a evolutionay subject, tying to substitute fo it what he saw as a "Geat Refusal" of bougeois society in avant-gade cultue and poety (960:x). On the othe hand, in the oiginal 94 text of Reason and Revolution, Macuse had in the section on Max witten as follows, bimming with a view of the futue in the pesent even amid the hoos of Nazism and Stalinism: "The evolution equies the matuity of many foces, but the geatest among them is the SUbjective foce, namely the evolutionay class itself, The ealization of feedom equies the fee ationality of those who achieve it" (960:39), By 960 he beaks with the magnificent vision of dialectical Reason he had pesented in 94, going so fa as to evise it in his new.pef~ce: "I believe that it is the idea of Reason itself which is the undlalectlcal element in Hegel's philosophy" (960:xii), Yeas late, in he 969 essay "The Newness of Ou Philosophic-Histoical Contibution," Dunayevskaya (986:4407-6) singled out this passage epudiating dialectical Reason as a key one in Macuse's path towad one-dimensional thought, Thus, by 960, Macuse was not only abandoning the woking class, but also moving away fom Hegel's concept of dialectical Reason, While Douglas Kellne cetainly is awae of Macuse's abandonment of the woking class, he seems to miss this key alteation by Macuse, h 'that "Macuse's 960 of his concept of dialectical phllosop y agulll~ 'he peface 'A Note on the Dialectic,' shows how his own e~phasls on. t 'powe of negative thinking' and the 'geat efusal' is ooted m the HegelIan 23

13 Maxian concept of dialectics" (I.. Macuse in the 960's d h' 984.4). It IS Kellne's own affinityto humanist and Reg -amn I~ appaent non-affinity to Macuse's ealie h" elan axism-that m h.. t IS shift. A close study of th D ay ave a owed him to!luss Macuse's alteation of his ~ un~yevs~aya~macuse documents makes moving away fom Reg wn dialectic quite appaent. Macuse was d ' e at t h e vey time h D eepemng he joune t w en unayevskaya was as New Beginning, "fi~t ~:a~dd he ~970's, concept of "Hegel's Absolutes e out III Phlosophy and Revolution (93). Culmination and B k U ea - p of the Dialogue, Dunayevskaya continues t. Oct. 6, 960 she w't 0 wnte Macuse on Hegel's Absolutes On Ai ', es on the Absolute Id d h. ncan Revolutions d "ea an t e Hungaian and he skipped ove the'tnt a so on the limits of Lenin and Hegel, whee PhJlosophicaI Notebo:;s: paagaph of Regel's Science of Logic in his "But the mateialist in L.. histoic evelation that en~~ so ovewhelmed him at this point of stetched his hand t,yo~ "': ecall, he wanted to stop whee 'Hegel. a matenahsm' 2S he' d d'. Was so In the Smalle Lo ic en e WIth Natue. Since that paagaph to go in the S ' g, but ~ee was anothe vey impotant is pecisely on this f c~ence of LOgIC, the dividing point fo ou epoch thought and stuggl: ee, Ihndividual, total libeation who show both in, s, w at they ae aim' [J ' me U any case to ead d lug at and thus compelling Idea, Absolute Mind asa~aceead tha~ Absolute Knowledge, Absolute deepens." The lette ends W'~h d~velopmg stuggle on the Wold scene to Afica," whee Duna k I t e statement that she is "dying to go. yevs aya does actually go in 962 ShU failing to get a.. D senous espons f M on ee. 2, 960 Du k e om acuse on the Absolutes Phenomenology" Th ~ayevs aya completes he- "Notes on Hegel'~ Dunayevskaya's ;'TwoesW e OIncldlU~e citiques of Casto at the vey time when R. s columnh dh' USSla (Dunayevskaya 960) S. a It out at Casto's tun towad that she published them in M 0 Impotant to he wee these 960 Notes a SUbstantial new intoductio~ws and L.e~tes on May 8, 987, witing Phenomenoloay? Wh N and entitlmg the whole' "Wh H l' o. Yow?" S... y ege s an except of an ealy daft' of omeh~e In late 960, she sends Macuse (Dunayevskaya 986:487_26). matenal fo Philosophy and Revolution Macuse does wite to he lett once moe on He l' Ab citi e~s and to the daft mateial ge s. solutes, esponding both in ~~eh HlS lette states; "To me th,on ",:hlch he wites a handwitten th w IC you stess the need fo' ~ most nnpotant passages ae those th:o~y a:d f~a~tice, and the not~o~ ~:~~llation of t?e elation between the link b~t ully agee with you state e new Subject. This is indeed ween the fist and second ne me~t that the solution lies in gatlon. Pehaps I would say;. 24 m I - i ~ ( \ )0, f I _ -:Jzli... '" ~ '"'""'P.-' «'!". in the self-tanscendence of mateialism, o in the technological Aufhebung of the eified technical appaatus.". Macuse continues: "But again, although I am tying had, I cannot see why you need the Absolute Idea in ode to demonstate the Maxian content of self-deteminatio:p., of the Subject, etc. The vey concept of the Absolute Idea is altogethe tied to and justifies the sepaation of mateial and intellectual poductivity at the pe-technological stage. Cetainly you can 'tanslate' also this pat of Hegel-but why tanslate if you can speak tle oiginal language?" (HM to RD, Dec. 22, 960). This is eally the end of Macuse's gappling with the Maxist humanist concept of Hegel's Absolutes. Dunayevskaya answes him at geat length in a lette dated Jan, 2, 96, in the midst of he own notes on Hegel: "If I must futhe justify myself, I would say that, fankly duing the 940's, when I fist became enamoed with the Absolute Idea, it was just out of 0Yllity to Max and Lenin; Hegel was still hadly moe than gibbeish, although by how the music of his language got to me even if I couldn't ead the notes, But once the new technological peioq of Automation got to the mines and they stated asking questions about the kind of labo, the etun to the ealy Max also meant the late Hegel. As I said, I do not agee with you that the Absolute Idea elates to a PJe~technological stage. So long as classes still exist, the dialectic will, and Absolute Idea wiu foeve show new facets. What I do agee withi~. that once on the wold scale, we have eached the ultimate in technological development, then the esponses of the masses in the pe-technologic~l undedeveloped economies ae the spu to seeing something new in the Absolute Idea. Be it backwad Ieland in 96, o backwad Russia in 97, o backwad Afica in 960, somehow that absolute negat~vity of Hegel comes into play." Macuse does not answe he on this level. Instead he picks a fight ove how Dunayevskaya had called Isaac Deutsche a Stalinist. Macuse accuses he of being somehow in league with the capitalist system fo he shap attacks on Deutsche, Casto, etc. (HM to RD, Mach 6,96), Hee is whee the coespondence beaks off, as Dunayevskaya answes him vey shaply. In the June-july 96 News & Le~tes, Dunayevs~aya publishes he citique of Macuse's Soviet MaxIsm (958), entitled "Intellectuals in the Age of State Capitalism." Aftemath and Divegence, 96"79 Meanwhile, Dunayevskaya has () continued he notes on Hegel to include both Hegel's Lage and Smalle Logic, in Januay and Febuay 96 and (2) begun he seies of Political Lettes in esponse to the Bay of Pigs invasion by Kennedy. Thus the beak with Mac~se. was ove () Hegel's Absolutes, (2) Dun ayevs kay a's citique of de-stahmzed 25

14 ::stalinists, and (3) diffeing concepts of the woking class. Dunayevskaya continues he Hegel studies as she develops the book Philosophy and Revolution. The debates between the two thinkes now become moe public, as in Dunayevskaya's citique of Macuse's One Dimensional Man, an aticle she entitled "Reason and Revolution vesus Confomism and Technology," published in the Fall 964 issue of the student jounal, The Activist (Dunayevskaya 986:070-72). Macuse wites he: " have ead you eview of my book which is pobably the most intelligent one so fa-as I expected it would be" (HM to RD, Jan. 2, 965). Yeas late, as she began to wok out he book, Rosa. Luxembug, Women-:S Libeation and Max's Philosophy of Revolution (982), Dunayevskaya wote in 978 to the Scottish woke-evolutionay Hay McShane on the diffeences between he concept of dialectic and that of Macuse, even at the stage of the Reason and Revolution. In 978 she stessed that thei ealy affinity hid the fact that "much as leaned fom Macuse, we wee not only on diffeent planets 'politically,' but philosophically" (Dunayevskaya 986:6434). The dialogue continued intemittently until Macuse's death in 979, wh~n Dunayevskaya wote he moving tibute "Hebet Macuse, Maxist Phllosophe." Thee she wote: "The death of Hebet Macuse on July 29 maks a sad day on the histoic calenda of young evolutionaies as well as old Maxists" (979:0). Refeing to the publication of Reason and.revolution duing Wold Wa II, Dunayevskaya continued: "In that semmal wok, Macuse established the Humanism of Maxism and eestablished the evolutionay dialectic of Hegel-Max, fo the fist time fo the Ameican public. It is impossible to foget the indebtedness we felt. fo Macuse when that beath of fesh ai and vision of a tuly classless soclety was published-and we wee actively opposing that impeialist wa" (979:0-). This is what makes the Dunayevskaya-Macuse co:espondence a living dialogue on the dialectic fo seious evolutionay thmkes and activists the wold ove, not as histoy. but as a eaching towad the futue. Refeence Notes f Macuse's silence on,.. (982'80-8) 0 See also Dunayevskaya s cntlque.' f Max's 844 Essays. women's libeation in this 932 ana YSS 0 M as. ' book that he makes acus e It is a paticula. ment of Kellne s a ainst othe ecent teatment M axist thinke ts cental theme, as gh'l phy See also the ealy. "pue" P 0S0. d which stess eithe aesthetics o (968) centeing aoun a Maxist humanist analysis by Geeman d w'o'-king class as "onecitique of Macuse's concept of the mo en dimensio nal." 26 27

15 ( A COMMENT ON THE DUNAYEVSKAYA-MARCUSE DIALOGUE Douglas Kellne Univesity of Texas Kevin Andeson's Raya DunayevskayajHebet Macuse dialogue aticle was fascinating, and some comments follow: ) Andeson claims that Macuse abandons Hegel's notion of dialectical :eas?n but does not eally descibe what he abandons and what he eplaced It WIth. If he is coect, he has spotted a fundamental shift in Macuse's thought of which pevious citics wee unawae. Yet he does not eally document this alleged "shift" o eally flesh out it implications.. My.own view is that Macuse pesented diffeent views of Hegelian dialectics at diffeent stages yet always consideed himself a dialectician and. always saw Hegel as an impotant souce of evolutionay dialectics.!3aslcally, he stessed diffeent categoies at diffeent stages; cetainly, In the 960 Peface to Reason and Revolution he pesents dialectics in tems of Hegel's categoies though thee may be diffeent emphasis fom ealy pesentations. I think it is an exaggeation to say that Macuse abandons, o moves away fom, "Hegel's concept of dialectical Reason." It is tue, howeve, that Macuse explicitly ejects Hegel's notion of deteminate negation in a 966 lectue pesented at the Intenational Hegel confeence in Pague and claims that evolutionay foces ae now only to be found outside the system. He was shaply citicized fo this notion of extenal mediation and etuned in some 970's woks to a notion of intenal mediation: seeing evolutionay foces emege fom within the system of contempoay capitalism (see KeUne 984:29lff). 2) Macuse's maj o diffeence fom Dunayevskaya concening Hegel~an dialectics concened the concept of the Absolute in Hegel. Macuse, hke Ka~l Kosch and othes, geneally thought that this concept was a fom of Idealist mystification and tended to eject the tem. Dunayevskaya, of couse, thought othewise. To flesh out he diffeence fom Macuse and othes on this issue, one might say moe about why she thou~ht that the notion of Hegel's "absolutes" (why the plual?) wee poductive fo evolutionay thought. 3) Finally I think that Andeson's notion of Dunayevskaya's "bea,k with Macu~e" is somewhat exaggeated. Obviously, they had then diffeences and thei shap polemics in both lettes and published.texts no doubt ~aused some distance and tension which poduced occaslon~ beaks in the coespondence. But as thei late ex~ha.nges an Dunayevskaya's positive tibute to Macuse afte his death mdlcat~, ~~y always had the utmost espect fo each othe and wee awae 0 ~ elf pofound bonds in the undialectical and counteevolutionay atmosp ee of the USA.. I hope that these comments will help in claifying ~nd dev~l::~u:: inteesting study of the elationship between Dunayevs aya an. 29