U.S. HISTORY IMPORTANT FACTS SHEET

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1 U.S. HISTORY IMPORTANT FACTS SHEET Early English Colonies to the American Revolution 1. was the 1st successful English colonial settlement ( 1607) a. helped keep the settlement going at first with his you don t work, you don t eat policy & making friends with the Native Americans. b. helped the colony prosper by bringing to Jamestown. 2. : North American war between Great Britain and France from a. They were fighting over the control of North American territories, especially in Canada and the Ohio River valley/ Great Lakes region. b. Great Britain Won and gained all of the French land in North America except for and a few small places in Canada. c. This is significant because Britain starts to levy direct taxes on the colonies after the war and issued the. 3. (Proclamation Line): was issued by King George III to stop English settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains after Britain won the French & Indian War. It was issued because the king did not want to pay to protect the colonists from Native Americans or cause problems with their tribes. a. Note: This was not observed by most settlers but it did cause the colonists to question the laws of the King to tell us where we could settle. 4. : secret society of English colonists who sometimes used violence to protest against the British taxes and policies. a. Helped started by. 5. : was the confrontation between British soldiers and a crowd of Boston colonists in which five people were killed; March 5, : was an act of protest by Massachusetts s patriots against the Act in which the dumped tons of tea into Boston harbor. 7. :was a very important American patriot leader who pushed for independence from Britain. a. He helped form and was a member of the Sons of Liberty b. He helped organize the : (a way for Patriots throughout the colonies to help share information about resisting British laws) 8. :was a passionate patriot who became famous for his fiery speeches in favor of American independence. His most famous quote included the words, Give me liberty or give me death! American Revolution 9. :was adopted on July 4, 1776.

2 a. It is the document we sent to King George of England officially declaring the American colonies independence from Britain. 10. :were the 1 st fighting of the American Revolution. a. The fighting started in Lexington and continued in Concord as Colonial militia faced off against British forces. No one knows who shot the 1 st shot. b. April 1775, the first shots fired are also called the Shot Heard Round the World. Some historians put it at Lexington and some put it at Concord. c. At Lexington, Britain was trying to capture Patriot leaders and, who were rumored to be hiding out here. d. At Concord, Britain was trying to capture the Colonial stored there. 11. (1 st and 2 nd ) were the meetings that the colonies gathered in to discuss what to do about the British. a. 1 st Continental Congress was in 1774 and meet to decide what to do about the Intolerable Acts and how to make peace with the King. Note: some wanted peace but several leaders started pushing for war. b. 2 nd Continental Congress was in It met to decide what to do since the king refused to listen to the demands of the 1 st Continental Congress. They try a last attempt at peace with the Olive Branch Petition but they also prepare for war by creating the Continental Army with George Washington as the commander. 12. : was a 47 page pamphlet written by to convince colonists that it was time to become independent from Britain. The citizens not the monarchy should make the laws. 13. was the site of the first major battle of the American Revolution. It proved the Colonial forces could hold their own against British forces. 14. was the turning point of the American Revolution. After the Patriot win, & decided to officially help us against the British. 15. was the last major battle of the American Revolution. a. George Washington & the Continental Army were able to defeat the British with help from the French, basically ending the war. 16. was an inventor, statesman, diplomat, signer of the Declaration of Independence and delegate to Constitutional Convention. 17. wrote the Declaration of Independence; became the 3 rd President of the United States and purchased the Louisiana territory, doubling the size of the United States. 18. was the leader of the Continental Army who became the first President of the United States. Civil War 19. : was in reference to the Civil War when 11 Southern states formally withdrew from the Union from : the 11 Southern states who seceded from the Union in This group fought the North during the American Civil War. 21. (Civil War) was fought from

3 a. This war was fought between the Northern States (Union) and the Southern States (Confederacy or Confederate States). b. This war was also called the War Between the States. c. 2 Major causes were: i. ii. 22. (S. C.) was where the first shots of the Civil War were fired. 23. was the turning point in the Civil War for the North. Confederate troops were forced to retreat and never invaded the North again. 24. Siege of, MS- capture by the Union forces in 1863, effectively split the Confederacy in two and gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union. 25. is the small town in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to the Union General Ulysses S. Grant, thus ending the Civil War. 26. the North won and effectively gained control of the state of Tennessee and gained easy access to the northern part of the Mississippi River. 27. was the President of the Confederacy during the Civil War. 28. was the General of the Union Army and was responsible for winning the Civil War for the North. 29. was the Commander of the Confederate Army. 30. was the 16 th President of the United States who successfully put the Union back together only to be assassinated 5 days after the Civil War ended. Key Economic Terms: 31. is an economic theory that a country s strength is measured by the amount of gold it has, that a country should sell more than it buys and that the colonies exist for the benefit of the Mother Country. 32. is a tax on goods brought into a country. 33. is a high tax placed on goods from another country to help protect the industries and businesses in the home country. 34. : was the era in which a change from household industries to factory production using powered machinery took place. a. Started in Britain but came to America during the late 1700 s b. The industry was the 1st industry to use powered machines. c. First hydro- powered (water) factories in U.S. were in the Northeast d. Mid to late 1800 s steam powered machines overtook hydro- power 35. : is small- scale industry of making goods at home using their own equipment instead of with power- driven machines in factories. a. Also known as the domestic (home) industry. b. Mostly before the Industrial Revolution. 36. : is the transfer of money, goods, or services to a buyer with the understanding that payment will come at a later time. 37. : is money, goods, or services that are owed to a seller. 38. : a tax on specific mostly non- essential goods or luxury items such tobacco, alcohol, or gasoline.

4 39. : a good or service that is produced in a home country and then sent abroad (to another country) to be sold. 40. : good or service that is brought in from another country to be sold. 41. : any product that is made to be sold. 42. : any type of work that is done for payment. 43. : a tax paid on most goods and services. 44. : a direct tax on personal income. 45. : a tax on property, in which the owner is required to pay. 46. : system of trading goods and slaves that developed between the American colonies, the West Indies, the coast of West Africa, and Britain. 47. : the voyage that brought African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from West Africa. a. Note: This was the part of the Triangular Trade that brought slaves. b. In 1619, the first slaves were brought to North America by the Dutch. 48. : was the process which involved the exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Europeans and America after the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World. 49. : is a financial market where brokers buy and sell stocks and shares of a business. 50. : economic system in which the bartering of goods or services, not money, is used to provide basic needs through hunting, gathering, herding & farming a. is the term used to describe a crop grown to survive. b. is where just enough agricultural goods are produced to survive. NOTE- You SUBSIST to EXIST. 51. : economic system based on tradition or habit. 52. : an economic system in which the exchange of goods, services, and labor activities have a well defined monetary value. 53. : the activity of buying, selling, and trading on a large scale. Important Vocabulary: 54. : means to end slavery. a. : a person who wanted to end slavery in the U.S. 55. : is a strong sense of loyalty to a state or section of a country instead of to the whole country. 56. : was a campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol. 57. : is the idea of a state declaring a federal law illegal. 58. : are the original records of an event. They include eyewitness reports, records created at the time of an event, speeches, and letters by people involved in the event, photographs and artifacts.

5 59. : are the later writings and interpretations of historians and writers. Often secondary sources, like textbooks and articles, provide summaries of information found in primary sources. 60. : is the concern for the well- being of others. 61. : the shared beliefs, morals, customs, values & practices of a particular group of people or country. 62. : is the natural world that surrounds and influences human communities. 63. : is anything people can use that comes from nature that has economic value such as timber, minerals, fossil fuels, or water. 64. : person who leaves one country to settle permanently in another. 65. : a set of spiritual beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people. 66. : the belief in only one God. Ex. Christianity, Islam, & Judaism. 67. : the belief in many gods. Ex. Ancient Greece & Rome 68. : was the religious movement that swept through the American colonies and caused many people to turn to the Christian faith and question the rule of the British monarchy. 69. : was the religious movement that was started by Martin Luther in 1517 (in Europe) that questioned the teachings and practices of the Catholic Church. 70. : carved wooden poles that honored the ancestors of Native Americans, mostly in the Northwestern part of the United States. 71. : the right to vote. a. was the movement to allow women the right to vote. b. - (1920) amendment gave all women the right to vote. 72. : crop that is always in demand. Ex. Cotton in the South 73. : a person who is not a natural born citizen but follows the laws and eventually tests to become a citizen in that country. 74. : are hired foreign soldiers that are highly trained. 75. : was a major passage through the Cumberland Mountains (Appalachian Mountain chain) where Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee come together. a. was one of the 1 st to bring settlers into Tennessee (1767). 76. : was an individual who agreed to work for a certain number of years, usually 4-7 years, in exchange for the cost of transportation to America. 77. : was the policy or practice of separating people of different races, classes, or ethnic groups, as in schools, housing, and public or commercial facilities, especially as a form of discrimination.

6 78. : was the major overland route from Missouri to the Oregon Territory used by settlers moving west during the 1800 s. 79. : were the three primary agricultural crops of the Native Americans. List of the 3: 1) 2) 3) 80. : was a network of people and safe houses that helped escaped slaves from the South reach the free states in the North and Canada. a. was the most famous conductor on the Underground Railroad. 81. : was the belief in the U.S. during the 19 th - century that we were destined to expand across America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. 82. of the United States was ratified in a. This document sets out the laws & principles of the government of the U.S. 83. : This was the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in North America that effectively doubled the size of the United States. a. Pres. Thomas Jefferson purchased this from France in b. We paid $15 million or 3 cents an acre. c. It gave the U.S. most of the land between the River and the Mountains. 84. : was the period of time in the U.S., after the Civil War, in which the federal government attempted to rebuild the economy & political structures of the South. 85. : the idea that logic and reason could improve society. Also known as the Age of Reason. 86. : this was the area of land that was exposed during the last Ice Age in which a land bridge allowed the first American s (Paleo Indians) to come across from Asia (Russia) to North America (Alaska). Important People 87. : was the 7 th President. Was 1 of 3 Presidents from TN. a. He was the leader of the original Democratic Party. b. He was called President of the people or Common Man s President c. He was responsible for the, which forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River to Oklahoma. d. The over the states- rights debate happened during his presidency. e. His terms in office are often called the era of Jacksonian Democracy. 88. was the 11 th President. Was 1 of 3 Presidents from TN. a. He was known as the Expansionist President. b. He was President during the War.

7 c. He acquired the following during his Presidency: annexed Texas as a state in 1845, Oregon Territory in 1846, and the Mexican Cession in This fulfilled Manifest Destiny. 89. was 17 th President. Was 1 of 3 Presidents from TN. a. He was the 1 st President to have impeachment charges brought against him. b. He was President during the start of. 90. was an American politician and supporter of states rights. He served as vice- president to Andrew Jackson and was instrumental in the South Carolina Nullification Crisis. He spoke up for South before & during the Civil War. 91. was a powerful Kentucky Congressman and Senator who proposed the American System and the Compromise of was a leader of the Federalists, first Treasurer of the United States, creator of the Bank of the U.S., and killed in a duel by Aaron Burr. 93. is considered to be the Father of the Constitution. He was the 4 th President. He was also the President during the War of was a former slave who became the best- known black abolitionist in the country. 95. was the author of the Monroe Doctrine, which shut down the western hemisphere to European expansion or interference. He was the 5 th President. 96. was an escaped slave who became the most famous Conductor on the Underground Railroad and helped over 300 slaves to freedom. 97. organized the Seneca Falls Convention creating the Women s Rights Movement in the United States. Pushed for Women s suffrage. 98. was a Confederation of Native American tribes in the northeastern part of the United States. 99. was a Cherokee Indian, from Tennessee, who came up with the Cherokee alphabet : a member of the Protestant group who wanted to purify the Church of England and completely reject the teachings of the Catholic Church : member of Society of Friends (Christian denomination). They taught that each person could communicate directly to God and not have to rely on the teachings of religious leaders : He was the 2 nd President of the United States. a. His Presidency was known for the. i. XYZ Affair was the incident in which John Adams wanted to meet with the French over issues that were threatening to start a war. Instead, the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand secretly sent 3 French diplomats to demand bribes from the US to meet and even discuss a meeting : The 6 th President and was known for the Corrupt Bargain scandal. Important Civics (Government) Terms and Policies: 104. : an official document that gave a person the right to start a colony (Strict Construction): The view of the Constitution that you can only do exactly what the Constitution states you can do.

8 106. (Loose Construction): The view of the Constitution that you are able to do anything you want as long as the Constitution doesn t specifically forbid you from doing so : government in which voters choose representatives to govern them was the 1st representative legislature in America. a. It allowed colonists to chose their own representatives. b. It was the first attempt at self- government in the English colonies Three Branches of Government: a. The Branch makes the laws b. The Branch enforces the laws c. The Branch interprets the laws 110. is a system set up by the Constitution in which each branch of the federal government has the power to check, or control, the actions of the other branches : the sharing of power between the states & the national government is the practice of allowing each territory to decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery is an official change, correction or addition to a law or constitution are rights that cannot be given up, taken away or transferred. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, are some of those rights is a cruel and unjust government is a form of government that is run for and by the people, giving people the supreme power. Government by which people rule themselves means to approve by vote is the right of the Supreme Court to judge laws passed by Congress and determine whether they are constitutional or not were supporters of the Constitution who favored a strong national government : signed in 1215 by King John. It was the 1st document that limited the power of the king and later influenced our U.S. Constitution : (1689) protected the rights of English citizens and became the basis for the American Bill of Rights. a. It gave more power to Parliament, which later influenced our Congress b. Parliament is the British legislative branch (makes laws) of government 122. was a document declaring the American colonies independence from Britain. a. Main writer was had help from the Committee of Five. b. 2 nd Continental Congress adopted this on July 4 th, was the first American constitution. It was a very weak document that limited the power of the Confederation Congress by giving states the final authority over all decisions. States could refuse Congress. a. It created only 1 branch of government: Legislative Branch b. ( ) was used by many to say the Articles of Confederation needed to be revised and replaced by a new constitution : sets out the laws & principles of the government of the U. S.

9 125. : was the agreement signed in 1620 by the Pilgrims in Plymouth, to consult each other about laws for the colony & promise to work together to make it succeed. 1 st true attempt at self- government in America : is the first ten amendments to the Constitution and detailed the protection of individual liberties for American citizens : The compromise during the Constitutional Convention that created two houses in the Legislative Branch (Congress). a. (Upper House): each state would have equal representation i. Today each state has 2 representatives in the Senate for 100 total b. (Lower House): each state would have the number of representatives based on the states population i. Today there are 435 House of Representative members 128. : was George Washington s last statement before leaving office. It advised the United States to do the following: a. avoid permanent b. try to stay when dealing with other nations c. avoid too much d. warned against 129. : foreign policy statement by Pres. James Monroe stating that: a. U.S. would not interfere in European affairs b. we would recognize any existing colonies already here c. the western hemisphere was closed to colonization and/ or interference by European nations in the future d. any attempts at creating new colonies would be an act of war : ended the French & Indian War and effectively kicked the French out of N. America. Britain gained all French land but : ended the American Revolution and forced Britain to recognize the United States as an independent nation : was a policy of establishing the principles and procedures for the orderly expansion of new states into the Union. Especially in the Ohio River Valley to the Great Lakes, a.k.a the Northwest Territory : was a speech given by Pres. Abraham Lincoln to dedicate a cemetery for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. It is considered to be a profound statement of American ideals & renewed the Union cause to continue to fight the Civil War when many in the North wanted it to end : an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any new territories/ states north of the latitude : federal law that divided the rest of the unorganized Louisiana Territory into the Kansas territory and the Nebraska territory. It would also allow citizens in each territory to decide if they would be a free or slave state (this was called popular sovereignty) 136. : Henry Clay s proposed agreement that allowed to enter the Union as a free state & divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty.

10 137. : executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 and went into effect on January 1, a. This order set all slaves in the Confederate states free. The south ignored it. b. This did not stop slavery in the border states (slave states still in the Union) Amendments to the Constitution: 138. The : states that Congress shall make no law restricting freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition The : guarantees the right of states to organize militias, or armies, and the right of individuals to bear arms The : forbids the government to order private citizens to allow soldiers to live in their homes The : requires that warrants be issued if property is to be searched or seized (taken) by the government The : protects an accused person from having to testify against him or herself (self- incrimination); bans double jeopardy, and guarantees that no person will suffer the loss of life, liberty, or property without due process of law The : states that powers not given to the federal government belong to the states The : separated the Presidential & Vice- Presidential ballots The : abolished slavery throughout America The : guarantees citizenship and rights to all people born or naturalized in the United States The : guarantees the right to vote to all citizens regardless of race The : established women s suffrage (women s right to vote) Important Supreme Court Cases: 149. was the 1803 Court decision that gave the Supreme Court the right to determine whether a law violates the Constitution. It set up the principle of judicial review. a. : The ability of the Supreme Court to review a law or act by the Legislative or Executive Branches and decide if the act is valid or violates the Constitution. This is an implied power and not specifically listed in the constitution was the Supreme Court decision that said slaves were property and not citizens was the Supreme Court decision that said States can t interfere with any valid constitutional power under the Federal Government. Important Inventions/ Inventors 152. : He invented the cotton gin and helped introduce the process of interchangeable parts for manufacturing guns. a. is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds. This invention also helped increase the need for slaves. b. : parts that are identical. Easy to manufacture & fix.

11 153. he invented the 1 st successful steamboat in America he revolutionized transportation and trade in the United States. Important Tennessee Facts: 154. List the 3 Grand Divisions of Tennessee: List the 3 Presidents from the state of Tennessee (put the number for each) 1. (7 th ) 2. (11 th ) 3. (17 th )