EUROPE PRE WWII NOTES

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1 History 12 Week 1 Checklist Students will be given opportunities to: Explain the significance of nationalism and imperialism in the world of 1919 with reference to the changed map of Europe and the Middle East the Mandate system EUROPE PRE WWII NOTES Students will be able to: q define nationalism and imperialism q identify new nations on a map of Europe q identify mandates in the Middle East q relate nationalism to the establishment of successor states reallocation of territories (e.g., Polish Corridor, Alsace Lorraine, Germany s loss of territory) q describe changes in the nature of imperialism (e.g., the Mandate system) Evaluate the Paris Peace Conference in terms of contributions and positions of participants outcomes q identify the key participants (e.g., Lloyd George, Wilson, Clémenceau, Orlando) in the Paris Peace Conference and explain their positions q summarize the terms of the Paris peace treaties (e.g., Treaty of Versailles) with reference to the status of Germany and Austria (Anschluss) demilitarization war guilt and reparations League of Nations self-determination q formulate and defend a position on the outcomes of the Paris Peace Conference Introduction. This course deals with the events that shaped history; the drama of history. We will be looking at the events in the world that have caused friction (conflict) between nations. What causes conflict? Nationalism and Imperialism are two major issues behind the conflicts at the turn of this last century. Definition of Nationalism Definition of Imperialism

2 Conflict in Europe (from Twentieth Century History. soft cover p 2-4, 6-12) (from Twentieth Century History hard cover, p 2-4, 5-10) (from The World this Century, p 6-7) (from Global Forces of the Twentieth Century, p 9-12) In 1900 Paris hosted a World s Fair that celebrated industry, technology and thought. Mostly though, it celebrated imperialism and what imperialism was capable of doing. With the building of the Eiffel Tower, showing of the world s first projected films with both picture and sound, and many other amazing feats, France and other imperial powers, showed the world what was possible with an economy created by imperialist practices. As Europe moved from to, it needed others to provide for them in large quantities what they had previously provided for themselves. Europe needed colonies. With the accumulation of more colonies came increased ability to produce more manufactured goods of higher value to sell to more people, creating greater wealth. This cycle of Colonies and Industry made Europe rich. Imperialism made Europe rich. This is an example of someone (or a European country) creating conflict because it wants something (domination of and ability to exploit a less powerful, less developed region or country for its own personal gain) that someone else (that less powerful region or country) does not want (to be dominated or exploited). Imperialism also helped destroy Europe in World War I. Review the causes of World War I. Empires looking to better other empires (Germany late to the collecting colonies game there are very few left for her so she is forced to expand in Europe instead of elsewhere) This is another type of conflict in which two or more people (or European imperialist nations) want the same thing (to control a particular region to exploit its natural resources and populace). It is this conflict that almost destroys and at the very least severely weakens every imperial power in Europe. Trying to Avoid Conflict in America (from Twentieth Century History. soft cover p 12-14) (from Twentieth Century History hard cover, p 11-12) (from The World this Century, p 8) (from Global Forces of the Twentieth Century, p 24, 29-31) Then came the United States after World War I. Before World War I, even before the United States even became a country, its philosophy had always been one of. The first American president George Washington warned his country to stay out of permanent relations with Europe. The US had followed this policy for its entire history until it felt it could no longer do so in World War I.

3 Unlike the major players in Europe, the US did not need an imperial system because of its. It essentially had a colonial system within its own nation. This allowed the US to look down on the imperial powers in Europe and their actions (even though the US was built on the very same domination of less powerful people). The US saw itself as a nation that would not conquer other countries but stand up for those countries instead. The philosophy of the US was to act as a nation, protecting itself against empires (see the Monroe Doctrine and spheres of influence ). This is the influence that Woodrow Wilson, president of the US, brought to the table after World War I. According to Wilson, empires needed to be dismantled and nations needed to help each other to be successful. Instead of one country being successful at the expense of another, the new philosophy was that one country s success was good for all other countries. This shift in philosophy could also be described as Balance of Power vs Collective Security. Definition of Balance of Power Definition of Collective Security This new Nationalism changes Europe from (one set of alliances against another set of alliances) to (many nations needing to work together or left to fend for themselves). Which system is better? Wilson s other strong belief was the belief that nations had the right to determine their own destiny. Definition of Self Determination It is Self Determination that makes collective security a possibility. It changes the map of Europe from a series of large empires and alliances to a collection of many more smaller and often weaker independent nations. Comparison of Europe before WWI and after WWI.

4 Paris Treaty of Versailles (from Twentieth Century History. soft cover p ) (from Twentieth Century History hard cover, p ) (from The World this Century, p 27-28) (from Global Forces of the Twentieth Century, p 22, 25) Woodrow Wilson, whose campaign for the presidency was won based on the promise of not getting involved in the European war, eventually gets the US into the war and is the deciding factor in who wins the war. After World War I the US is one of the few countries that is as strong as it was before the war. In fact, the war has increased the US economy and now the rest of the world depends upon the US to help it financially. Wilson is able to, for the most part, set the terms for an end to the war. He arrives in Paris to a hero s welcome, but will not leave in the same fashion. Purpose - To create an agreement so that Europe and the world could move on from World War I without repeating the same vicious cycle of war. What was the mindset of the victors entering the treaty process? What was the mindset of the vanquished (Germany) entering the treaty process? The Big Three determined the terms of armistice with Germany USA Woodrow Wilson ( ) Great Britain David Lloyd George ( ) France Georges Clemenceau ( ) (With Italy and Japan officially included but essentially ignored) Attitudes Germany France Great Britain USA - Wilson s 14 points (from Twentieth Century History. soft cover p 40, 58-60) (from Twentieth Century History hard cover, p 36, 44-46) (from The World this Century, p28-36) (from Global Forces of the Twentieth Century, p 23, 31-32) Purpose 1 to change how nations dealt with each other 2 to remove power from Germany 3 allow for the process of self determination (except in the case of mandates see Results) 4 Form a League of Nations (that would act according to collective security) to remove possibility of another great war

5 Attitudes Clemenceau God gave us His Ten Commandments, and we broke them. Wilson gave us his Fourteen Points we shall see. Other Treaties Purpose - The Big Three go home after the Paris Conference, leaving other nations to hammer out the details of the other treaties. - peace settlement with Austria (losing 73% of her territory and 75% of population) - peace settlement with Hungary - peace settlement with Bulgaria - dealing with the lands of the Middle East (mandates). Results Ultimately the League of Nations was a failure. Some examples that show it was a failure can be seen below: The United States opting out of the League. The fact that the creator of the League could not get his own country to join it said a lot about the problems the League faced in getting countries to all work together. Self interest did not always encourage countries to work with other countries for collective security (see The Successor States on pages of Global Forces text). Manchuria we will cover this in greater detail in our Japan/China unit. Ethiopia we will cover this in greater detail in our Italy/Spain unit. Ultimately the Treaty of Versailles and its terms were a failure also. Some would go even further and say that the of World War II were planted in the terms of the Treaty of Versailles or even that the terms of the treaty made World War II. The creation of Poland and the Polish Corridor is a good example of this. We will look into this in greater detail in our Germany and World War II units. The philosophy of imperialism was beginning to fall apart. Imperialist countries financially weakened by war were finding it more difficult to maintain their empires. Wilson s mandate system was imperialism s last gasp (see Map History of the Modern World soft cover p 32 & 33). Wilson s self-determination was a direct blow to imperialism. The United States, after almost 150 years of isolationism, had awakened to play a major role on the world s stage. This was to be the beginning of the US as a dominant and involved power in the world.

6 Questions Week 1: Global Forces p 26 # 1-14 Global Forces p 47 #1-9 and Map Exercise Evidence Question (Ex 5A and 5B) Poetry Analysis (Ex 7) Week 1 Test Tutorial the following week: Student Workbook Read p 3-22 Examine maps on pages 7 and 50 Practice questions p 43 and 44 Choose any 3 of 1-8 for admittance to tutorial Receive Summary review sheets (ex 12)

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