Governing for the Environment

Transcription

1 Governing for the Environment

2 Global Issues Series General Editor: Jim Whitman This exciting new series encompasses three principal themes: the interaction of human and natural systems; cooperation and conflict; and the enactment of values. The series as a whole places an emphasis on the examination of complex systems and causal relations in political decision-making; problems of knowledge; authority, control and accountability in issues of scale; and the reconciliation of conflicting values and competing claims. Throughout the series the concentration is on an integration of existing disciplines towards the clarification of political possibility as well as impending crises. Titles include: Brendan Gleeson and Nicholas Low (editors) GOVERNING FOR THE ENVIRONMENT Global Problems, Ethics and Democracy W. Andy Knight A CHANGING UNITED NATIONS Multilateral Evolution and the Quest for Global Governance W. Andy Knight ADAPTING THE UNITED NATIONS TO A POSTMODERN ERA Lessons Learned Graham S. Pearson THE UNSCOM SAGA Chemical and Biological Weapons Non-Proliferation Andrew T. Price-Smith (editor) PLAGUES AND POLITICS Infectious Disease and International Policy Michael Pugh (editor) REGENERATION OF WAR-TORN SOCIETIES Global Issues Series Series Standing Order ISBN (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 Governing for the Environment Global Problems, Ethics and Democracy Edited by Brendan Gleeson Deputy Director Urban Frontiers Program University of Western Sydney Australia and Nicholas Low Associate Professor in Environmental Planning University of Melbourne Australia

4 Editorial matter, selection and Chapter 1 Brendan Gleeson and Nicholas Low 2001 Chapters 2 15 Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2001 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN DOI / ISBN (ebook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Governing for the environment : global problems, ethics, and democracy / edited by Brendan Gleeson and Nicholas Low. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Environmental ethics. 2. Environmental justice. I. Gleeson, Brendan, 1964 II. Low, Nicholas. GE42.G '.1 dc

5 For our children Julian, Ciannait, Vinca, Jennifer

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7 Contents List of Figures Notes on the Contributors List of Abbreviations ix x xiii 1 The Challenge of Ethical Environmental Governance Nicholas Low and Brendan Gleeson 1 Part I Environmental Issues, Ethical Dilemmas 27 2 Towards Sustainability Joachim Spangenberg 29 3 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Beyond Monitoring? Elizabeth Edmondson 44 4 The International Politics of Declining Forests Minna Jokela 61 5 Maximizing Justice for Environmental Refugees: a Transnational Institution on Behalf of the Deterritorialized Adrianna Semmens 72 6 Environmental Accountability and Transnational Corporations David Humphreys 88 Part II Towards a Global Ethics Towards An Environmentalist Grand Narrative Arran Gare Human Rights and the Environment: Redefining Fundamental Principles? Klaus Bosselmann 118 vii

8 viii Contents 9 Planetary Citizenship: the Definition and Defence of an Ideal Janna Thompson An Ecological Ethics for the Present: 10 Three Approaches to the Central Question James Tully Environmental Ethics and the Obsolescence of Existing Political Institutions Peter Laslett 165 Part III Humane Government for the Environment Environmental Justice and Global Democracy Wouter Achterberg The Politics of Cosmopolitical Democracy Daniele Archibugi An International Court of the Environment Amedeo Postiglione Humane Governance and the Environment: Overcoming Neo-Liberalism Richard Falk 221 Bibliography 237 Index 251

9 List of Figures 2.1 Sustainability is a matter of justice Characteristics of paid labour From Economy to REconomy and DEconomy material flows in a sustainable society Taking account of interlinkages is crucial for sustainability policies Organizational structure of the IPCC Working Group research areas 48 ix

10 Notes on the Contributors Wouter Achterberg is Senior Lecturer in Ethics, Political and Environmental Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam. He also holds the Chair of Humanistic Philosophy at Wageningen University (the Netherlands). Daniele Archibugi is a Director at the Italian National Research Council in Rome. He has worked at the Universities of Sussex, Roskilde, Naples, Cambridge and Rome and he is a consultant of various international organizations including the European Union and the United Nations. Among his recent books, he has co-edited Cosmopolitan Democracy. An Agenda for a New World Order and Re-imagining Political Community. Studies in Cosmopolitan Democracy. Klaus Bosselmann is Associate Professor of Law and Director of the New Zealand Centre for Environmental Law at the University of Auckland. Previously, he was a judge, legal practitioner and law professor in Berlin and founding director of the Institute for Environmental Law in Bremen. His recent books include Im Namen der Natur (1995), When Two Worlds Collide: Ecology and Society (1995), Ökologische Grundrechte (1998) and Environmental Justice and Market Mechanisms (co-edited with Benjamin Richardson, 1999). Elizabeth Edmondson lectures in Politics at Monash University, Australia. Her research interests lie within international relations, including the emergence of international environmental regimes, the transformation of states, and international governance mechanisms. Richard Falk is Albert G. Milbank Professor of International Law and Practice at Princeton University, USA, where he has been a member of the faculty since He is the author of several books, including Law in an Emerging Global Village: a Post-Westphalian Perspective (1998) and Predatory Globalization: a Critique (1999). He has been associated with the World Order Models Project since its founding in Arran Gare is a Senior Lecturer in Philosophy and Cultural Inquiry at Swinburne University, Australia, and Director of the Joseph Needham x

11 Notes on the Contributors xi Centre for Complex Processes Research. With Robert Young, he coedited Environmental Philosophy, published in 1983, and since then has published four books on environmental themes, including Postmodernism and the Environmental Crisis, published in 1995, and Nihilism Inc.: Environmental Destruction and the Metaphysics of Sustainability, published in His main research interests are environmental philosophy, philosophy of culture and the metaphysical foundations of the sciences. Brendan Gleeson is Senior Research Fellow in the Urban Frontiers Program, University of Western Sydney, Australia. He is co-author (with Nicholas Low) of Justice, Society and Nature: an Exploration of Political Ecology and Australian Urban Planning: New Challenges, New Agendas. David Humphreys is Lecturer in Environmental Policy at the Open University, UK. He is the author of Forest Politics: The Evolution of International Cooperation (London, Earthscan, 1996) and of several journal articles and book chapters on environmental politics. Minna Jokela is Assistant Professor of International Relations at the University of Turku, Finland. She is completing her PhD on the forest politics of the European Union in a global context, employing constructivist approaches to the study of European integration and global politics. Peter Laslett is a Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge, and was reader in the politics and history of social structures at Cambridge University from 1966 to In the 1960s, with others, he developed plans for Britain s Open University, and in the 1970s the University of The Third Age. He has edited five volumes of Philosophy, Politics and Society: A Collection (with W. G. Runciman, Quentin Skinner and James Fishkin), and the Two Treatises of Government by John Locke, and he has written a number of books on the history of family life. His recent works include A Fresh Map of Life (second edition 1996 with James Fishkin), Justice Between Age Groups and Generations (with James Fishkin) and Ageing In The Past (with David Kertzer). Nicholas Low is Associate Professor in environmental planning at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He has published widely in the fields of urban planning and ecological politics. His recent book,

12 xii Notes on the Contributors with Brendan Gleeson, Justice, Society and Nature (1998) won the 1998 Harold and Margaret Sprout Award of the International Studies Association of the USA for the best book on ecological politics. Nicholas Low convened the conference on environmental justice of the University of Melbourne in He has edited two volumes: Global Ethics and Environment (2000), and Consuming Cities (2000). Amedeo Postiglione is a Judge of the Italian Supreme Court; Director of the International Court of the Environment Foundation (ICEF); coordinator of the Supreme Court s working group Ecology and Territory, and Professor of Environmental Law at the Sapienza University of Rome and at the University of Urbino, and Director of the International School of the Environment. Adrianna Semmens has a background in social and environmental grassroots activism that has focused on community development in diverse, diasporic communities. She has followed this up with doctoral work at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. Semmens s research interests include feminist engagements with international environmental politics. Joachim Spangenberg is by education a biologist and environmental scientist. He has focused on generating and transforming sustainability research results into valid input for the political decision-making process. This includes scenario development and modelling, deriving sets of sustainability indicators and policy impact analysis. Recent research has centred on institutional sustainability indicators, environmental household consumption indicators and future scenarios and models for Germany and Europe with a special focus on labour effects of sustainability strategies. Janna Thompson is a Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. She is the author of Justice and World Order (1992) and Knowledge and Discourse: Defence of a Collectivist Ethics (1998). James Tully is Professor and Chair of Political Science at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. He has published and lectured widely on contemporary political philosophy and its history. A recent work is Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity.

13 List of Abbreviations BCSD CDU CFCs DDC FAO FCCC FDP GATT GAW GEF GEMS GCOS GOOS GRD GTOS HDP ICC ICEF IGBP IMF IFF IPCC IPF IUCN MAI NAFTA NATO NGO OECD TNCs TRIPs UNCED Business Charter for Sustainable Development Christlich-Demokratische Union (Christian Democratic Union) Chlorofluorocarbons Data Distribution Centre (of IPCC) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Framework Convention on Climate Change Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party) General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs Global Atmospheric Watch Global Environment Facility Global Environmental Monitoring System Global Climate Observing System Global Ocean Observing System Global Resource Dividend Global Terrestrial Observing System Human Dimensions Programme International Chamber of Commerce International Court of the Environment Foundation International Geosphere Biosphere Programme International Monetary Fund Intergovernmental Forum on Forests Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Forests International Union for Conservation of Nature Multilateral Agreement on Investment North American Free Trade Agreement North Atlantic Treaty Organization Non-governmental Organization Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Transnational Corporations Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights United Nations Conference on Environment and Development xiii

14 xiv List of Abbreviations UNCTC UNDP UNECE UNEP WCED WCRP WMO WTO WWF WWW United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations United Nations Development Program United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations Environment Program World Commission on Environment and Development World Climate Research Programme World Meteorological Organization World Trade Organization World Wide Fund for Nature World Weather Watch