The Revolutionary War ( )

Transcription

1 Name: The Revolutionary War Class: ( ) The Revolutionary War ( ) GUIDING QUESTIONS: I. THE WAR EFFORT: How Did the Second Continental Congress Run the War? II. CHANGE IN WAR GOAL: From Salutary Neglect to Independence III. THE THREE PHASES OF THE WAR: PHASE #1: New England British Try to Occupy Boston; Americans Evict Them PHASE #2: Middle Colonies British Try to Isolate Boston from Other Colonies PHASE #3: Southern Colonies British Give Up On Boston and Try to Salvage What They Can IV. LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS: Why Were Washington, Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin So Important to the Revolution s Success? 1

2 I. THE WAR EFFORT: How Did the Second Continental Congress Run the War? Objective: I will be able to identify the Second Continental Congress, Continental Army, General George Washington, and war bonds, and explain how the Second Continental Congress tried to defeat the British army. Battles of Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts Bay Second Continental Congress: Representatives from 13 colonies meet in Philadelphia to figure out what to do about Massachusetts Bay, which is at war with British army. They decided to work together and join Massachusetts Bay s rebellion. The objective of this rebellion is simply to force Great Britain restore salutary neglect to the colonies. The Second Continental Congress will run the war for the colonies. 1. Creates Continental Army! SCC unites militias of 13 colonies into one Continental Army and commissions General George Washington to take it to Massachusetts Bay and drive the British into the sea! 2. Raises Money SCC raise money by selling war bonds to wealthy colonists looking to invest their money. For example, wealthy colonists buy a war bond for $1, and the SCC promises to pay the holder of the bond $10 dollars when the war is over. 3. Allies with France, et al. SCC send diplomats, like Benjamin Franklin, to convince France to ally with the United States against Britain. It also tried for alliances with Spain, Russia, Holland, and the Algonquin. 2

3 1. Which meeting did the representatives from all of the colonies have after the Battle of Lexington and Concord? 2. Where was it held? 3. Why did they meet? 4. How did the other colonies represented at this congress decide to help Massachusetts Bay? 5. What would the objective of this unified colonial rebellion? 6. How did the Second Continental Congress create an army? 7. What was the United States new army to be called? 8. Whom did the Second Continental Congress commission to lead the army? 9. What did the Second Continental Congress issue in order to raise money for the war? 10. Who would probably buy these war bonds? 11. Explain why a wealthy colonist would buy a war bond. 12. With which nations did the Second Continental Congress try to form alliances? 13. Whom did the Second Continental Congress send to convince France to help it fight against Great Britain? 14. SUMMARY: Which group of people pretty much ran the war for the Americans? 3

4 II. CHANGE IN WAR GOAL: From Salutary Neglect to Independence A. Convincing the Colonists to Seek Independence Objective: I will be able to identify Thomas Paine s Common Sense, and explain its role in convincing the Second Continental Congress to change the objective of the war to fighting for independence. Background: After the Continental Army eventually forced the British out of Boston, the Second Continental Congress discussed whether or not to change the goal of the war. Instead of fighting to force Britain to restore salutary neglect, the new goal would be to fight for complete independence from Britain. Complete independence would mean that the thirteen colonies would become independent, sovereign states [countries], over which Britain would have no power, whatsoever. At first, many of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress were very reluctant to declare independence; they considered themselves Englishmen and could not imagine themselves giving up being a subject of the one of the freest nations in Europe. Others, however, did advocate [argue for] independence. One such advocate [person who argues for something] was a recent English immigrant, Thomas Paine. Paine wrote a famous pamphlet, Common Sense, which argued that it was impractical and unnatural for the Britain to continue ruling over the American colonies. Directions: Read the excerpt from Thomas Paine s Common Sense and answer the questions below. "As to government matters, it is not in the power of Britain to do this continent justice: The business of it will soon be too weighty, and intricate, to be managed with any tolerable degree of convenience, by a power, so distant from us, and so ignorant of us; for if they cannot conquer us, they cannot govern us. To be always running three of four thousand miles with a tale or a petition, waiting four or five months for an answer, which when obtained requires five or six more to explain it in, will in a few years be looked upon as folly and childishness There was a time when it was proper, and there is a proper time for it to cease. Small islands not capable of protection themselves, are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their care; but there is something very absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island, In no instance hath nature made the satellite larger than its primary planet, and as England and America, with respect to each other, reverses the common order of nature, it is evident they belong to different systems: England to Europe, America to itself" 1. According to the first paragraph, why did Paine feel that it was impractical for Britain to rule over the American colonies? 2. According to the second paragraph, why did Paine feel that it was unnatural for Britain to rule over the American colonies? Important Read this quote! Many colonists were scared to declare independence because of what they thought the King might do to them if they were caught. In 1802, twenty-six years later, George III approved this death sentence for several rebels in Ireland. you are to be hanged by the neck, but not until you are dead; for while you are still living your bodies are to be taken down, your bowels torn out and burned before your faces, your heads then cut off, and your heads and quarters to be then at the King s disposal; and may the Almighty God have mercy on your souls. See why they might be scared? 4

5 B. The Declaration of Independence Objective: I will be able to: identify Declaration of Independence, state, the Articles of Confederation, confederation, United States of America; Explain how the Declaration of Independence changed the war goal and the political status of the colonies; Explain how the Articles of Confederation united the states into a confederation called the United States of America. On July 4 th, 1776, the Second Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence, a document that officially declared the thirteen colonies to now be thirteen, independent, sovereign states [countries,] completely politically separate from the British Empire. The new goal of the war would now be to fight Great Britain until she was forced to recognize her former colonies as newly, independent states. Because these independent states had a common historical connection, as well as a common enemy (Great Britain,) they agreed to unite into one confederation, a loose union of independent states that would remain independent countries, but who would work together in various ways, including: Fighting wars together, Passing laws for the good of the confederation s member states, and Administering any new territory they might win from Great Britain. To create this new confederation, they wrote a constitution for it called the Articles of Confederation, and they named this confederation the United States of America. 1. The Second Continental Congress signed the Declaration of Independence. What did this document do? 2. What is a state? 3. Under which type of union did the new thirteen states unite? 4. So, were the thirteen colonies become one nation, or thirteen nations united under a confederation? 5. Which document established this confederation? 6. What was the name of this new confederation? 5

6 III. THE THREE PHASES OF THE WAR: Phase #1: New England British Try to Occupy Boston; Americans Evict Them Objective: I will be able to: Identify Battle of Bunker Hill, Fort Ticonderoga, Dorchester Heights; Explain why the Americans fortified Bunker Hill and Dorchester Heights; Explain the role of the capture of Fort Ticonderoga; Explain how this series of events enabled the Americans to Evict the British from Boston. A. The Battle of Bunker Hill The Massachusetts militias had trapped the British on the peninsula of Boston, and they hoped to find a way to make them leave. But nothing happened for over a month. Neither side felt that it could attack the other effectively because the only way in or out of Boston was the neck of the peninsula, which both sides had heavily fortified. Any attack from either side would most likely fail. So, both armies just remained in their positions waiting for an idea of what to do. Before General Washington arrived in Boston, the Massachusetts militias developed a plan that might work. Across the Charles River was the Charlestown peninsula, on which stood two hills Bunker and Breed s Hills. If they could secure those hills with a fort, they could bombard the city of Boston with cannon fire and force the British to leave. So, in the middle of the night of June 16 th, 1775, a thousand militia men secretly marched over to and built upon Bunker and Breed s Hill a series of fortifications and trenches. American Militias Bunker & Breed s Hills American Militias American Militias Boston Occupied by British Army 1. Circle Bunker and Breed s Hills on the map above and color in the peninsula of Boston. 2. Why did the Massachusetts militias fortify Bunker and Breed s Hills overlooking Boston? 6

7 When the British awoke the next morning, they felt so uneasy about these fortifications, because if the Americans were to ever install cannon at this fort, they would be able to bombard Boston with cannon fire, forcing the British to leave. So that morning, they immediately ordered an assault upon Breed s Hill. The Massachusetts militia had several advantages in their defense, including that they could fight from behind the fortifications and they had the higher ground. But, they did not have any cannon and very little gunpowder. So, in the end the British were able to take the fort. Even though this was technically a British victory, however, the Americans did claim a partial victory in that they had killed or wounded half of the British soldiers in the battle. As the unprotected British marched up the hill to attack the fort, the Americans held their fire until they were close enough to get an accurate shot. American officer William Prescott ordered, Don t fire until you see the whites of their eyes! The first two assaults up the hill ended in a slaughter of British soldiers and a retreat. It was only upon the third assault that the Americans ran out of gun powder and had to abandon the fort to the British. Oddly, even though the battle was fought on Breed s Hill, the battle was misnamed the Battle of Bunker Hill. 3. Why did the British in Boston fear the American fort on Breed s Hill? 4. How many times did the British charge up Breed s Hill in an effort to drive the rebels off of it? 5. Why did American officer William Prescott order, Don t fire until you see the whites of their eyes!? 6. Why were the British finally able to take the hill on the third charge? 7. If the Battle of Bunker Hill was technically a defeat for the militias, why did they still think of it as a victory? 7

8 B. Dorchester Heights and the Evacuation of the British From Boston Shortly after the Battle of Bunker Hill, General George Washington and militia men from other colonies arrived, forming the beginning of the new Continental Army. Again, nothing much happened for many months. Though Washington and his staff devised several plans for invading the city (including waiting for winter to come and freeze Boston Harbor, allowing the Americans to attack over the ice) they all seemed too risky, because the British had fortified the city too well. The only perfect plan would be to fortify another hill on the Dorchester Peninsula, called Dorchester Heights. With some canon and gunpowder recently stolen from a British fort in northern New York colony, called Fort Ticonderoga, Washington could fortify Dorchester Heights, bombard Boston, and not worry about a repeat of the Battle of Bunker Hill. Again, in the middle of the night, Washington secretly fortified Dorchester Heights. American Militias Bunker & Breed s Hills Occupied by British American Militias American Militias Boston Occupied by British Army Dorchester Heights 1. Why did General Washington NOT force the British out of Boston by simply invading Boston? 2. On the map above, circle the hills of Dorchester Heights. 8

9 3. Which plan did Washington decided to use to force the British out of Boston? 4. Washington felt that the British would not be able to force them off of Dorchester Heights in the same way they forced the militias off of Bunker and Breed s Hills. What resource did Washington have in his fort on Dorchester Heights that the militias did not have on Bunker and Breed s Hills? 5. From where did these resources come? When the British awoke the next morning and not only saw the new fort, but also saw that it was fully armed with canon, they realized that they had to leave Boston. The British cut a deal with Washington, promising to leave peacefully, without burning down Boston, if Washington promised not to attack. Washington agreed, the British forces sailed away from Boston, and Boston was now free. 6. How did the British react to the fortification of Dorchester Heights? 9

10 Phase #2: Middle Colonies How Did Washington Keep The Continental Army Alive? Objective: I will be able to: Identify the Hessians, Battle of Brooklyn, and the Battle of Trenton; Explain why Washington s Army was in so much trouble in December of 1776; Explain how the Battle of Trenton saved the Army and, hence, the American Cause. The British Invasion After the British sail out of Boston, they returned with many more soldiers determined to crush this rebellion. In fact, when they did return, they came with the largest invasion force ever assembled at that point history, including thousands of German mercenaries [paid soldiers] called Hessians. Furthermore, they had contracted with the Iroquois Confederacy to attack colonists living along the frontier, hoping that this would force Americans to divert some of their militia away from the battles with the British in order to protect their homes along the frontier. The British were confident that this force would reestablish their control over their American colonies. Defeat Shapes Washington s Strategy Washington was confident, too, however, that his American Patriots, backed by his leadership and their love of Liberty, would be able to quickly defeat the British for good. But he was wrong. In the summer of just after the signing of the Declaration of Independence - the British landed in New York City, and after Washington's first major battle - and loss - at the Battle of Brooklyn Heights (a.k.a. The Battle of Long Island,) Washington's strategy changed from one of hoping to flat-out defeat the British, to one of just trying to keep his army from being annihilated by the British. The first of many battles, the Battle of Brooklyn Heights, set the format for most of Washington's battles in the next six months: 1) Washington would set up his army somewhere in order to make a stand against the British; 2) The British would arrive and quickly defeat Washington; and finally, 3) Washington would narrowly escape with his army and life and run away to fight another day. This cycle of fight, lose, and escape to fight again was played out over and over again from August through December 1776, as Washington retreated from Brooklyn, into Manhattan, into the Bronx, into Westchester, into New Jersey, and eventually to safety in Pennsylvania. This strategy did keep his army and the revolution live, but only barely, and for how much longer, nobody knew. In December of 1776, Washington saved what was left of his army by crossing the Delaware River into Pennsylvania. With the river protecting Washington, and with winter setting in, the approaching British army decided to leave him be for the moment, return to New York City for the winter, and not attack again until spring, by which time Washington's army would probably have already been decimated by the cold winter season. To keep an eye on Washington, however, the British left a garrison of Hessians across the river in Trenton, New Jersey 10

11 The Crisis of December 1776 These are the times that try men s souls At no other time during the war was the Revolution so close to defeat. Washington had spent the last six months losing every battle, his soldiers were losing faith in him and longed to return to their families and farms, and a third of his men's enlistments [contracts volunteers signed when they joined the army] were up on January 1, With little food, shelter, and adequate clothing, and with even less hope of ever winning against the British, many of his soldiers planned to leave on January 1st. Washington knew that if this happened, he would have no army left, and the revolution would be over. If he were going to win this war, he was going to have to find a way to keep his army intact throughout the winter, or else lose everything. Last Minute Victory at Trenton Saves the Army On Christmas night, Washington set into motion his most desperate, but famous, plan of attack. With only days left before much of his army might leave him, he led a secret nighttime crossing of the Delaware River into New Jersey in order to surprise attack the Hessians in Trenton the next morning. Never expecting an attack the day after Christmas, and possibly in poor fighting condition from the celebrations of the previous night, the Hessians were quickly defeated. The victory at the Battle of Trenton was really just a small military victory. But it was a huge victory for the morale of the army and Patriots across America. Washington showed his army and his people that victory was possible, and not only did he not lose a third of his army after their enlistments were up, but more people joined the army afterwards. Although the British had come to crush the rebellion, Washington showed them and Americans, that he and the Patriots would have the grit to keep fighting until the British gave up. 11

12 Questions: 1. According to the first paragraph of this article, what are three things that the British were doing to crush the American rebellion? a. b. c. 2. Before the Battle of Brooklyn, Washington s strategy was to flat-out defeat the British Army. After this battle, what was his basic strategy? 3. Washington faced defeat after defeat during the second half of What are the three steps that get repeated over and over again in this cycle of defeat? a. b. c. 4. By December, where does Washington finally escape to where he can be protected for the winter? 5. On January 1, 1777, a third of his troops' enlistments will be up, and they will be free to leave the army and return home. Describe the reasons why a continental soldier might want to leave Washington in December What battle saves Washington's army? 7. Describe two things about the plan that made it a success: a. b. 8. The Battle of Trenton was a minor military victory. Explain why it was so important to the war. 12

13 Phase #2: Middle Colonies Why Does The War Move to the Hudson River? A. The British Fail to Control the Hudson Objective: I will be able to: Identify the three-pronged attack, Battle of Saratoga, Explain why the British want the Hudson River; Describe the British plan to capture the Hudson River; and Explain three reasons why the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was so significant. General Washington and the Continental Army forced the British out of Boston. The British, trying to find a way to crush the rebellion in Massachusetts Bay, decided that the best way to that would be to get control of the Hudson River. If they could control the Hudson, then they could cut off Massachusetts Bay from the help of other colonies and attack it from behind. The British already controlled Quebec (even though the American army had tried but failed to capture it) and felt that it should start by conquering New York City, which it did in 1776 at the Battle of Brooklyn Heights. With armies now in Quebec and New York City, and even another one near Lake Ontario, all Britain had to do to get control of the Hudson was to have these armies all converge on the American army defending the river at Albany. Hence, the British planned a three-pronged attack, with all three armies marching to Albany and pounding the American army there. This plan failed, however. The first prong from Lake Ontario, led by British General St. Leger, was met by American General Benedict Arnold and defeated before it could get to Albany. The second prong from New York City, commanded by British General Howe, ignored the plan and went south to Philadelphia, instead, in hopes of disrupting the Second Continental Congress. The third prong, the British army coming from Quebec under General Burgoyne, which was the only army to come close to Albany, was defeated in Saratoga because they had run so low on supplies due to attacks of their supply lines. The American victory at the Battle of Saratoga was significant for three reasons. First, the Americans had actually forced a British army to surrender to them. This was a huge honor, because the British army was the best army in the world. Second, this victory seemed to mark a turning point in the war. Before this battle, the Americans were losing battle after battle; yet, after it, the Americans began winning more and more battles. Third and most importantly the victory at Saratoga convinced the French that the Americans actually had a chance at winning this war, and that the French should ally themselves with the Americans. 13

14 1. Why did the British want control of the Hudson River? 2. At which three places near the Hudson did the British have armies? a) b) c) 3. Where was there an American army defending the river? 4. What do we call the strategy that they planned to use in order to crush this American army? 5. Explain the three reasons why this plan failed: 6. What was the name of the main battle where this plan failed? 7. Explain three reasons why this victory was so significant: Burgoyne Surrenders at Saratoga 14

15 Phase #3: Southern Colonies Why Do the British Go South and Then Give Up? Objective: I will be able to explain: Why the British to conquer the Southern Colonies, How guerrilla warfare prevented them from succeeding, and How the Battle of Yorktown came about and ended. Guerrilla Warfare Makes the South Hard to Hold for British After being forced out of Massachusetts Bay and failing to secure the Hudson River, the British decided that they should try to secure the Southern Colonies, where most Loyalists lived. The British figured that, if they could secure any area in the colonies, it would be the South, where they had the most support. They started out with a successful conquering of Charleston, South Carolina. However, securing the rest of the Southern Colonies would prove much harder. One of the main reasons why they did not succeed was use of guerrilla warfare. This type of fighting, also called hit-and-run, is when fighters hide in the woods, bushes, swamps, quickly emerging to attack their enemy and then quickly retreating back into the woods, bushes, or swamps, where they cannot be found. The most famous of these guerrilla fighters was Francis Marion, otherwise known as the Swamp Fox. He and his men established a base in the swamps, from which they would emerge to attack supply lines [small convoys that bring the supplies needed by the army from supply depots] and then return to the safety of the swamps. With their supply lines in constant jeopardy [harm,] the British army had a hard time getting the supplies it needed to fight against the Continental Army. 1. Why did the British feel that they would be able to control the South more easily than the other areas of America? 2. Which type of fighting prevented them from doing this easily? 3. Explain how this type of fighting works: 4. Who was the most famous of these fighters? 5. What is a supply line? 6. How did guerrilla attacks on British supply lines hurt the British army? 15

16 The British Finally Surrender at Yorktown, Virginia Gen. Washington and the Continental Army still in New Jersey British supply ships that cannot get to Gen. Cornwallis in Yorktown. Yorktown, VA Gen. Cornwallis (Brit.) marches army here to get supplies from British warships Naval blockade of French warships. 1. In 1781, where did British General Cornwallis march his army? (circle it) 2. Cornwallis marched his army there because he needed supplies from British ships. Why would Yorktown be a good place to go for that? 3. Yorktown is located on a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides what do we call this geographical feature? 4. But, Continental General Washington saw Cornwallis s move to Yorktown as a benefit for the Continental Army instead. He marched and sailed his army to Yorktown to trap Cornwallis on the peninsula. Draw an arrow from Washington to Yorktown, showing his route. 5. Looking at the map, why could British General Cornwallis not get the supplies from the British ships, nor escape from Washington on the ships? 6. What do we call what the French ships set up, blocking the British ships? The Americans Win! With the surrender of General Cornwallis at Yorktown, the British government decided to end the war. In 1783, they signed the Treaty of Paris, 1783, granting the United States confederation two things a) it recognized each of the thirteen colonies as separate independent states [nations]; and b) it gave the Ohio River Valley to the confederation. 1. Which battle ended the American Revolution? 2. Which treaty ended the war? 3. Which two things did the Americans win from the British? 16

17 IV. LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS: Why Were Washington, Jefferson, Adams, & Franklin So Important to the American Revolution s Success? The Founding Fathers George Washington Thomas Jefferson John Adams Benjamin Franklin A. Successful Revolutions and Type Roles Objective: I will be able to define revolution, explain why the American Revolution was a revolution, identify two ways in which revolutions fail, and identify the four type roles needed to make a revolution successful. The American Revolution is often considered a successful revolution. But, what does revolution even mean, anyway? A revolution is when the people in a country replace the existing government with a new one. Usually when this happens, the people of a country are dissatisfied with the existing government, and they try to replace it with a new government that they hope will do a better job. In this case, the Americans replaced the British control over them with their own control over themselves instead of Britain ruling them, they could now rule themselves. But, not all revolutions are successful. Sometimes, the existing government is not overthrown, and sometimes, even though it is overthrown, someone who was never intended to be the new government for example, the general of the revolution s army steps in and takes control, like the army or a dictator. But the American Revolution was successful the British were overthrown, and the intended replacement government a republic did take power afterwards. But why? What made the American Revolution one that did not have the popular support or the means to win actually succeed? How was a bunch of provincial, back-woods farmers with few weapons, no professionallytrained army, or money able to beat the most powerful army in the world? The answer partially lies in the people who led the revolution. The American Revolution seems to have had the right people to fill in the roles needed for any revolution to be successful. These roles are: the Strongman Cincinnatus, the Propagandist, the Lawyer, and the Networker. Each of these roles play important parts in making a revolution successful. 1. What is a revolution? 2. Explain why the American Revolution was a revolution? 3. What are the two ways in which a revolution can fail? 4. What are the four type roles required for a revolution to succeed? 17

18 B. Which Four Kinds of Roles Are Needed To Make A Objective: I will be able to identify the George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Ben Franklin, and explain each of their roles in making the American Revolution successful. Four Roles The Lawyer If the goal of the Revolution is to replace an existing government with a new one, someone in the Revolution needs to know something about how to put together and run the new government. This person should have a good book and practical knowledge about government and the law. The Propagandist If a Revolution is to succeed, it will need as much support as possible: particularly useful would be the support of the people and foreign governments. Therefore, the Revolution will need someone who is a master propagandist someone who can find a way to articulate the ideals of the Revolution in a way that will persuade as many people as possible to support it. The Strongman/ Cincinnatus Few Revolutions happen without military force, because the existing government will not want to give up power without a fight. Therefore, the revolutionaries usually need an army, and likewise, they will need someone to lead it. This person, the Strongman, will need to command the respect of the army, have determination to fight against all odds, and be able to give his men the confidence they need to not give up. Furthermore, this Strongman also must not use the power of the army to put himself in power; he also needs to be a Cincinnatus. Cincinnatus was an ancient Roman farmer who was asked to be a temporary dicator over the Roman Republic in during a war. Where many people would have tried to remain dictator after the war was over, he gave up his power to return to farming, putting the ideals of Republicanism over his own desire power. If the Strongman in the Revolution is not a Cincinnatus, then the Revolution will end up with him in power, not the desired group in power. The Networker If the Revolution can get the help from the governments of other countries, then it will have a better chance of overthrowing the existing government. Foreign allies can help with funding, weapons, armies, and putting political pressure on the existing government to give up. The Revolution, therefore, will need someone who is very good at making connections and gaining trust. This would be the person with the most friends on Facebook. 1. Why does a revolution need the Lawyer? 2. Why does a revolution need the Propagandist? 3. Why does a revolution need the Strongman? 4. What does it mean that the Strongman needs to be a Cincinnatus, as well? 5. Why does a revolution need the Networker? 18

19 George Washington Thomas Jefferson John Adams Benjamin Franklin Washington, Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin The Second Continental Congress commissioned George Washington of Virginia to take overall command of the Continental Army. Though he did make some bold attacks and did have some victories, his army was constantly defeated by the much better trained and supplied British army. Yet, his determination and personality inspired his soldiers to keep the army together long enough to win the war. Even more importantly, he willingly gave up his commission at the end of the war, even though his men offered to continue fighting until they had made him King of the United States. The Second Continental Congress asked Thomas Jefferson to write a document that would justify American independence to Great Britain, as well as generate support from Americans and foreign governments. Jefferson s Declaration of Independence did just that, becoming one of the most important documents in modern world history. Outlining basic beliefs in freedom, rights, and government, it generated much need support for the revolution at home and abroad. John Adams was the man with the plan. People supported the revolution for many reasons liberty from British tyranny, economic benefit, or personal reasons. But, Adams saw the revolution as an opportunity to create a Great Republic an experiment with liberty and Republicanism that would radically change how people were governed. He knew how governments worked and how to help design one that could replace British control over Americans. Benjamin Franklin was the most popular person in the Western world. Franklin s experiments with electricity and invention of the lightening rod saved millions of lives; his sense of humor in his writings was widely read; and his flirtatious personality could charm anyone. Therefore, the Second Continental Congress sent him to France to negotiate an alliance with the French. Upon arriving in France, he was a celebrity, and his presence created a huge market for Franklin s books and portrait. Had there been such things as action figures back then, Franklin sure would have had his own. Who Played Each of the Roles in the American Revolution? Role Who Why Did He Fit This Role: Networker Strongman/ Cincinnatus Propagandist Lawyer 19

20 1. Identify and define the following vocabulary words: THE WAR EFFORT Second Continental Congress Continental Army George Washington War bond CHANGE IN WAR GOAL Thomas Paine s Common Sense Declaration of Independence State Confederation Articles of Confederation United States of America THREE PHASES OF THE WAR Phase #1: New England Battles of Lexington and Concord Battle of Bunker Hill Dorchester Heights Fort Ticonderoga Phase #2: The Middle Colonies Hessians Battle of Brooklyn Heights Battle of Trenton Battle of Saratoga Three-pronged attack THE WAR EFFORT Explain how the Second Continental Congress ran the war army, money, and allies Phase #3: The Southern Colonies Guerrilla warfare Francis Marion Swamp Fox Battle of Yorktown Treaty of Paris (1783) LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS Revolution Washington Jefferson Adams Franklin CHANGE IN WAR GOALS Explain the role of Common Sense in convincing the Second Continental Congress to change the objective of the war to fighting for independence; Explain how the Declaration of Independence changed the war goal and the political status of the colonies; Explain how the Articles of Confederation united the states into a confederation called the United States of America. Phase #1: Expel the British from Boston Describe attempts to expel the British army from Boston, including the Battle of Bunker Hill and fortifying Dorchester Heights with weapons from Fort Ticonderoga; Phase #2: The Middle Colonies Explain why Washington s Army was in so much trouble in December of 1776 and how the Battle of Trenton saved the Army and, hence, the American Cause; Explain why the British sought control of the Hudson River, and identify the fort built by the Americans to defended it; Identify the British s three-pronged attack strategy to get control the Hudson River, and explain why it failed; Explain the three reasons why the Battles of Saratoga was so significant; Phase #3: The Southern Colonies Explain why the British focused their energy on the Southern Colonies after their loss at the Battle of Saratoga; Explain how guerrilla warfare affected the British s ability to occupy the Southern Colonies and led to the victory at the Battle of Yorktown; Identify two things that the United States won in the Treaty of Paris (1783). Roles in Revolution Briefly describe the roles of Washington, Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin in the Revolutionary War. (You do NOT need to know the terms Stongman Cincinnatus, etc.) PLEASE SEE LIST OF SOCIAL STUDIES PRACTICES FOUND ON THE NEXT PAGE! 20 Study Suggestion! Start your studying by using the on-line practice quiz, because it will help you assess yourself on the BASIC information of the unit. After you can get a 100% on that, use this study guide to complete your studying.

21 ONGOING SOCIAL STUDIES PRACTICES YOU SHOULD KNOW: There are certain skills we have been working on this year that you may be called upon to use on this and future assessments. YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Gathering and Interpreting Information Source a document in order to evaluate its usefulness for answering a given question. (SOAPS) Develop a claim in response to a question and support it with evidence from a text. (Short-Response Question) Causation Analyze multiple causes of an historical event by distinguishing between the long-term and immediate causes of an event. Government and Economic Regarding any decision/policy made by people, organizations, or governments: o Identify The Man, the objective, the immediate and larger context; and o Analyze its immediate and long-term effects, costs and benefits, and effects on different interest groups. Chronological Reasoning Interpret the data presented in timelines. Calculate the distance between events in years, decades, centuries. Use the idea of continuity and change to make inferences about places and history. Geography Compare different places in terms of geography, economy, political structures, settlement patterns, culture, and diversity & explain how any of these characteristics of a region may have affected its history and development. Explain how changing connections between places can lead to exchange, mutual dependence, and internal conflict. Explain how geographic features, including bridges, borders, ecosystems, and natural forces, can impact how people move. 21