THE SHORT 19 CENTURY. The History of Europe from 1815

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Philomena Underwood
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1 THE SHORT 19 TH CENTURY The History of Europe from 1815

5 THE PROBLEM OF TIME Two Major Issues for historians of this time period: to begin the 19th century is better served through a study of coherence where lacks 1815 ends with a major war and 1914 begins with a major war an era of relative political calm which separates two much stormier time periods. There is nothing in the 19th century that matches the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon and the First World War and the Russian Revolution...yet it is more important to study

6 THE PROBLEM OF TIME No comparison between the Crimean War and Napoleon s Moscow Campaign No comparison between 1848 and the Russian/October Revolution Napoleon III is not a comparable to Napoleon Bonaparte same with Bismarck and Hitler The short century 1830 s s- era of the middle class (not ours) political victory over public figures This is the age of the bourgeoisie, bankers, industrialists and government administrators not individual interest like Napoleon, Lenin or Hitler

7 THE SHORT 19TH CENTURY 1830 s- 1880s should not be written off however- a time of grand importance to history The change in Europe between 1825 and 1890 was transformative almost beyond understanding for the people who lived within these years Consider three contrasts: Railways States Lifestyle

8 RAILWAYS railway track in all of Europe (Britain) in which a steam engine ran over 200,000 km across Europe Consider the impact of travel, industrial production, consumerism and material trade, communications, military tactics, the sound of nature, the environment, change in urban and rural landscape and so on

10 STATES Europe is divided into 60 states- all hereditary rulers Some ruled vast stretches of land (Romanovs, Hapsburgs) Some ruled inconsistently connected territories (Prussia, Piedmont, Austrian Empire) Some ruled over territories as small as cities (Lucca, Liechtenstein) 1890 s- Europe was divided into 30 states all based on the concept of national identity* see map all states had given men the vote (but not all men)- Sovereignty of the monarch was giving way to the sovereignty of the people

17 LIFESTYLE Women were not much of a consideration politically or in any other regard Conventional view (which we need to see evidence of) was that a woman s role and place was different to a man s due to simple nature The natural order of things was that women were dependent on a man- but there were some serious challenges to this idea (and yes it is nothing more than an idea) It would not be until after 1890 that any real challenge existed

18 LIFESTYLE 1825 most people lived in the countryside working in agriculture- traditional subsistence form in many cases (Eastern and Southern Europe) 1890 over 50% of people lived in towns and cities working in industry (Germany and Britain it is the majority of people) ,000 in Berlin million The great shift from countryside to town has huge social consequences- like???

19 IDEOLOGICAL SHIFT This period ( ) saw the mergence of 2 sets of ideas (plus something else) that would revolutionize the ways in which people worldwide viewed themselves (obviously we can see evidence of this) #1: year old English scientists publishes a book and causes the proverbial shit storm # year old German journalists exiled in London published a very tiny book which began: a spectre is haunting Europe- the spectre of communism It went pretty much unnoticed (for reasons you will find out, hint- look at the year) at the time but would cause an earthquake of change- a rethink of how the world works- through economics #3 (kind of)- technological innovations- electricity, cheap ink, trade unions, state socialism, breech loading gun, antiseptics, photography and the list goes on and on

22 FORCES FOR CHANGE- DEMOGRAPHICS the population doubled to about 400 million Mass emigration- huge consequences on society (and the environment) Short term- living conditions made worse- helps explain a little the revolutions of 1820s, 1830s and 1848 Long term- economic growth as it was allowed for a multitude of jobs to avoided mass pauperism The growth was concentrated in the poor- fear of an uneducated revolt of the masses in townsthis fear directed a lot of social politics

24 FORCES FOR CHANGE- ECONOMIC CHANGE The ability to benefit from new technologies is the only reason the apocalypse didn't happen Railways could bring food quicker, which stimulates demand for industrial products which increases demand for labour to meet the demand of the goods Isolated economies were no longer protected; even Marx was impressed: In scarcely 100 years...more colossal productive forces have been created than have all preceding generations together- subjection of nature's forces to man, machinery, chemistry, steam navigation, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalisation of rivers, the removal of whole populations

26 FORCES FOR CHANGE- SOCIAL CHANGE Industrialization brought enormous social change- movement of people from farms to cities Factories were badly lit, poorly ventilated, dangerous Workers lived in houses that were overcrowded, unsanitary It took decades for anything to be done to deal with the consequences of industrialization and we are still trying to deal with it (well...harper didn't) The poor, workers, developed a shared sense of identity, no longer held in check by loyalty, language or country - Marx called them the proletariat

27 FORCES FOR CHANGE- SOCIAL CHANGE (2) However on the outskirts of town, in large, comfortable homes lived the bourgeoisie- the owners, bosses, the middle class They owned capital, machines and labour Class based society was replacing the status based agrarian society Marxists felt this would lead to revolution Others believed the common national interests were more important and the classes would come together to fight for their national interests (not material)

28 FORCES FOR CHANGE- POLITICAL CHANGE Liberty, (freedom to do and freedom from) Equality, (political equality- all men having the same political rights- alarming for kings and nobles) Fraternity (national and/or social brotherhood, unity from a shared history and language)

31 NATIONALISM (1) It is only by means of the common characteristics of being German that we can avert the downfall of our nation which is threatened by its fusion with foreign peoples and win back again an individuality that is self supporting and quite incapable of any dependence upon others

32 NATIONALISM (2) What more beautiful image can be fed upon an Italian soul than one of his homeland unified, strong, powerful, devoted to god, calm, confident in itself and respected and admired by other peoples? What more radiant future can be imagined for her? What bliss more desirable?

33 FORCES FOR CHANGE- POLITICAL CHANGE Nationalism movements too on many different forms (who supported the movement in different countries was petty interesting) Fraternity also included socialism- Utopian (emerging industrial society was harmful and everyone can help solve it in a commune style situation) Scientific socialism- Marx- there is a pattern in how people are economically controlled leading to revolution Some politicians will try and combine the ideas of nationalism and socialism NATIONAL SOCIALISM anyone get this.

34 FORCES FOR CHANGE- MILITARY Railways Breech Loading Gun Change in tactics Size of armies- Conscription (French Revolution)

36 FORCES FOR CONTINUITY Quick summary of each Force Key dates, people, countries etc.. Bold words Margin descriptions

37 HOMEWORK Mike Wells- Unification and Consolidation of Germany and Italy Pages What was the enlightenment? People? Key ideas- impacts- evidence (an event) What s the deal with Napoleon? 19th century Romanticism- 1 sentence Be able to draw the political spectrum with proper terms/labels- which will apply to use the most? 19th century Liberalism- 1 sentence Reactionary- 1 sentence Republicans- what, who and where?

short nineteenth century

1 The short nineteenth century To the historian of modern Europe two features of the nineteenth century stand out particularly clearly. Firstly, the nineteenth century may be better described as the 99