**REVIEW: CHAPTER 10 NATIONALISM**

Transcription

1 10-4: Not breaking Russia apart but conflict that spills over Main Idea **REVIEW: CHAPTER 10 NATIONALISM** In the 1800s, Italian states rebelled against Austria and unified as the Kingdom of Italy. Learning Goals: Analyze and Explain the impact of nationalism and unification of Germany and Italy in Europe. Explain how Nationalism leads to WWI. **Nationalism unifies Italy 10-1** **Nationalism unifies Germany 10-2** **Nationalism breaks apart Austro-Hungarian Empire and Ottoman Empire 10-3**

2 Ch 12-3 Russia Leaves WWI March 8,1917 Russian Revolution Begins. By March 15 th Czar Nicholas was forced to abdicate the throne. Provisional government set up November 1917 Bolshevik Revolution topples provisional government. Russia enters into peace treaty with Germany by Social Contract

3

4 RUSSIA 1900 s

5 Ch 10-4 Government and Society 1.Huge Empire 1.Absolute Power Russia one of great powers of Europe, first half 1800s Troops helped defeat Napoleon; leaders helped reorganize Europe after his fall Russia very different from other European powers Empire huge, stretched eastward far into Asia, included many different ethnic groups To govern large, diverse empire, Russian monarchs ruled with absolute power Called czars, controlled most aspects of Russian life Believed in autocracy, government by one leader with unlimited powers absolute monarchy/dictatorship How do citizens bring about reform?

6 1.Serfdom (Feudal System) Agricultural Society Russian society under czars mostly agricultural Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized Much of population 70-80%, serfs workers considered part of land they worked Serfs Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked Societal Problem Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society

7 Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia s conservative czars were resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression. The Decembrist Revolt Secret societies formed to fight against czar s rule Saw opportunity for change with death of Alexander I, 1825 One group called Decembrists Included military officers 3,000 soldiers assembled near Winter Palace Refused to declare allegiance to new czar, Nicholas I 2. Reform and Repression Nicholas s Response Nicholas responded by crushing rebellion Many Decembrists captured, sent to Siberia, isolated region in far eastern Russia Five Decembrists executed Decembrist revolt failed, but began revolutionary movement in Russia destined to grow in years ahead

8 Reforms of Alexander II Russia Lagging Behind Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War Loss of Crimean War showed Russia far behind rest of Europe Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military 3. Reforms Alexander II began program of reforms 1861, freed Russia s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion Economy Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from landowner, usually with government help

9 3.Reform and Repression Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia Set up new judicial system Allowed some local self-government Reorganized army, navy Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain strength, call for more changes 1881, radical group, The People s Will, assassinated Czar Alexander II

10 Unrest Under Alexander III Alexander s son, Alexander III, became next czar Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past, ended father s reforms Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups suspected of plotting against government Different Form of Unrest Mobs began attacking Jews, killing them, destroying property Attacks known as pogroms; first wave began after Alexander II assassinated Some wrongly blamed Jews Government did not stop attacks Industrialization under Nicholas 1894, Nicholas II crowned Autocratic ruler, developed industry 1890s, Russia began building Trans- Siberian Railroad to link western Russia with Siberia Expansion east would lead to war

11

12 Expansion East Russia expanded east Came into conflict with another imperial power Japan At same time, revolution brewing 5.Growing Unrest Defeat shocked many Russians, added to unrest One group calling for change, Marxists followed communist theories of Karl Marx 4. War and Revolution 4.War With Japan Early 1900s, Japan building empire, viewed Russia as threat 1904, Japanese forces attacked, defeated Russia in Russo- Japanese War 5. Marxist Ideas Wanted to create socialist republic no private property, state to own, distribute goods 1902, Vladimir Lenin called for revolution to overthrow czar

13 **Review Chapter 7-3 DON T COPY** Not everyone agreed that laissez-faire capitalism was good. Two who took a different stance were Robert Owen and Karl Marx. 3)Robert Owen- Social Democracy Socialism- Society is combination of individual and government Society owns property Society controls business Some private ownership Set up Model industrial town New Lanark, Scotland. New Harmony IN Good conditions, wages, sick days, Nonprofit stores, free schooling, curfews and bathing requirements Critiques of communism/socialism. Too many requirements? 4)Karl Marx- Communism More radical socialism Predicted collapse of capitalism unfair balance of labor and profit. Workers of the world unite!! Das Kapital Communism Government owns means of production controls economic planning Known as command economy Socialism smaller scale Communism larger scale

14 6.The Revolution of lasts for most of the year. Many events. Anything truly revolutionary happen? Uprising of 1905? 1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at Winter Palace, listing number of demands. (Enlightenment?) Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday Revolution Begins Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against czar; rebellions broke out, czar s strict rules disobeyed Workers went on strike, students protested in streets Czar promised reform, but did not follow through Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets

15 7.The October Manifesto In response to the rebellions and strikes, Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto (1905), an official promise for reform and a more democratic government. Provisions Manifesto promised constitution Individual liberties to all, including freedom of speech, assembly Many gained right to vote Duma Voters would elect representatives to the Duma, assembly to approve all laws Czar continued to rule, but not pass laws without approval of Duma In 1906 in first meeting with Duma Czar ends meeting when too many demands are made. End Revolution Nicholas II hoped Manifesto would end revolution Did not achieve balance between power of czar, and democracy People still wanted reform

16 Page 334

17 Ch Revolution in Russia(Communist Revolution) Main Idea The war and social unrest combined to push Russia to the edge of a revolution. The events that followed led to Russia s exit from the war and became a major turning point in world history. Content Statement/Learning Goal 1. Explain how the consequences of World War I set the stage for The Russian Revolution. 2. Explain how the Russian Revolution impacted WWI.

18 12-3 VOCABULARY/12-3 Questions Bolsheviks Grigory Rasputin Marxism-Leninism Leon Trotsky New Economic Policy

19 12-3 VOCABULARY Bolsheviks: Marxists whose goal was to seize state power and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat; Soviet Communists, Reds. *Leader Vladimir Lenin Grigory Rasputin ( ): a self-proclaimed Russian holy man and prominent figure at the court of Czar Nicholas II. He was viewed as corrupt, and support for czarist Russia deteriorated because of him. Marxism-Leninism: the political and economic philosophy of the Bolsheviks, expounded by Vladimir Lenin, which looked to an uprising of the proletariat that would abolish private property and enforce social equality. Leon Trotsky( ): Russian Communist revolutionary; he negotiated the peace between Russia and the Central Powers to end Russian involvement in WWI. New Economic Policy: Lenin s plan, started in 1921, to allow limited capitalism, especially among farmers in order to restore the Soviet economy.

20 The Years Before the War 1. Russia and World War I Bolshevik Plan After 1905 revolution, Nicholas II offered change but never did Bolsheviks wanted to overthrow czar Led by Lenin, wanted proletariat to rule Russia as socialist country. Proletariat(working class) vs. Bourgeoisie (upper class) Proletariat argues Bourgeoisie could pay them more but choose not to. Adaptation of Marxist ideas to overthrow capitalism. Socialist republic/communism Wanted small group to keep power over Russia. These people would redistribute wealth to all of society. Bolsheviks gained more followers with added problems

21 At the start of the war, Russia had an enormous army of some 6 million soldiers. Preparations for War Outbreak of fighting caused patriotism, rush to join military. Army had 6 million members 1. Russia was ill-prepared for WWI. Enters war in 1914 a. Factories unable to produce supplies quickly b. Transportation system weak c. Equipment outdated d. Poor commanders 2. Russia in World War I On the Battlefield Some initial successes on battlefield Losses soon outnumbered victories Millions of Russian soldiers wounded, killed during early battles

22

23 Czar Nicholas II took personal command of forces, 1915 Move made little sense since he knew little of military matters Bad situation grew worse under Czar s command Russian suffered heavy losses Conditions in Russia grew worse 3.Conditions Grow Worse Central Powers were able to stop Russian offensive *Destroyed Russian soldiers faith in leadership* Army had little strength, even less confidence Some soldiers murder their generals. Food, goods scarce peasants grew desperate Unpopular Czarina Alexandra relied on Grigory Rasputin, viewed as corrupt, immoral

24 Revolution Begins March 8, citizens begin protests Police, soldiers refused to shoot rioters Government was helpless Dictatorship relies on fear and citizens obedience. 4. The Russian Revolution Ordered legislature to disband His order defied Czar Nicholas II Citizens, government, military refused to obey Czar Forced to abdicate, March 15, 1917; put in jail. Nicholas abdicates for himself and his son Alexi. Nicholas s brother, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich accepts the claim to the thrown. He defers acceptance until approval by an elected assembly, which never happens.

25 4. Kerensky Government Aleksandr Kerensky established temporary government Many unhappy with leadership Attempted democratic government 5. Bolshevism-Reds 1. Abolish private property 2. Enforce social equality 3. Known as Marxism-Leninism The Russian Revolution 5. Bolsheviks Many unhappy with new government Opposed Kerensky s gov t Wanted fundamental changes Planned Marxist revolution 5.Vladimir Lenin Bolsheviks had been exiled Returned in April 1917 with the help of Germany Germany wanted Lenin to get Russia out of WWI

26 The Bolshevik Revolution Kerensky s final offensive Final offensive vs Central Powers failed and led to widespread rebellion in Russian army Weakened Russian army collapsed 5. Bolshevik takeover Conditions ideal for Lenin rebellion Red Army- Armed Bolshevik factory workers. Proletariat 6. Lenin became leader Established radical Communist state Marxism-Leninism/Communism/ Socialist Republic all the same October Revolution - attack of provisional government Kerensky Government collapsed after nearly bloodless struggle

27 6. After the Revolution 6. 3 accomplishments of Lenin a. No private ownership of land (means of production, factories) b.land given to peasants c.control of factories given to workers d. Lenin ends Russian involvement in World War I Leon Trotsky negotiated peace with Central Powers Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: March 3, 1918 Russia s army virtually powerless Russia had to accept harsh agreement: lost lots of land. Lost large part of western empire- Finland, Poland,Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia

28

29 7. Civil War: Reds vs. Whites Bolsheviks acceptance of peace treaty angered many Russians Bolsheviks opponents organized the White Army White Army included army leaders, political opponents, wealthy Russians opposed to Communist system White Army received military help from France, U.S. Civil War raged 3 years between Lenin s Red Army and White Army Millions of Russians died in fighting, famines Bolsheviks finally win in 1920

30 Execution of Romanov Family Late on the night of July 16, Nicholas, Alexandra, their five children and four servants were ordered to dress quickly and go down to the cellar of the house in which they were being held. There, the family and servants were arranged in two rows for a photograph they were told was being taken to quell rumors that they had escaped. Suddenly, a dozen armed men burst into the room and gunned down the imperial family in a hail of gunfire. Those who were still breathing when the smoked cleared were stabbed to death. Family was executed by Bolsheviks during Civil War when White Army began offensive towards their location. Feared Whites were trying to rescue family.

31 8. Collapsing economy Brought on by civil war, pushed Russia to edge of total ruin Peasants, workers especially hard hit Lenin introduced New Economic Policy, The Soviet Union (USSR) 1922 New Economic Policy 8.New Economic Policy-Lenin s plan. -limited capitalist activity. *COMMAND ECONOMY GOVERNMENT CONTROLS ECONOMY - Peasants could sell food at profit Russia becomes the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, dominated by Communist leadership (lasts until 1991) Lenin s death in 1924 led to struggle for control of Soviet Union

32 USSR

33 Chronology of Russian Revolution Revolution of 1905 October Manifesto (1905) Czar Nicholas II dissolves Duma goes back on reforms (1906) Russia Enters WWI (1914) Czar Abdicates throne (March 8, 1917) Kerensky established temporary government (March 1917) Kerensky government toppled by Lenin and Bolsheviks (November 1917) Russia withdraws from WWI: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918) Russian Civil War: Reds vs Whites. Reds Win ( ) Form Communist Government (aka socialist republic or Marxism/Leninism) U.S.S.R. formed (December 1922)