Images of the European Union as a Development Actor in Kenya. Patrick Kimunguyi Monash University

Transcription

1 Images of the European Union as a Development Actor in Kenya Patrick Kimunguyi Monash University

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3 Monitored Media Owner Reach Daily Circulation No. of items Daily Nation Nation Group National The Standard Standard group National The East African Nation Group National Taifa Leo Nation Group National

4 Sample 1.) Total Newspaper Items analysed ) Elite interviews Elites Political Business Media Civil Society Total Elites Number of Interviews

5 Volume of EU News Volume of EU News Development News No. of Articles EU News EU News Daily Nation The Standard Newspapers The East African Taifa Leo Development News

6 Dynamics of EU Coverage 40 Volume of EU news per Month (July June 2007) No. of Articles EU News Development News Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 Months

7 Key Events in Kenyan Newspapers Type EU/Local EU/Regional EU/EU EU/Global Key Events EU-ACP: Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations World Climate Change Summit in Nairobi Presidential Campaign EU-ACP: Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations Crisis Management: DRC, Darfur, Somalia, Zimbabwe Enlargement Bulgaria, Romania Turkey WTO: Doha Round of trade negotiations World Environmental Summit / Kyoto Protocol Middle East: Palestine, Lebanon

8 Sources of EU News Sources of EU News No. of Articles Develoment News EU News EU News 0 International Sources Local Source. Develoment News

9 Foci of domesticity Foci of Domesticity 161 No. of Articles Local Regional 3rd Country EU Developmental Case General (EU) Case General (EU) Case Developmental Case

10 Degree of Centrality Degree of Centrality Developmental Case General (EU) Case General (EU) Case Major Secondary Minor Developmental Case Degree of Centrality

11 Primary Frames of EU News EU News: Primary Frames Developmental Case General (EU) Case General (EU) Case Social Environment Political Frames Economic Developmental Case

12 Economic Frame: Main Sub-Areas Economic main Sub-Areas Development Case General (EU) Case EU-ACP Trade WTO Negotiations Transport, Infrastructure, Industry Local Economy, Investment, Regional Integration Aid, Debt Alleviation Cross cutting: gov., HR, Env. General (EU) Case Development Case Sub-Areas

13 Social Frame: Main Sub-Areas Social Frame: Sub-Areas General (EU) Case Development Case Education, Scence & Research Local Culture, Social Legislation, Entertainment Poverty Reduction, MDGs Health Sustainable Development, Aid Corruption, Governance Human Rights Crisis Management, Migration Sub Areas Development Case General (EU) Case

14 Political Frame: Main Sub-Areas Political Frame: Sub-Areas No. of Articles Developmental Case General (EU) Case 10 General (EU) Case 0 Internal Sub-Area External Developmental Case

15 Actors: (1) EU Officials Actors: (1) EU Officials J. Solana, HR Common Foreign & Security Policy Zissimos Vergos, Head of EU Infrastructure Unit Stavros Dimas, EU Commissioner for Environment EU Officials Manuel Barroso, President of European Commission European Commission Spokesperson Louis Michelle, EU Comm., Development and Humanitarian Aid Artur Runge-Metzger, EU Environment Official Outi Berghall, EU Enviroment Official Eric Van Linden, EU Head of Delegation in Kenya Peter Mandelson, EU Trade Commissioner No. of Appearances

16 Actors: (1) EU Bodies Actors: (2) EU Bodies European Commission EU Presidency EU Delegations EU Bodies EU Council of Ministers EU Infrastructure Unit European Investment Bank (EIB) European Development Fund (EDF) No. of appearances

17 Actors: (3) EU Member States Actors: (3) EU Member States Sweden Finland Portugal EU Member States Poland Bulgaria Romania Netherlands France Belgium Germany Britain/UK No. of Appearances

18 Actors: (4) EU Member states Officials Actors: (4) Member States Officials Tony Blair, (Former) Britsh Prime Minister Gordon Brown, UK Prime Minister Chancellor of Germany Ambassador of Germany to Kenya MS Officials Ambasador of Poland to Kenya Sigmar Gabriel, German Environment Minister Elizabeth Barbier, French Ambassador to Kenya Jan Erik-Enestam, Finnish Environment Minister Adam Wood, UK High Commissioner to Kenya Anna Braandt, Swedish Ambassador to Kenya No. of Appearances

19 Evaluation of EU Image Evaluation of EU Image Development Case General (EU) Case 20 0 General (EU) Case Positive Evaluation Negative Neutral Development Case

20 Elite Perceptions

21 European Union: A Global Power? EU as a Global Power Agree 100%

22 European Union: A leader in international Politics? International Politics Not Sure 6% Do not Agree 45% Agree 49%

23 A leader in international Politics: (1) Environment? Environment Agree 100%

24 A leader in international Politics: (2) Economic Sphere? Economic Sphere Agree 100%

25 A leader in international Politics: (3) General Politics? IP Leader: General Politics Not Sure 13% Agree 45% Do not Agree 42%

26 A leader in international Politics: (4) Crisis management? Crisis Management Not Sure 10% Do not Agree 32% Agree 58%

27 A leader in international Politics: (5) Development? International Politics: Development Do not Agree 13% Not Sure 6% Agree 81%

28 Importance of EU to Kenya (1) Present? Importance of the EU to Kenya (1) Present 5 Order of Importance Least Important Most Important 5 Most Important 0 Political Elites Business Civil Society Media 3 1 Least Important

29 Importance of EU to Kenya (2) Future? Importance of the EU: (2) Future Least Important Most Important Elites Political Business Civil Society Media 5 Most Important Least Important Scale

30 EU Importance Vs Others Actors EU Importance Vs other Global Actors 5 Most Important Scale European Union United States United Kingdom Japan China 1 Least Important 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Proportion of Importance (%)

31 Perceptions of EU Enlargement? Bad 10% Perceptions of EU Enlargements Do not Know 3% Good 87%

32 Perceptions of the euro Vs dollar Perceptions of the euro vis-a-vis the US Dollar Do not Know 6% Stronger 0% Weaker 94%

33 Perceptions of EU Delegations Come to us!! Good that the EU has a delegation in Nairobi But, dominant perception that the EU delegation deals more with government and less with the private sector and civil society Delegation should come out to these groups and make itself known to them and make EU interest in Kenya be known to people

34 Perceptions of EU Delegation and its role Make yourself known EU Delegation should: make more use of the media run workshops public campaigns information centres about the EU Government and delegation to involve civil society and private sector in projects as a measure towards encouraging ownership

35 Thank You

36 Methodology Daily analysis of newspapers btn June 2006 and July 2007 Any article with the phrase European Union or EU Any article which used Europe as a clear reference to the EU Regardless of whether the EU was major or minor Quantitative instruments in analysis: the level of coverage of the EU in the media the monthly distribution (dynamics) information sources length of articles

37 Methodology The three main qualitative instruments: 1.) Focus of domesticity: whether the focus of the EU in the news item is local (in Kenya)? regional (Africa)? in 3rd country (non-eu/non-african)? in the European Union?

38 Methodology 2.) Degree of centrality: along 4 frames : whether the EU being presented as an economic actor? a political actor? a social actor? a developmental actor?

39 Methodology 3.) Evaluation (objectivity and tone in approach & style) Is it neutral towards the EU? Is it negative towards the EU? Is it positive towards the EU? 4.) Elite Interviews

40 EU Importance Vs other Global Actors? Emerging Issues Kenya is seeking alternative partnerships in the South due to the EU s strict regulations and conditions Kenya liaising with China, India, Malaysia, Brazil and other developing countries instead EU emphasis on rule of law, good governance, human rights is welcome But, EU should be more flexible in dealing with developing countries like Kenya

41 EU Importance Vs other Global Actors? Emerging Issues Europe is a more preferred partner to Kenya than any other global player (US, UK, China, Japan, India etc.) historical tradition of relations since colonial period: o o shared political systems, culture, language, values European values: G-governance, Human Rights, Rule of law EU itself more preferred than other its member states: o No negative colonial history psychologically positive.