A THEORY OF JUSTICE. Revised Edition JOHN RAWLS

Transcription

1 A THEORY OF JUSTICE Revised Edition JOHN RAWLS THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 1999

2 CONTENTS PREFACE FOR THE REVISED EDITION xi PREFACE xvii Part One. Theory CHAPTER I. JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS 3 1. The Role of Justice 3 2. The Subject of Justice 6 3. The Main Idea of the Theory of Justice The Original Position and Justification Classical Utilitarianism Some Related Contrasts Intuitionism The Priority Problem Some Remarks about Moral Theory 40 CHAPTER II. THE PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE Institutions and Formal Justice Two Principles of Justice Interpretations of the Second Principle Democratic Equality and the Difference Principle Fair Equality of Opportunity and Pure Procedural Justice Primary Social Goods as the Basis of Expectations Relevant Social Positions The Tendency to Equality 86 vu

3 18. Principles for Individuals: The Principle of Fairness Principles for Individuals: The Natural Duties 98 CHAPTER III. THE ORIGINAL POSITION The Nature of the Argument for Conceptions of Justice The Presentation of Alternatives The Circumstances of Justice The Formal Constraints of the Concept of Right The Veil of Ignorance The Rationality of the Parties The Reasoning Leading to the Two Principles of Justice The Reasoning Leading to the Principle of Average Utility Some Difficulties with the Average Principle Some Main Grounds for the Two Principles of Justice Classical Utilitarianism, Impartiality, and Benevolence 160 Part Two. Institutions CHAPTER IV. EQUAL LIBERTY The Four-Stage Sequence The Concept of Liberty Equal Liberty of Conscience Toleration and the Common Interest Toleration of the Intolerant Political Justice and the Constitution Limitations on the Principle of Participation The Rule of Law The Priority of Liberty Defined The Kantian Interpretation of Justice as Fairness 221 CHAPTER V. DISTRIBUTIVE SHARES The Concept of Justice in Political Economy Some Remarks about Economic Systems Background Institutions for Distributive Justice The Problem of Justice between Generations Time Preference Further Cases of Priority The Precepts of Justice Legitimate Expectations and Moral Desert Comparison with Mixed Conceptions The Principle of Perfection 285 vm

4 CHAPTER VI. DUTY AND OBLIGATION The Arguments for the Principles of Natural Duty The Arguments for the Principle of Fairness The Duty to Comply with an Unjust Law The Status of Majority Rule The Definition of Civil Disobedience The Definition of Conscientious Refusal The Justification of Civil Disobedience The Justification of Conscientious Refusal The Role of Civil Disobedience 335 Part Three. Ends CHAPTER VII. GOODNESS AS RATIONALITY The Need for a Theory of the Good The Definition of Good for Simpler Cases A Note on Meaning The Definition of Good for Plans of Life Deliberative Rationality The Aristotelian Principle The Definition of Good Applied to Persons Self-Respect, Excellences, and Shame Several Contrasts between the Right and the Good 392 CHAPTER VIII. THE SENSE OF JUSTICE The Concept of a Well-Ordered Society The Morality of Authority The Morality of Association The Morality of Principles Features of the Moral Sentiments The Connection between Moral and Natural Attitudes The Principles of Moral Psychology The Problem of Relative Stability The Basis of Equality 441 CHAPTER IX. THE GOOD OF JUSTICE Autonomy and Objectivity The Idea of Social Union The Problem of Envy Envy and Equality 468 IX

5 82. The Grounds for the Priority of Liberty Happiness and Dominant Ends Hedonism as a Method of Choice The Unity of the Self The Good of the Sense of Justice Concluding Remarks on Justification 506 Conversion Table 517 Index 521