Foreign Policy and Geopolitics of Nepal

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Barry Morris Reynolds
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1 Foreign Policy and Geopolitics of Nepal Prof. Dr. Jaya Raj Acharya Former Ambassador to the UN

2 Nepal s Geopolitical situation

3 Geography and Topography

4 Google Map: The Himalayan Divide

5 Three Objectives of Foreign Policy 1. Protection of independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity 2. Promotion of Social and economic development 3. Resistance against external penetration in internal affairs.

6 Determinants of Foreign Policy as a means of promoting national interest Geography History Language Religion and Culture Economic strength Population and resources Trade interests and linkages Military strength Political Leadership Changing international situation

7 1. The Stage of National Unification 1. Military Buildup 2. Defensive and Offensive tactics 3. Yam between the boulders 4. Balanced friendship and peaceful relations with big powers 5. Economic development

8 Anglo- Nepal War Was is an offensive war? Bhimsen Thapa

9 2. The Stage of Isolationism: Cautious Friendship with British India Janga Bahadur Rana visited Britain in 1950 Helped the British suppress the Police Mutiny in 1857 Got Naya Muluk back to Nepal in The Rana regime kept the country in isolation ( ).

10 Nepal s Diplomatic Relations Diplomatic relations only with 10 countries during the 144 years UK (1815), USA (1947), India (1947), France (1949), China (1955), Russia (1956), Japan (1956), Sri Lanka (1957), Egypt (1957), Germany (1958).

3. Expansion of Foreign Relations 1959-1960 Austria (15 August 1959), Italy (31 August, 1959), Serbia (7 October 1959) Switzerland (10 November, 1959), Poland (25 November 1959), Malaysia (1 January,

11 3. Expansion of Foreign Relations Austria (15 August 1959), Italy (31 August, 1959), Serbia (7 October 1959) Switzerland (10 November, 1959), Poland (25 November 1959), Malaysia (1 January, 1960), Philippines (12 February, 1960), Australia (15 February, 1960), Myanmar (19 March, 1960), Pakistan (20 March, 1960), The Netherlands (2 April, 1960), Laos (20 May, 1960), Israel (1 June 1960), Sweden (10 June, 1960), Thailand (30 November, 1960), and Indonesia (25 December, 1960).

12 4. Balancing in Foreign Relations King Mahendra tried to balance Nepal s relations with India and China and USA and USSR. It was a quadrangular balance complicated by the fact that India was closer to USSR and China was closer to USA.

13 5. Nepal as a Zone of Peace (ZOP) The 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Nepal and India implied Nepal as a sphere of influence of India. The ZOP Proposal of 1975 attempted to neutralize this framework of relationship. Constitutionally Guiding Principle of Nepal s Foreign Policy But it became a permanent irritant in Nepal-India relations

14 Foreign Policies of post-1990? Non-alignment Adherence to the Principles of Panchasheel Adherence to the principles of UN Charter Participation in SAARC, BIMSTEC etc.

15 No Success in Foreign Policy without economic development Foreign Policy is the extension of Domestic Policy

16 Difficult terrain on the Himalayan border

17 Still difficult although not impossible to build a road through the mountains

18 Transportation in the South is easier

19 Free movement of People across the border

20 Chinese interest in OBOR Road down to Patna through Nepal

21 Railroad between China and Nepal?

22 Can we build such network? What is our vision? How can we benefit?

23 Nepal s Trade Deficit Rs Billion Trade Deficit with India: 750 Billion Trade Deficit with China 125 Billion Question: Can Nepal sustain itself with Remittance and Foreign Aid? What is the strategy to address such trade deficit?

24 Everyone including the NA should work for development ब स त छप क स प हल दन द सर दन अस क स च र स स त त य दनम क र सब ल कस क स अ स स चत थ दनम ब क बय क स प च द नमह स नजर भ न न ए क क ह द स भ न भ क त भ ष र म यण, य क क ८२

25 ग रख पत र २०२५ फ ग न ९ गत

26 प र जम ग क नम ण-प रग त श र ५ क सरक र र गणत च न सरक रक स य सहय गम नम ण भइरह क प र जम ग (क ठम ड -प खर ) क ६० कल मटर ख ट क चल नस भएक छ स त भ गम वभ जत गर क म भइरह क १७६ कल मटर ल म उ र जम ग क ११७ कल मटर ख म ह ल १६ हज र क मद रह ल क म ग ररह क छन ग रख पत र प. १ म त २०२५ स ल फ ग न ९ गत

27 वक सक ल ग क य रम आज प न क म ह ल? Nepal may not exist without development Thank you

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