A) Spanish rule in Latin America D) African cultural and ethnic traditions were often ignored by

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1 1. The encomienda system, the latifundia form of land ownership, and the office of viceroy are all closely associated with A) Spanish rule in Latin America B) pre-columbian practices of Native Americans C) attempts to halt the drug trade in South America D) reduction of trade barriers in the Western Hemisphere 2. Knowledge about trade wind patterns and the ability of sailors to utilize them on the Indian and Atlantic Oceans demonstrate that A) government monopolies affect trade B) geography and technology influence economic activity C) economic concepts dominate the study of transportation D) laws and customs regulate exchanges across international waters 3. New scientific knowledge and understandings that developed during the Scientific Revolution were most often based on A) observation and experimentation B) church law and faith C) superstition and ancient practices D) geometric formulas and astrology 4. Which key factor fueled competition between European countries for colonies in the Americas? A) a European shortage of pepper and nutmeg B) a mandate from the papacy C) the desire to control sources of gold and silver D) the need to secure laborers for factories in Europe 5. In the 1500s, the Portuguese seized trading ports in Southeast Asia in an attempt to gain total control of the spice trade. Based on this statement, one goal of the Portuguese was to establish A) a monopoly B) an embargo C) banking systems D) agricultural cooperatives 6. A major result of the European Age of Exploration was A) a long period of peace and prosperity for the nations of western Europe B) extensive migration of people from the Western Hemisphere to Europe and Asia C) the fall of European national monarchies and the end of the power of the Catholic Church D) the end of regional isolation and the beginning of a period of European global domination 7. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch interest in the islands of Southeast Asia was mainly based on the A) spice trade B) large numbers of Christian converts C) rich deposits of gold and silver D) development of manufacturing sites 8. Which statement about the European partitioning of Africa in the 1800s is most accurate? A) Europeans drew colonial borders based on African tribal boundaries. B) The African Continent was divided equally among the colonial powers. C) European control did much to improve the economies of most tribal groups. D) African cultural and ethnic traditions were often ignored by colonial governments. 9. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which statement is supported by the graph? A) Little trade in enslaved Africans took place before the 1500s. B) Slavery was most widely practiced in Sweden, Denmark, and Holland. C) Conditions of slavery in Brazil were less harsh than those in the United States. D) Most enslaved Africans were sent to the Caribbean and Spanish America. 10. One major effect of the European slave trade on Africa was that the slave trade A) strengthened the traditional African economic systems B) led to a rapid decrease in tribal warfare C) hastened the decline of African kingdoms D) increased the number of trade routes across the Sahara

2 11. Which statement best explains the increase in the Atlantic slave trade in the 1700s? A) Technological advances in shipping made the slave trade more profitable. B) Converted African slaves worked with Spanish missionaries to conquer the native peoples. C) Many Africans wished to settle in the Americas and paid their own passage. D) As the Europeans developed their American colonies, their need for cheap labor increased. 12. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The African Diaspora shown on this map led most directly to which of the following? A) rise of the Songhai Empire B) spread of farming and herding techniques within Africa C) establishment of many independent nations in Sub-Saharan Africa D) economic decline in many African communities

3 13. Base your answer to the following question on the map below. The routes on this map led most directly to which of the following? A) decrease in production of sugar cane in South America B) decrease in importance of European naval power C) increase in social equality in the Americas D) economic loss in many African communities 14. The policy of mercantilism was intended to A) enrich European governments B) end slavery in the Americas C) promote the isolation of Asia D) establish religious freedom in New Spain

4 15. Base your answer to the following question on the images below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which historical event connects the activity shown in image A to the activity shown in Image B? A) opening of the Silk Road trade B) Columbian exchange C) formation of the Hanseatic League D) establishment of trans-saharan trade Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on based on the timeline below and on your knowledge of social studies. 16. Which conclusion is best supported by the information in this timeline? A) Mercantilism had devastating consequences for many Africans and Native Americans. B) Spain created more profitable permanent colonies in the Americas than Great Britain did. C) Native Americans were more successful resisting Spanish rule than British rule. D) Slavery was more common in British colonies than in Spanish colonies. 17. Which of the following would be the best title for this timeline? A) British Trade in the Americas B) Effects of the Encounter C) European Alliances in the New World D) Benefits of Mercantilism for Colonists

5 18. Which statement would Louis XIV, Philip II, and Peter the Great most likely support? A) "The king is entitled to unquestioning obedience." B) "Parliament should represent the best interests of the people." C) "People have the right to revolt against an unjust government." D) "Government should be administered by people of all beliefs." 19. Signing of the Magna Carta Signing of the Petition of Right Passage of the English Bill of Rights In England, these events were instrumental in A) supporting a disarmament policy B) promoting government control of the economy C) justifying the acquisition of territory in foreign lands D) developing parliamentary democracy 20. Which heading best completes the partial outline below? I. A. Writings of Thomas Hobbes B. Divine right theory C. Centralization of political power D. Reign of Louis XIV A) Beginning of Global Trade B) Growth of Democracy in Europe C) Rise of Absolutism D) Age of Exploration 21. Between 1300 and 1600, which economic system began to develop as a result of the transformation in global trade? A) socialism B) capitalism C) communism D) manorialism test Base your answers to questions 22 through 24 on the speakers' statements below. Speaker A: Although I spread serfdom in my country, I tried to modernize our society by incorporating western technology. Speaker B: I promoted culture with my support of the arts. Unfortunately, I drained my country's treasury by building my palace at Versailles and involving my country in costly wars. 24. Which nation was most likely governed by Speaker D? A) Russia B) France C) Spain D) England 25. Oliver Cromwell led the Puritan Revolution in England in response to the A) passage of the Bill of Rights B) autocratic rule of the king C) implementation of mercantilism D) defeat of the Spanish Armada 26. Parliament offered the throne to King William and Queen Mary. Catholic King James II fled England for France. Parliament agreed to joint rule with the monarch. These events are most closely associated with the A) Crusades B) French Revolution C) Glorious Revolution D) Reconquista 27. Base your answer to the following question on the quote below. "... Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good..." Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 1789 The principle described in this quote most clearly shows the influence of which of the following? A) the actions of absolute monarchs in Russia and Japan B) the works of Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels C) the Industrial Revolution D) the ideas of the Enlightenment 28. The scientific theories developed by Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton resulted in A) challenges to the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church B) support for the Earth-centered theory of the universe C) confirmation of Darwin's theory of evolution D) a renewed interest in the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau Speaker C: I gained much wealth from my overseas empire in the Americas. I waged war against the Protestants and lost. Speaker D: I inherited the throne and imprisoned my foes without a trial. I dissolved Parliament because I did not want to consult with them when I increased taxes. 22. Which speaker represents the view of King Louis XIV of France? A) A B) B C) C D) D 23. Which type of government is most closely associated with all these speakers? A) limited monarchy B) absolute monarchy C) direct democracy D) constitutional democracy

6 29. Base your answer on the passage below and on your knowledge of social studies. Diligent reader, in this work, which has just been created and published, you have the motions of the fixed stars and planets, as these motions have been reconstituted [reconstructed] on the basis of ancient as well as recent observations, and have moreover been embellished by new and marvelous hypotheses. You also have most convenient tables, from which you will be able to compute those motions with the utmost ease for any time whatever. Therefore buy, read, and enjoy [this work]. Let no one untrained in geometry enter here. Nicholas Copernicus of Torun, Six Books on the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres In this passage, Copernicus states that he accomplished his work by A) excluding the teachings of ancient societies B) combining old and new observations C) questioning the principles of the scientific method D) denying the importance of geometry 30. Which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its people's natural rights of life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it? A) Karl Marx B) John Locke C) Thomas Hobbes D) Niccolo Machiavelli 31. Which institution became stronger and limited the monarchy in order to end absolutism in England? A) banks B) Parliament C) universities D) Anglican Church 32. The English Bill of Rights and the political philosophy of John Locke both support the idea of a A) coalition government B) fascist dictatorship C) Marxist dictatorship D) limited government 33. "The French Revolution is most important for having changed subjects to citizens." 34. If man in the state of nature is free, if he is absolute lord of his own person and possessions, why will he give up his freedom? Why will he put himself under the control of any person or institution? The obvious answer is that rights in the state of nature are constantly exposed to the attack of others. Since every man is equal and since most men do not concern themselves with equity and justice, the enjoyment of rights in the state of nature is unsafe and insecure. Hence each man joins in society with others to preserve his life, liberty, and property. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690 This statement provides support for the A) elimination of laissez-faire capitalism B) formation of government based on a social contract C) continuation of absolute monarchy D) rejection of the natural rights philosophy 35. The French Revolution was a reaction to the A) defeat in and humiliation of the Franco-Prussian War B) influence of and privileges granted to the First and Second Estates C) increasing confrontations between Catholics and Protestants D) conflict between competing branches of the French royal family 36. One way in which the motives for the Arab Spring and for the French Revolution are similar is that people wanted to A) rid society of secular beliefs B) alter the government to bring about reform C) create change through nonviolent means D) end economic inequalities using social media This statement emphasizes the shift from A) religious traditions to secular values B) divine right rule to people's participation in government C) rural lifestyles to urban lifestyles D) private property ownership to government ownership

7 37. Base your answer on the document excerpts below and on your knowledge of social studies. Based on these excerpts, which action would most likely be supported by Olympe de Gouges? A) executing the king B) restricting access to education C) creating more radical military strategies D) expanding the definition of equality 38. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below. Which of the following best represents Abbe Sieye's point of view in this passage? A) All monarchs should have absolute power. B) Only wealthy landowners should have political representation. C) The Catholic Church should have more political power. D) Common people deserve a voice in government. Base your answers to questions 39 and 40 on the passage below. "... Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness. No matter what citizen occupies this office, he will be aided by the Constitution, and therein being authorized to do good, he can do no harm, because his ministers will cooperate with him only insofar as he abides by the law. If he attempts to infringe upon the law, his own ministers will desert him, thereby isolating him from the Republic, and they will even bring charges against him in the Senate. The ministers, being responsible for any transgressions committed, will actually govern, since they must account for their actions..." Simón Bolívar, The ideas expressed by Simón Bolívar in this passage most closely parallel the ideas of which of the following people? A) Niccolo Machiavelli B) Baron de Montesquieu C) Napoleon Bonaparte D) Karl Marx 40. Based on this passage, Simón Bolívar would most likely agree with which of the following statements? A) Workers should control the means of production. B) Italy should be united under a single government. C) Japan must industrialize in order to compete with the powers of Europe. D) The nations of Latin America should be independent and free from colonial rule.

8 41. What was a major reason the Russian people engaged in the Revolution of 1905? A) dissatisfaction with czarist rule B) discontent with involvement in World War I C) irritation over the banning of the Orthodox church D) failure to emancipate the serfs 42. Which change is most closely associated with Peter the Great of Russia? A) establishment of Moscow as the capital city B) extension of Russia's borders to the Northern Caucuses and Ukraine C) westernization and modernization of the country D) emancipation of the serfs on private estates 43. One reason the Russian Empire was difficult to unite was that it A) had many diverse ethnic groups B) possessed limited natural resources C) served as a crossroads for trade D) lacked a navy 44. One way in which the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great are similar is that both leaders A) promoted the emancipation of serfs B) strengthened the role of the Duma and centralized royal power C) shared their power with the Russian Orthodox Church D) pursued a policy of westernization and expansion 45. As a result of discrimination during the 19th century, where were many Jews in eastern Europe forced to live? A) on collective farms B) in fortified villages C) in urban ghettos D) in industrial areas

9 46. Base your answer to the following question on the drawing below. Which of the following claims best represents a reason for the action shown in this drawing? A) Peter the Great believed that Russians were not religious enough. B) Peter the Great was trained as a barber before becoming assuming power. C) Peter the Great believed that Russian would benefit from western ideas and technology. D) Peter the Great led a communist revolution based on the ideas of Karl Marx. 47. Base your answer to the following question on the maps below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which pair of individuals played a direct role in the changes that took place between Map A and Map B? A) Otto Von Bismarck and Wilhelm II B) Klemens von Metternich and Victor Emmanuel III C) Camillo di Cavour and Guiseppe Mazzini D) Alexander II and Frederick the Great

10 48. Base your answer to the following question on the illustration below and on your knowledge of social studies. All the elements identified in the illustration contributed to German A) interdependence B) unification C) imperialism D) apathy Base your answers to questions 49 and 50 on the 19th century Irish song lyrics below.... What has poor Ireland done, mother, What has poor Ireland done, That the world looks on, and sees us starve, Perishing one by one? Do the men of England care not, mother, The great men and the high, For the suffering sons of Erin's isle, Whether they live or die?... A.M Edmond, "Give Me Three Grains of Corn, Mother" 49. The situation described in these lyrics most directly led to which of the following? A) Irish independence from Great Britain B) mass migration of Irish people to North America C) Irish neutrality during World War II D) an increase in Ireland's population 50. The situation described in these lyrics most directly resulted from which of the following? A) Black Death B) war between Catholics and Protestants C) the Holocaust D) failure of the potato crop 52. According to Thomas Malthus, the rate of increase for human populations in relation to the rate of increase for food production was a problem. Malthus believed that A) industrial development would severely limit population growth B) famine and war were natural checks on population growth C) countries with larger populations would conquer countries with smaller populations D) food production would increase at a faster rate than populations would 53. Which geographic feature aided industrialization in Great Britain? A) good harbors B) large forests C) highland climate D) monsoon winds 54. Abundant coal resources Development of steam power Building of an extensive canal system In the late 1700s, these conditions allowed the Industrial Revolution to begin in A) Japan B) Germany C) Russia D) England 55. Transportation in the 1800s was revolutionized by the development of the A) caravel B) astrolabe C) airplane D) steam engine 51. The development of cash-crop economies promotes globalization by A) equalizing the standard of living for peasant populations B) establishing communities that are self-sufficient C) maintaining the diversity of indigenous agriculture D) meeting demands outside the region of production

11 56. Base your answer to the following question on the quotations below. Quotation 1: "The Humble ADDRESS and PETITION of Thousands, who labor in the Cloth Manufactory. SHEWETH, That the Scribbling-Machines have thrown thousands of your petitioners out of employ, whereby they are brought into great distress, and are not able to procure a maintenance for their families, and deprived them of the opportunity of bringing up their children to labour: We have therefore to request, that prejudice and self-interest may be laid aside, and that you may pay that attention to the following facts, which the nature of the case requires...." Leeds Woollen Workers Petition, 1786 Quotation 2: "In the Manufacture of Woollens, the Scribbling Mill, the Spinning Frame, and the Fly Shuttle, have reduced manual Labour nearly One third, and each of them at its first Introduction carried an Alarm to the Work People, yet each has contributed to advance the Wages and to increase the Trade, so that if an Attempt was now made to deprive us of the Use of them, there is no Doubt, but every Person engaged in the Business, would exert himself to defend them...." Letter from Leeds Cloth Merchants, 1791 Quotation 1 describes the situation in terms of A) worker-management cooperation B) technological unemployment C) opportunities for unionism D) positive change 57. Base your answer to the question on the excerpt below and on your knowledge of social studies.... That in some few instances the regular hours of work do not exceed ten, exclusive of the time allowed for meals; sometimes they are eleven, but more commonly twelve; and in great numbers of instances the employment is continued for fifteen, sixteen, and even eighteen hours consecutively. That in almost every instance the Children work as long as the adults; being sometimes kept at work sixteen, and even eighteen hours, without any intermission... The Physical and Moral Condition of the Children 60. Which statement is supported by the ideas of Karl Marx? A) Private ownership of businesses helps workers. B) Industrialization benefits the wealthy and exploits the poor. C) Countries should benefit from the wealth of their colonies. D) Industrial capitalism allows workers and employers to work together for a common purpose. and Young Persons Employed in Mines and Manufactures, 1843 This type of evidence was used in the argument for A) modifying laissez-faire practices B) opposing the spread of communism C) restricting voting rights D) reforming the landholding system 58. Laissez-faire practices are most closely associated with a A) traditional economy B) market economy C) command economy D) mixed economy 59. Which traits characterize a laissez-faire capitalist economic system? A) slash-and-burn agriculture and animal-powered technology B) central planning and government quotas C) private property and profit incentive D) national health care and social security

12 61. Base your answer on the drawing below and on your knowledge of social studies. This 1852 drawing most likely would have been used to argue for improvements in A) workhouse rules B) sanitation regulations C) factory conditions D) suffrage laws 62. Which statement about railroad systems in the 19th and early 20th centuries is accurate? A) Imperialists rejected the use of railroads in their colonies. B) European governments opposed the development of railroads. C) Railroads helped promote the factory system and urbanization. D) Railroads made transportation of goods less efficient. 63. The primary purpose of both the Suez and the Panama canals was to A) control immigration to the colonies B) limit the slave trade C) expand irrigation systems D) decrease the distance of trade routes 64. During the Industrial Revolution, which development resulted from the other three? A) Factory conditions affected people's health. B) Labor unions were formed. C) Unskilled laborers received low wages. D) Machinery replaced workers. Base your answers to questions 65 and 66 on the passage below.... That in some few instances the regular hours of work do not exceed ten, exclusive of the time allowed for meals; sometimes they are eleven, but more commonly twelve; and in great numbers of instances the employment is continued for fifteen, sixteen, and even eighteen hours consecutively. That in almost every instance the Children work as long as the adults; being sometimes kept at work sixteen, and even eighteen hours, without any intermission... The Physical and Moral Condition of the Children and Young Persons Employed in Mines and Manufactures, Which of the following resulted most directly from the conditions described in this passage? A) the Green Revolution B) Bolshevik Revolution C) mass migration of people from urban to rural areas D) formation of labor unions 66. Which government practice contributed most directly to the conditions described in this passage? A) five-year plans B) imperialism C) laissez-faire economics D) appeasement

13 67. Base your answer to the following question on the poem below. Take up the White Man's burden Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. 68. What was a principal reason for the success of European colonialism in Asia in the late 1800s? A) Asians respected Europeans as representatives of an advanced civilization. B) Europe was able to dominate military and commercial relations with Asia. C) Europeans respected Asian laws and customs. D) Many Asians adopted European religious practices. Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man's Burden" The point of view in this poem contributed most directly to British actions in which of the following places? A) France B) Russia C) Japan D) India