The Polls: Presidential Greatness as Seen in the Mass Public: An Extension and Application of the Simonton Model

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The Polls: Presidential Greatness as Seen in the Mass Public: An Extension and Application of the Simonton Model"

Transcription

1 The Polls: Presidential Greatness as Seen in the Mass Public: An Extension and Application of the Simonton Model JEFFREY E. COHEN Fordham University I raise two questions in this article. In light of the scandals of the Clinton years, have the standards used to rate presidents changed or not? Second, do experts and informed citizens rate presidents similarly, and do they rely on the same criteria in their ratings? I use a C-SPAN poll administered in 2000 to experts, and through the Internet to the citizenry, as the data to address these questions. Results find great temporal stability in how presidents are rated. Furthermore, in applying a predictive model developed by Simonton, I find stability in the factors that predict presidential greatness ratings. In particular, experts and informed citizens rate presidents similarly and use similar criteria. Substantively, the most important and consistent predictor of presidential greatness is the number of years that the president served in office. This finding brings us full circle to a question that motivates much scholarship on the presidency: why do presidents get reelected for a second term? Introduction While presidential greatness rankings may not objectively inform us about who the best presidents are, they do tell us much about the factors that raters employ when comparing presidents. To date, most attention has focused on expert ratings of presidents, beginning with Arthur Schlesinger, Sr. s 1948 survey of historians. Several surveys of the mass public, conducted mainly by the Gallup organization, have found that only the more recent and historically more important presidents (e.g., Washington, Lincoln, and Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt) appear on mass public ratings. The public fails to rank most other presidents, presumably because of lack of knowledge. Thus, it is not easy to compare how experts and the general mass public view presidents. In 2000, C-SPAN conducted two polls, one of experts and one of viewers who responded to an Internet survey. Importantly, the two sets of raters responded Jeffrey E. Cohen is professor of political science at Fordham University. His most recent book, Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy-Making, received the 1998 Richard E. Neustadt Award of the Presidency Research Group of the American Political Science Association. Presidential Studies Quarterly 33, no. 4 (December) 2003 Center for the Study of the Presidency 913

2 914 PRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY / December 2003 to the same questions, allowing us to compare how experts and the informed public view presidents. Are the opinions of experts echoed in the informed mass public or not? More importantly, do the two sets of raters employ the same factors in rating presidents? Answers to these questions will give us a better sense of the importance of certain factors in our assessments of presidential performance. If we find that informed citizens rate the presidents the same way as experts do and employ similar criteria in deciding which presidents are great, then the greatness ratings may tell us something about our political culture and the standards by which our political culture assesses presidents. In the sections to follow, I review past research on presidential greatness, focusing most heavily on the work of social psychologist Dean Keith Simonton, who has systematically studied presidential greatness. Simonton s (1987; 1991; 1992; 1993; 2001) research aims to try to explain why some presidents are perceived as great and others not. He has found that a handful of factors about the presidents and the times in which they have served account for a large component of the variance in presidential greatness rankings. In this article, I use Simonton s model as a framework, extending it to the C-SPAN surveys, and ask whether his framework helps us understand how informed citizens, such as the C-SPAN respondents, assess presidents. In the next section I review past research on presidential greatness. Then I describe the C-SPAN presidential greatness polls and assess their reliability and validity. I compare the C-SPAN poll results with previous rankings, as well as compare how the experts and informed public rate presidents. An analysis of the C-SPAN ratings using Simonton s model follows. In the conclusion, I place the findings into perspective. Past Research on Presidential Greatness In 1948, historian Arthur Schlesinger, Sr. began the systematic study of presidential greatness when he polled 55 experts on American history, asking them to rank the presidents (Schlesinger 1948). Since then, presidency experts have been periodically repolled a dozen times or more. 1 Some critics have charged that these expert polls are biased because the ideological and/or partisan preferences of the experts affect how they rate the presidents and that the panels of experts tend to be filled with liberals and/or Democrats (see, for instance, Piereson 1997; Lindgren and Calabresi 2000). Analysis of the ratings of experts, however, has not found such a bias. Maranell (1970; Maranell and Dodder 1970) unearthed no correlation between the ideological or partisan leanings of individual raters and their presidential rankings (see also Murray and Blessing 1994). Simonton (1987; 2001), in exhaustive studies, has found that the many 1. The many presidential rankings include Bailey 1966; Holmes and Elder 1989; Kynerd 1971; Lindgren and Calabresi 2000; Maranell 1970; Maranell and Dodder 1970; Murray and Blessing 1994; Neal 1982; Pederson and McLaurin 1987; Piereson 1997; Ridings and McIver 1997; Schlesinger, Jr. 1962; 1996; 1997; and Spangler and House The C-SPAN, 2000 ratings, which are used in this article, are found at the website See Bose 2001 for a review and comparison of many of these presidential rankings.

3 Cohen / PRESIDENTIAL GREATNESS AS SEEN IN THE MASS PUBLIC 915 expert polls of presidential greatness all produce similar rankings. This leads him to contend that a firm consensus [exists] about the best and worst presidents in U.S. history (Simonton 2001, 294). As a consequence, Simonton argues that research efforts should focus on trying to understand the components and predictors of presidential greatness, where a healthy debate exists (see Bose 2001; Deluga 1997; 1998; Greenstein 2000; Kenney and Rice 1988; Landy and Milkis 2000; McCann 1992; 1995; Nice 1984; Simonton 1987; 1991; 1992; 1993; 2001). The debate essentially boils down to whether greatness is a function of the president s personal attributes, such as personality and character, or whether it is merely a function of the times in which a president served. Simonton s analysis finds that the times seem to matter more than personal presidential characteristics. His model consists of the following six attributes: (1) the number of years that the president served, (2) whether the president served during wartime, (3) whether the president was assassinated, (4) whether a major scandal occurred while the president served, (5) whether the president was a war hero, and (6) whether the president could be described as intellectually brilliant. Simonton s (2001) analysis of the Ridings-McIver (1997) ratings finds that character (scandal) was less important that more situational factors in understanding overall presidential greatness. One wonders, however, if this is still the case in the wake of Bill Clinton s scandalplagued administration. The Clinton case raises several questions. First, in light of Clinton s behavior, have experts adjusted the standards by which they judge presidents? If character has become more important to the experts because of Clinton s behavior (or the high level of media attention to his behavior), then perhaps the factors that affect people s ratings of presidents may not be as stable as Simonton suggests. Second, do experts and informed citizens use the same criteria in rating presidents? During the Lewinsky scandal and congressional impeachment period, a seeming gap existed between the opinions of experts, such as Washington insiders and journalists, and the mass public. The latter seemed less concerned about Clinton s affair with Monica Lewinsky than political elites and the intellectual class. Does that gap exist in presidential ratings data too? The C-SPAN polls give us an opportunity to address these questions. The C-SPAN Polls Thus far, presidential ratings have relied almost exclusively on the assessments of experts, mainly historians and biographers. The Gallup organization conducted several mass polls, but found the mass public can only rate recent presidents and great historical figures such as Washington, Lincoln, and the two Roosevelts. In 2000, C-SPAN overcame this problem by conducting an Internet poll in which viewers could answer the same questions about presidents that were posed to a panel of experts. Although the C-SPAN Internet respondents are not representative of the mass public in general, presumably being more informed than the general public, the fact that they responded to the same questions as experts allows us to compare how an informed public and experts see the presidents. The C-SPAN public poll was open to viewers for a ten-day period

4 916 PRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY / December 2003 in late December In all, 1145 people participated in that survey in addition to the 58 experts. Table 1 presents the overall or summary C-SPAN presidential greatness ratings of experts and Internet respondents for presidents Washington through Clinton. Both the experts and Internet respondents were asked to rate presidents overall and on ten dimensions. The ten C-SPAN dimensions are: Public persuasion Relations with Congress International relations Economic management Administrative skills Moral authority Crisis leadership Vision and agenda setting Performance within the context of the times Pursued equal justice for all In contrast, the 1997 Ridings-McIver poll asked raters to judge presidents on five dimensions: leadership qualities, accomplishment, political skill, appointments, and character and integrity. Clearly, there is much item overlap between the C-SPAN and Ridings-McIver polls, but the C-SPAN survey goes into more detail and is less ambiguous than the more general Ridings-McIver categories. Unlike other polls, which only ask raters to rank the presidents, C-SPAN asked both sets of raters to assess whether the president possessed the specific trait. Cumulating across raters creates a percentage (which can also be converted into a rank order). Previous studies only ranked the presidents. Often these rankings are treated as numerical values when being analyzed (e.g., Simonton, 1987; 2001). The C-SPAN scores, however, are already scaled variables. Table 2 presents the correlations between each dimension and the overall presidential rating. For the C-SPAN viewers, the correlations range from.80 to.99 and all are highly statistically significant. As Simonton (2001) found, character and integrity (here morality) fit less well than the other items, but still was strongly associated with overall assessments. We find a similar story when inspecting the correlations for the experts. Here the justice score correlates the weakest, but still strongly at.72. Again, all correlations are statistically significant at the.001 level or better. Simonton s (2001) analysis of the five Ridings-McIver aspects of greatness found that they scale on one dimension. I replicate Simonton s approach with the ten items for both the C-SPAN experts and viewers. In each case, factor analysis produced only one factor. For the viewers, this factor accounted for 92 percent of the variance in the individual variables and 94 percent for the experts (Table 3). Thus, echoing Simonton, there seems to be one underlying greatness dimension, with several or more aspects entering into a president s greatness score.

5 Cohen / PRESIDENTIAL GREATNESS AS SEEN IN THE MASS PUBLIC 917 TABLE 1 C-SPAN Expert and Viewer Overall Rankings of Presidents President Experts Viewers Abraham Lincoln 1 1 Franklin Roosevelt 2 4 George Washington 3 2 Theodore Roosevelt 4 3 Harry S. Truman 5 7 Woodrow Wilson 6 13 Thomas Jefferson 7 5 John F. Kennedy 8 12 Dwight D. Eisenhower 9 8 Lyndon Baines Johnson Ronald Reagan 11 6 James K. Polk Andrew Jackson James Monroe 14 9 William McKinley John Adams Grover Cleveland James Madison John Quincy Adams George Bush Bill Clinton Jimmy Carter Gerald Ford William Howard Taft Richard Nixon Rutherford B. Hayes Calvin Coolidge Zachary Taylor James Garfield Martin Van Buren Benjamin Harrison Chester Arthur Ulysses S. Grant Herbert Hoover Millard Fillmore John Tyler William Henry Harrison Warren G. Harding Franklin Pierce Andrew Johnson James Buchanan Source: C-SPAN; available from survey.

6 918 PRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY / December 2003 TABLE 2 Correlations between Rating Dimensions and Overall Presidential Greatness Ratings by Experts and C-SPAN Viewers Dimension Experts C-SPAN Viewers Public persuasion Moral authority Relations with Congress Crisis leadership International relations Vision and agenda setting Economic management Performance within the context of the times Administrative skills Pursued equal justice for all Source: C-SPAN; available from survey. TABLE 3 Factor Loadings of Rating Dimensions and Overall Presidential Greatness Ratings by Experts and C-SPAN Viewers (Principal Components Factor Analysis) Dimension Experts C-SPAN Viewers Public persuasion Moral authority Relations with Congress Crisis leadership International relations Vision and agenda setting Economic management Performance within the context of the times Administrative skills Pursued equal justice for all Source: C-SPAN; available from survey. Despite some difference in the loadings of particular items across the two factor analyses, their similarity is striking. In both cases, performance within the context of the times was the highest loading factor, followed closely by vision and agenda setting. For the experts, the factor loadings ranged from.68 to.99; for the viewers, the range was.79 to.99. Six items loaded at.9 or better for the experts; seven did so for the viewers. And while pursuit of equal justice was the weakest loading item for the experts (.68), it was the second lowest item for the viewers (.80), only a shade stronger than moral authority, which loaded at.79. And for the experts, moral authority tied for next to last at.85 with relations with Congress. Thus, not only do the experts and

7 Cohen / PRESIDENTIAL GREATNESS AS SEEN IN THE MASS PUBLIC 919 informed citizens appear to rate presidents similarly on the same criteria, but these results strongly echo Simonton s earlier analyses (1987; 2001). Predicting Presidential Ratings One of Simonton s innovations was to ask what factors account for presidential performance and greatness. After exhaustive research over nearly two decades, Simonton settled on a predictive statistical model. His model is composed of the six variables mentioned above. Simonton found that longer service, assassination, wartime tenure, war hero status, and intellectual brilliance enhance a president s greatness score. Scandals lower the score. While some important challenges to Simonton s model exist (e.g., Deluga 1997; 1998; Kenney and Rice 1988; McCann 1992; 1995; Nice 1984), none of the rival formulations statistically outperform his model (Simonton 1987; 1991; 1992; 1993; 2001). In fact, most of these alternatives appear to be either components of his fuller model (e.g., Kenney and Rice 1988; Nice 1984) or refinements of points that he has made (e.g., Deluga 1997; 1998; McCann 1992; 1995). Given the performance of the Simonton approach, we ask how well it holds up with these new data, especially with the C-SPAN viewers. In other words, does the Simonton model only apply to the greatness rankings of experts or does it also generalize to informed citizens? Table 4 presents results that employ Simonton s model for the C-SPAN experts and viewers. In general, the results are quite similar to Simonton s earlier effort. This model accounts for a healthy amount of the variance in the overall presidential greatness scores, TABLE 4 Impact of Simonton Variables on Overall Presidential Greatness Scores, C-SPAN Experts and Viewers Experts Viewers Variable b SE p* b SE p* Years Hero War Assassination Scandal Brilliance Constant R 2 /Adj. R 2.73/.68.67/.61 F Source: C-SPAN; available from survey. *p = one-tailed tests.

8 920 PRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY / December 2003 with adjusted R 2 s of.68 for experts and.61 for viewers. We are slightly better able to account for the ratings of experts than viewers, a finding that makes sense, given that we are unclear as to the level of historical knowledge of the viewers and the potential sampling biases in a self-administered poll. Still, it is remarkable how closely the two sets of evaluators agree on the variables that account for higher presidential greatness scores. In both cases, all six variables are significant at.01. The two sets of evaluators apply similar weights to each of the six factors. For example, each year that a president served in office raises his score by 3.7 points for the experts and nearly 2.9 for the viewers. War hero status increases a president s score by points for the experts and 9.65 for the viewers. Intellectual brilliance boosts a president s score by 4.65 points for the experts and 4.10 for the viewers. And scandal, one of the motivating factors for this article, was of broadly similar consequence to both panels: for the experts, a scandal lowered a president s score by 9.06 points, while for the viewers the drop was 7.53 points. One also observes a few differences in weighting across our two panels. Wartime tenure increases a president s score by 9.15 points for experts but is less weighty for viewers, at only Perhaps the ambiguity of Vietnam has greater weight in the minds of viewers than experts, the latter perhaps possessing greater historical knowledge about other wars. And assassination weighs more heavily for experts than viewers (16.65 to points). This may signal lower levels of information on assassinated presidents, like Garfield, who served abbreviated terms, but who some historians think of highly, perhaps because of his pre-presidential career. More important than these differences in the weights of individual variables, however, is the overall resemblance across the two estimations. Experts and informed citizens view presidents similarly. Moreover, these results correspond well with Simonton s analyses (1987; 2001). We should be cautious in comparing these results to Simonton s analysis of the Ridings- McIver poll because the Ridings-McIver poll only used rankings, and here we are analyzing percentage ratings. Still, the results are remarkably alike. Like our results, Simonton found that all six of his variables are statistically significant and correctly signed. Most important, not only does Simonton s model hold on these new data, but his predictive model applies to informed viewers, as well as experts. The Simonton Model and Specific Presidential Traits Both the C-SPAN and the Ridings-McIver surveys also ask respondents to rate the presidents on specific dimensions. Earlier, we reported that the ten C-SPAN traits load on one dimension, although some of the traits load more heavily than others. Simonton (2001) similarly found a uni-dimensional structure to the five Ridings-McIver traits (leadership, accomplishments, political skill, appointments, and character/integrity). Moreover, he found some consistency in the ability of his model to statistically predict the five traits. All save the character/integrity trait displayed R 2 s from.67 to.79. His model could account for only 46 percent of the variance in character/integrity. For none of the five traits, however, did all six of his variables reach statistical significance, indi-

9 Cohen / PRESIDENTIAL GREATNESS AS SEEN IN THE MASS PUBLIC 921 cating that respondents distinguish among the five traits. Yet, years in office emerged as a significant predictor each time. I repeat the Simonton exercise by regressing each of the ten C-SPAN traits on Simonton s predictive model. Table 5 presents the results for the C-SPAN viewers and Table 6 for the C-SPAN experts. I reduce the mass of available information by only presenting the regression coefficients (b s) for variables that reach the.05 level of statistical significance. We can compare the impact (b) of the same variable across equations because each dependent variable is measured in percentage terms. TABLE 5 Impact of Simonton Variables on Presidential Greatness Ratings Dimensions, C-SPAN Viewers (Regression Coefficients at p.05) Dimension Years Hero War Assassination Scandal Brilliance Constant R 2 /Adj. R 2 Persuasion /.73 Moral Auth /.32 Congress /.41 Crisis /.63 Inter. Rel /.47 Vision /.62 Economy /.55 Context times /.60 Admin /.64 Equal justice /.36 All entries are regression coefficients that are significant at the.05 level or better. Empty cells indicate that the regressor is insignificant. Source: C-SPAN; available from TABLE 6 Impact of Simonton Variables on Presidential Greatness Ratings Dimensions, C-SPAN Experts (Regression Coefficients at p.05) Dimension Years Hero War Assassination Scandal Brilliance Constant R 2 /Adj. R 2 Persuasion /.68 Moral Auth /.57 Congress /.39 Crisis /.66 Inter. Rel /.50 Vision /.65 Economy /.56 Context /.67 Admin /.62 Justice /.28 All entries are regression coefficients that are significant at the.05 level or better. Empty cells indicate that the regressor is insignificant. Source: C-SPAN; available from

10 922 PRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY / December 2003 From this wealth of detail, we can make several comparisons. First, we can compare the results in general with Simonton s. Resulting R 2 s are similar to Simonton s. Most fall in the.57 to.73 range for the experts and.50 to.77 range for the viewers. Just as Simonton found, I was less able to predict the experts ratings of character (here termed moral authority), which produced an R 2 of only.42, similar to Simonton s R 2 of.46 for the character/integrity trait. However, I was better able to predict the viewers moral authority ratings, producing an R 2 of.63. In contrast, the six variable models produced R 2 s of only.39 for equal justice for all and.48 for relations with Congress. Because the five Ridings-McIver traits do not correspond exactly to the ten C- SPAN traits, we cannot directly make comparisons of the impact of specific variables. Thus, we turn our attention to the comparisons between the C-SPAN experts and viewers, who were asked to rate the presidents on the same ten traits. One remarkable consistency emerges from inspecting the two tables. For both experts and viewers, years in office is a significant predictor for each trait. This echoes Simonton s finding that years in office was a significant predictor for each of the five traits that he looked at. The second most common significant predictor was intellectual brilliance, which was significant nine of ten times for the experts and eight of ten for the viewers. Intellectual brilliance seemed not to matter for experts and viewers ratings of skill with Congress and viewers ratings of moral authority. Being assassinated is more consequential for experts than viewers, reaching significance eight times for the former group but only four times for the latter. The other factors reach statistical significance about the same amount for experts and viewers. In summation, our results are comparable to Simonton s. Generally, his sixvariable models account for from one half to three quarters of the variance, with years in office the most consistent predictor. The longer a president served in office, the higher his overall ratings and the higher the rating for each specific trait, no matter who is doing the rating, experts or viewers. Conclusion In this article, I utilized C-SPAN s presidential greatness survey of experts and viewers to address two questions. One, given the scandals of the Clinton presidency, have character traits become more important in assessing presidents? Two, do experts and the informed citizenry rate presidents the same way, using the same criteria? As to the first question, character seems no more important in this most recent survey of experts than it did in previous ones. Thus, there seems to be great temporal stability in how presidents are rated. Similarly, experts and informed citizens generally seem to rate presidents the same way using the same criteria. The most important substantive result of applying the Simonton model was the finding that years in office consistently emerged as a statistically significant predictor, echoing Simonton s (2001) previously reported finding. In the remainder of this conclusion, I want to address the meaning of this finding and its implications for the study of presidential greatness.

11 Cohen / PRESIDENTIAL GREATNESS AS SEEN IN THE MASS PUBLIC 923 The years in office variable basically distinguishes between presidents who served for one term versus those who were reelected and served a second term, except for presidents who died in office or left office (e.g., Nixon) before their terms expired, and of course, FDR, who was elected four times. From this, I am led to ask, why do presidents get a second term? Two possibilities present themselves. One, the public rewards presidents who have done a good job in office with a second term, or, the public retains in office presidents who they feel possess great leadership qualities. One must question the plausibility of the second possibility. First, one can make the case that several presidents of mediocre talents won reelection (e.g., Grant), while others of more demonstrable leadership talents (perhaps Carter), were defeated in their reelection bids. It seems more likely that the public rewards presidents with a second term when the president presided over good times as opposed to bad times and when the president appeared successful in dealing with problems as opposed to being incapable or making problems worse. Thus, borrowing from the presidential approval and elections literatures, when the economy is in good shape and the nation is at peace or if at war, appears to be succeeding in the war effort presidents will tend to be reelected. We must then ask: do presidents possess the policy instruments to produce good times? And if presidents possess such policy instruments, how important are their greatness qualities to selecting policy courses that produce good times? In others words, the literature on presidential greatness and the analysis presented here leads us to the question of the impact of personal attributes on presidential decision making, a foundation question of presidential studies. Thus, presidential greatness studies are not mere parlor games, but are rooted in the same concerns as presidential studies in general. References Bailey, Thomas A Presidential greatness: The image and the man from George Washington to the present. New York: Appelton-Century. Bose, Meena Presidential ratings: Lessons and liabilities. Paper presented at the 2001 American Political Science Association Meeting, San Francisco, CA, August 29-September 2, Deluga, R.J Relationship among American presidential charismatic leadership, narcissism, and related performance. Leadership Quarterly 8: American presidential proactivity, charismatic leadership, and rated performance. Leadership Quarterly 9: Greenstein, Fred I The presidential difference: Leadership style from FDR to Clinton. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Holmes, Jack E., and Robert E. Elder Our best and worst presidents: Some possible reasons for perceived presidential performance. Presidential Studies Quarterly 19: Kenney, Patrick J., and Tom W. Rice The contextual determination of presidential greatness. Presidential Studies Quarterly 18: Kynerd, T An analysis of presidential greatness and president rating. Southern Quarterly 9: Landy, Marc, and Sidney M. Milkis Presidential greatness. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. Lindgren, James, and Steven G. Calabresi Ranking the presidents. Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2000, p. A26.

12 924 PRESIDENTIAL STUDIES QUARTERLY / December 2003 Maranell, Gary M The evaluation of presidents: An extension of the Schlesinger polls. Journal of American History 57: Maranell, Gary M., and R. Dodder Political orientations and the evaluation of presidential prestige: A study of American historians. Social Science Quarterly 51: McCann, S.J.H Alternative formulas to predict the greatness of U.S. presidents: Personological, situational, and zeitgeist factors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62: Presidential candidate age and Schlesinger s cycles of American history ( ): When younger is better. Political Psychology 16: Murray, Robert K., and Tim H. Blessing Greatness in the White House: Rating the presidents from George Washington through Ronald Reagan. 2d updated ed. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania University Press. Neal, Steve Our best and worst presidents. Chicago Tribune Magazine, January 10, pp. 8-13, 15, and 18. Nice, David C The influence of war and party system aging on the ranking of presidents. Western Political Quarterly 37: Pederson, William D., and Ann M. McLaurin, eds The rating game in American politics. New York: Irving Publishers. Piereson, James Historians and the Reagan legacy. The Weekly Standard, September 29, pp Ridings, William J., Jr., and Stuart M. McIver Rating the presidents: A ranking of U.S. leaders, from the great and honorable to the dishonest and incompetent. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press. Schlesinger, Arthur M, Sr Historians rate U.S. presidents. Life, November 1, 1948, pp Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr Our presidents: A rating by 75 historians. New York Times Magazine, July 29, 1962, pp The ultimate approval rating. New York Times Magazine, December 15, 1996, pp Rating the presidents: Washington to Clinton. Political Science Quarterly 112: Simonton, Dean Keith Why presidents succeed: A political psychology of leadership. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Predicting presidential greatness: An alternative to the Kenney and Rice contextual index. Presidential Studies Quarterly 21: Presidential greatness and personality: A response to McCann. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63: Putting the best leaders in the White House: Personality, policy, and performance. Political Psychology 14: Predicting presidential performance in the United States: Equation replication on recent survey results. Journal of Social Psychology 141: Spangler, W.D., and R.J. House Presidential effectiveness and the leadership motive profile. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60:

LSP In-Class Activity 5 Working with PASW 20 points Due by Saturday, Oct. 17 th 11:59 pm ANSWERS

LSP In-Class Activity 5 Working with PASW 20 points Due by Saturday, Oct. 17 th 11:59 pm ANSWERS LSP 121-405 In-Class Activity 5 Working with PASW 20 points Due by Saturday, Oct. 17 th 11:59 pm ANSWERS Statistics Age at Inauguration N Valid 44 Missing 0 Mean 54.64 Median 54.50 Mode 54 Std. Deviation

More information

SS7 CIVICS, CH. 8.1 THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN PARTIES FALL 2016 PP. PROJECT

SS7 CIVICS, CH. 8.1 THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN PARTIES FALL 2016 PP. PROJECT PROJECT SS7 CIVICS, CH. 8.1 THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN PARTIES DATE FALL 2016 CLIENT PP. 1. WHAT IS A POLITICAL PARTY? A POLITICAL PARTY IS AN ASSOCIATION OF VOTERS WITH COMMON INTERESTS WHO WANT TO INFLUENCE

More information

Research Skills. 2010, 2003 Copyright by Remedia Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.

Research Skills. 2010, 2003 Copyright by Remedia Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. Research Skills U.S. Presidents REM 311 Cover Designer: Meg Turecek A Teaching Resource From 2010, 2003 Copyright by Remedia Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. The purchase of

More information

Presidential Project

Presidential Project Birth/Death February 22, 1732, December 14, 1799 Place of Birth Pope s Creek, Westmoreland County, Virginia Ancestry English Marital Status Martha Dandridge Custis Children None, Adopted two children from

More information

Contemporary United States

Contemporary United States Contemporary United States (1968 to the Present) PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES By Douglas Lynne PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES Published by Weigl Publishers Inc. 350 5th Avenue, Suite 3304 PMB 6G New

More information

Solutions. Algebra II Journal. Module 3: Standard Deviation. Making Deviation Standard

Solutions. Algebra II Journal. Module 3: Standard Deviation. Making Deviation Standard Solutions Algebra II Journal Module 3: Standard Deviation Making Deviation Standard This journal belongs to: 1 Algebra II Journal: Reflection 1 Respond to the following reflection questions and submit

More information

Expansion and Reform. (Early 1800s-1861) PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. By Daniel Casciato

Expansion and Reform. (Early 1800s-1861) PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. By Daniel Casciato Expansion and Reform (Early 1800s-1861) PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES By Daniel Casciato PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES Published by Weigl Publishers Inc. 350 5th Avenue, Suite 3304 PMB 6G New York,

More information

About the Survey. Rating and Ranking the Presidents

About the Survey. Rating and Ranking the Presidents Official Results of the 2018 Presidents & Executive Politics Presidential Greatness Survey Brandon Rottinghaus, University of Houston Justin S. Vaughn, Boise State University About the Survey The 2018

More information

Post-War United States

Post-War United States Post-War United States (1945-Early 1970s) PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES By Marty Gitlin PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES Published by Weigl Publishers Inc. 350 5th Avenue, Suite 3304 PMB 6G New York,

More information

Presidential term: Lived: Occupations: Planter, Lawyer. Vice Presidents: Aaron Burr, George Clinton

Presidential term: Lived: Occupations: Planter, Lawyer. Vice Presidents: Aaron Burr, George Clinton In this resource you will find portraits of the individuals who served as presidents of the United States, along with their occupations, political party affiliations, and other interesting facts. **The

More information

Presidents of the United States Cards

Presidents of the United States Cards Presidents of the United States Cards Print on card stock and laminate for more durability if desired. Use as trading cards with friends as flashcards or a timeline to learn the Presidents. Created by

More information

Simple Method for Predicting American Presidential Greatness From Victory Margin in Popular Vote ( )

Simple Method for Predicting American Presidential Greatness From Victory Margin in Popular Vote ( ) The Journal of Social Psychology, 2005, 145(3), 287 298 Simple Method for Predicting American Presidential Greatness From Victory Margin in Popular Vote (1824 1996) STEWART J. H. MCCANN Department of Psychology

More information

mith College Computer Science Lecture Notes Week 11 Everyday Python CSC111 Spring 2015 Dominique Thiébaut

mith College Computer Science Lecture Notes Week 11 Everyday Python CSC111 Spring 2015 Dominique Thiébaut mith College Computer Science Lecture Notes Week 11 Everyday Python CSC111 Spring 2015 Dominique Thiébaut dthiebaut@smith.edu Lists of Lists (Chapter 11 Designing with Lists and Classes) Two Types of Lists

More information

U. S. Presidents Nomenclature and Matching Cards

U. S. Presidents Nomenclature and Matching Cards Fro Crestview Heights Acadey U. S. Presidents Noenclature and Matching Cards By Stephenie McBride Hello and thank you for purchasing this product! Noenclature cards (Picture Matching Cards) are traditionally

More information

no prerequisites Required Readings no textbook Recommended Readings

no prerequisites Required Readings no textbook Recommended Readings INR 3102 U01 (13014) International Relations of the United States Time: T/R 1700-1815, Spring 2011, Place: GC279B. Drop Date: March 4, 2011. Enrollment cap: 45 Prof. Thomas A. Breslin Office: SIPA 428

More information

Museum of World Treasures

Museum of World Treasures Museum of World Treasures Presidents Vocabulary List - All entries pertain directly to artifacts or signs in our exhibits. George Washington Known as the first President of the United States in 1789. He

More information

Puzzles, games, and trivia for hours of presidential fun! Brian Thornton

Puzzles, games, and trivia for hours of presidential fun! Brian Thornton e pl m Sa file THE presidents Book Puzzles, games, and trivia for hours of presidential fun! Brian Thornton Adams Media Avon, Massachusetts Dedication In memory of my friend Jeffrey Edward Nelson. Long

More information

Presidential Greatness & Political Science: Assessing the 2014 APSA Presidents & Executive Politics Section Presidential Greatness Survey

Presidential Greatness & Political Science: Assessing the 2014 APSA Presidents & Executive Politics Section Presidential Greatness Survey Boise State University ScholarWorks Political Science Faculty Publications and Presentations Department of Political Science 7-1-2017 Presidential Greatness & Political Science: Assessing the 2014 APSA

More information

The Federalist Era:

The Federalist Era: The Federalist Era: 1789-1801 THE FEDERALIST ERA: DOMESTIC Issues I. America in 1790 A. Population: 4 million B. U.S. was recovering from a depression C. Challenges by Britain and Spain threatened the

More information

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. The Contextual Determinants of Presidential Greatness Author(s): Patrick J. Kenney Tom W. Rice Source: Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, The Presidency in a Bicentennial Quadrennial Election

More information

American Presidential Elections. The American presidential election system has produced some interesting quirks, such as...

American Presidential Elections. The American presidential election system has produced some interesting quirks, such as... American Presidential Elections The American presidential election system has produced some interesting quirks, such as..., when s Jefferson and Burr receive the same number of electoral votes, thus forcing

More information

CRS-2 Currently, only 10 of the 37 presidential grave sites are maintained by the federal government. 3 Due to the high number of privately managed pr

CRS-2 Currently, only 10 of the 37 presidential grave sites are maintained by the federal government. 3 Due to the high number of privately managed pr Order Code RS21005 Updated January 16, 2007 Presidential Grave Sites: and Congressional District Locations Summary Joseph J. Schwarz Information Research Specialist Knowledge s Group This report 1 lists

More information

WikiLeaks Document Release

WikiLeaks Document Release WikiLeaks Document Release February 2, 2009 Congressional Research Report RS21005 Presidential Grave Sites: and Congressional District Locations Joseph J. Schwarz, Knowledge s Group January 16, 2007 Abstract.

More information

American Presidents American Presidents

American Presidents American Presidents American Presidents American Presidents George Washington George Washington He was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American

More information

CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web

CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code 98-156 GOV Updated January 29, 2001 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web The Presidential Veto and Congressional Procedure Gary L. Galemore Analyst in American National Government

More information

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS Big Idea As the US expanded, there was more debate over slavery and new attempts at compromise New western states continued to enter the Union -New states: IN, IL, MS, AL President

More information

EXPERIENCE AND THE PRESIDENCY

EXPERIENCE AND THE PRESIDENCY d EXPERIENCE AND THE PRESIDENCY David A. Levine Did you know that Abraham Lincoln was from the standpoint of experience arguably less prepared to become the President than any of the 42 men to assume that

More information

The Presidential Ranking Game: Critical Review and Some New Discoveries

The Presidential Ranking Game: Critical Review and Some New Discoveries The Presidential Ranking Game: Critical Review and Some New Discoveries CURT NICHOLS Baylor University This study provides critical analysis of ranking surveys, leading to regression analysis that provides

More information

Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: An Overview

Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: An Overview Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: An Overview Kevin R. Kosar Analyst in American National Government April 22, 2013 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Congressional

More information

Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: An Overview

Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: An Overview Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: An Overview Kevin R. Kosar Analyst in American National Government June 18, 2014 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS22188 Summary The veto power vested

More information

Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: In Brief

Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: In Brief Regular Vetoes and Pocket Vetoes: In Brief Meghan M. Stuessy Analyst in Government Organization and Management June 9, 2015 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RS22188 Summary The veto power

More information

Analyzing presidential elections without incumbents. Alexander Slutsker. University of Maryland. I. Introduction

Analyzing presidential elections without incumbents. Alexander Slutsker. University of Maryland. I. Introduction Analyzing presidential elections without incumbents Alexander Slutsker University of Maryland I. Introduction As pundits and scholars analyze the upcoming 2008 presidential election, it is useful to examine

More information

Presidents of the United States

Presidents of the United States Presidents of the United States 1 George Washington (1789-1797) a 1 st President b Supported the 1 st Bank of the United States c Served 2 Terms 2 John Adams (1797-1801) a Federalist b Sedition Acts c

More information

1856 Presidential Election. James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

1856 Presidential Election. James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig CHAPTER 19 Election of 1856 Old Buck v. The Pathfinder Democrats - James Buchanan someone untainted by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and a person with lots of political experience Popular sovereignty No Pierce

More information

HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY STUDENT BOOK. 12th Grade Unit 3

HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY STUDENT BOOK. 12th Grade Unit 3 HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY STUDENT BOOK 12th Grade Unit 3 HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY 1203 THE AMERICAN PARTY SYSTEM Unit 3 THE AMERICAN PARTY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION 3 1. POLITICAL PARTIES 5 THE AMERICAN PARTY SYSTEM 6

More information

We ve looked at presidents as individuals - Now,

We ve looked at presidents as individuals - Now, We ve looked at presidents as individuals - Now, How much can a president really control, no matter what his strengths and skills? How much can a leader or anyone - determine outcomes, and how much is

More information

APUSH 4/13/16. Agenda: HW: Turn in Ford Chart SA Test Carter Notes. Study for Test Terms Shirt Money Extra Credit

APUSH 4/13/16. Agenda: HW: Turn in Ford Chart SA Test Carter Notes. Study for Test Terms Shirt Money Extra Credit APUSH 4/13/16 Agenda: Turn in Ford Chart SA Test Carter Notes HW: Study for Test Terms Shirt Money Extra Credit Election of 1976 (Bicentennial Campaign) Republican Ford Dem Jimmy Carter Dark horse candidate

More information

Mountain Green Elementary School 5 th Grade Great American Award

Mountain Green Elementary School 5 th Grade Great American Award Mountain Green Elementary School 5 th Grade Great American Award The Great American Award is not given to students, rather, it is earned by students; and is optional. The requirements are: 1. Match the

More information

PRICES REALIZED DETAIL - Historical - Spring 2016 Auction 84, Auction Date:

PRICES REALIZED DETAIL - Historical - Spring 2016 Auction 84, Auction Date: S REALIZED DETAIL - Historical - Spring 2016 Auction 84, Auction Date: 1 ADAMS, JOHN. EXTRAORDINARY AUTOGRAPH LETTER SIGNED ( JOHN ADAMS ), 26 APRIL 1813. $30,000 2 ADAMS, JOHN. DOCUMENT SIGNED ( JOHN

More information

Archived article from the University of North Carolina at Asheville s Journal of Undergraduate Research, retrieved from UNC Asheville s NC DOCKS

Archived article from the University of North Carolina at Asheville s Journal of Undergraduate Research, retrieved from UNC Asheville s NC DOCKS Archived article from the University of North Carolina at Asheville s Journal of Undergraduate Research, retrieved from UNC Asheville s NC DOCKS Institutional Repository: http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/unca/

More information

INR 3102-U01 (16832) American Foreign Policy Spring 2019 MWF 10am PC214 Prof. Breslin SIPA 428 Office hours: WF 2-4 pm and by app t.

INR 3102-U01 (16832) American Foreign Policy Spring 2019 MWF 10am PC214 Prof. Breslin SIPA 428 Office hours: WF 2-4 pm and by app t. 1 INR 3102 U01 (16832) American Foreign Policy Spring 2019 MWF: 10 10:50 am Location: Perry Building (PC), room 214 Final Exam: TBA Prof. Thomas A. Breslin Office: SIPA428 Office Hours: WF, 2-4 pm; and

More information

Introductory Text. Standards. Before Reading. During Reading. After Reading. Constitution and Government Unit

Introductory Text. Standards. Before Reading. During Reading. After Reading. Constitution and Government Unit Constitution and Government Unit Standards Reading: Analyze how visual and multimedia elements contribute to the meaning, tone, or beauty of a text. Writing: Recall relevant information from experiences

More information

Franklin D. Roosevelt To George W. Bush (Education Of The Presidents) READ ONLINE

Franklin D. Roosevelt To George W. Bush (Education Of The Presidents) READ ONLINE Franklin D. Roosevelt To George W. Bush (Education Of The Presidents) READ ONLINE If you are searched for a ebook Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush (Education of the Presidents) in pdf format, then

More information

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 President Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009 1. Abraham Lincoln 15. Bill Clinton 29. Zachary Taylor 2. Franklin Roosevelt

More information

Report for Congress. Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation. Updated March 25, 2003

Report for Congress. Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation. Updated March 25, 2003 Order Code RL31761 Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession: Overview and Current Legislation Updated March 25, 2003 Thomas H. Neale Government and

More information

White House Transitions Fact Sheet Compiled November 2016

White House Transitions Fact Sheet Compiled November 2016 White House Transitions Fact Sheet Compiled November 2016 1801 Fearing possible violence and recrimination between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, President John Adams considered resigning several

More information

The Historical Experience of Experience: How and When Experience in a President Counts Charles O. Jones

The Historical Experience of Experience: How and When Experience in a President Counts Charles O. Jones Number 12 March 2008 Recent Issues in Governance Studies The Future of Red, Blue and Purple America (January 2008) The Politics of Economic Insecurity (September 2007) Shaping the 44th Presidency (August

More information

President s Swearing-In Ceremony

President s Swearing-In Ceremony 1 of 6 1/4/2013 3:15 AM President s Swearing-In Ceremony ʺI do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability,

More information

The Constitution of the United States of America

The Constitution of the United States of America The Constitution of the United States of America The Federal Government is made up of 3 Branches that have individual powers, duties, and responsibilities. Qualifications to be a: *Representative *Senator

More information

CRS Report for Congress

CRS Report for Congress Order Code 98-157 Updated April 7, 2004 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Summary Congressional Overrides of Presidential Vetoes Mitchel A. Sollenberger Analyst in American National

More information

LDST 352 SPRING 2016

LDST 352 SPRING 2016 LDST 352 SPRING 2016 PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP Professor: George R. Goethals, Jepson Hall Room 235 e-mail: ggoethal@richmond.edu Telephone: 287-6354 Introduction This course examines selected theories and

More information

Ranking the Presidents: Scholars versus The People

Ranking the Presidents: Scholars versus The People Acad. Quest. DOI 10.1007/s12129-014-9410-y INEQUALITIES Ranking the Presidents: Scholars versus The People Clifford F. Thies # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Since Arthur Schlesinger s 1948

More information

FORECASTING THE 2012 ELECTION WITH THE FISCAL MODEL. Alfred G. Cuzán

FORECASTING THE 2012 ELECTION WITH THE FISCAL MODEL. Alfred G. Cuzán FORECASTING THE 2012 ELECTION WITH THE FISCAL MODEL Alfred G. Cuzán Prepared for presentation at a Bucharest Dialogue conference on Expert Knowledge, Prediction, Forecasting: A Social Sciences Perspective

More information

CRS Report for Congress

CRS Report for Congress Order Code RS20021 Updated March 7, 2006 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web The President s State of the Union Message: Frequently Asked Questions Summary Michael Kolakowski Information

More information

Inauguration Fact Sheet Compiled November 2016

Inauguration Fact Sheet Compiled November 2016 Inauguration Fact Sheet Compiled November 2016 1789 A presidential inauguration has taken place every four years since George Washington took the oath of office in New York City in 1789. He established

More information

Ch 40. The Reagan Revolution and Cold War:

Ch 40. The Reagan Revolution and Cold War: Ch 40 The Reagan Revolution and Cold War: 1980-1992 The Challenger crew, 1986 Explain the social, economic, and foreign policy goals of New Right conservatives from the 1960s to the 1980s and assess the

More information

SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE!

SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! The Independent Review does not accept pronouncements of government officials nor the conventional wisdom at face value. JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher,

More information

Manifest Destiny in the 1840s

Manifest Destiny in the 1840s Manifest Destiny in the 1840s Unit 4 Essential Q s How did the idea of Manifest Destiny alter the identity of the United States? Why did the Civil War occur and was Reconstruction successful? President

More information

Supplementary/Online Appendix for:

Supplementary/Online Appendix for: Supplementary/Online Appendix for: Relative Policy Support and Coincidental Representation Perspectives on Politics Peter K. Enns peterenns@cornell.edu Contents Appendix 1 Correlated Measurement Error

More information

Who was the tenth? (How old did we decide boys are when they start wearing ties?)

Who was the tenth? (How old did we decide boys are when they start wearing ties?) Before you recite all the Presidents to yourself, let's do one more little review. Who was the fifth President? (Remember what the five dollar bill is doing.) Who was the tenth? (How old did we decide

More information

Liberals, Conservatives, and the Presidency

Liberals, Conservatives, and the Presidency Gary L. Gregg II Liberals, Conservatives, and the Presidency The office of the presidency has always been controversial. Born of the Founders struggle to create a stable republican political order, it

More information

The President of the United States

The President of the United States The President of the United States Objectives: Qualifications & terms of office for the presidency. Duties of and terms of office for the vice president. Explain the order of presidential succession. I.

More information

329520_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/06 10:58 AM Page A-1. An American Profile: The United States and Its People

329520_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/06 10:58 AM Page A-1. An American Profile: The United States and Its People 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-1 An American Profile: The United States and Its People 32952_WEBAP_pA1-A13.qxd 12/14/6 1:58 AM Page A-2 Population, Change, and Racial Composition for the

More information

The Origins and Rules Governing the Office of President of the United States

The Origins and Rules Governing the Office of President of the United States The Presidency The Origins and Rules Governing the Office of President of the United States Royal Governor Earliest example of executive power in the colonies Appointees of the King Powers of appointment,

More information

HOMES AND LIBRARIES OF THE PRESIDENTS

HOMES AND LIBRARIES OF THE PRESIDENTS HOMES AND LIBRARIES OF THE PRESIDENTS i Homes and Libraries of the Presidents ii HOMES AND LIBRARIES OF THE P RESIDENTS AN INTERPRETIVE GUIDE (THIRD EDITION, REVISED) by William G. Clotworthy The McDonald

More information

Fourth Grade Social Studies

Fourth Grade Social Studies Fourth Grade Social Studies Student Name: Big Picture Graphic Overarching Question: How is the federal government structured to fulfill the purposes for which it was created? Previous Unit: This Unit:

More information

Election of Democrat Michael Dukakis(Mass. Gov) no

Election of Democrat Michael Dukakis(Mass. Gov) no Election of 1988 Democrat Michael Dukakis(Mass. Gov) no emotion on TV Favorite Gary Hart (Co. Senator) dropped out after charges of sexual misconduct Jesse Jackson s Rainbow Coalition minorities and disadvantaged

More information

The 2014 Legislative Elections

The 2014 Legislative Elections The 2014 Legislative Elections By Tim Storey The 2014 election resulted in Republican dominance of state legislative control unmatched in nearly a century. Riding a surge of disaffection with a president

More information

Duration of Representatives Incumbency in the U. S. House

Duration of Representatives Incumbency in the U. S. House Duration of Representatives Incumbency in the U. S. House By Congress and by State First through 108 th Congress Average Aggregate Tenure in the U. S. House First through 108th Congresses 12 2003 2001

More information

Presidential Greatness and Political Experience

Presidential Greatness and Political Experience Presidential Greatness and Political Experience John Balz Department of Political Science University of Chicago June 6, 2008 One of the central questions voters in the 2008 presidential campaign faced

More information

The Presidency CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER OUTLINE CHAPTER SUMMARY

The Presidency CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER OUTLINE CHAPTER SUMMARY CHAPTER 11 The Presidency CHAPTER OUTLINE I. The Growth of the Presidency A. The First Presidents B. Congress Reasserts Power II. C. The Modern Presidency Presidential Roles A. Chief of State B. Chief

More information

Reagan s Ratings: Better in Retrospect

Reagan s Ratings: Better in Retrospect ABC NEWS POLLING UNIT BACKGROUNDER: REAGAN RETROSPECTIVE FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 6/7/04 Reagan s Ratings: Better in Retrospect Ronald Reagan is misremembered as one of the most popular presidents, an assessment

More information

February 2012 Newsletter: National celebration of African American History Month, President's Day, and Valentine's Day.

February 2012 Newsletter: National celebration of African American History Month, President's Day, and Valentine's Day. Newsletter-February 2012 TPS @ DePaul University February 2012 Newsletter: National celebration of African American History Month, President's Day, and Valentine's Day. February is African American History

More information

Submission of the President s Budget in Transition Years

Submission of the President s Budget in Transition Years Submission of the President s Budget in Transition Years Michelle D. Christensen Analyst in Government Organization and Management May 17, 2012 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees

More information

Presidents and The US Economy: An Econometric Exploration. Working Paper July 2014

Presidents and The US Economy: An Econometric Exploration. Working Paper July 2014 Presidents and The US Economy: An Econometric Exploration Working Paper 20324 July 2014 Introduction An extensive and well-known body of scholarly research documents and explores the fact that macroeconomic

More information

Obama Leaves on a High Note Yet with Tepid Career Ratings

Obama Leaves on a High Note Yet with Tepid Career Ratings ABC NEWS/WASHINGTON POST POLL: Obama s Legacy EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE AFTER 7 a.m. Wednesday, Jan. 18, 2017 Obama Leaves on a High Note Yet with Tepid Career Ratings Boosted by an improving economy, Barack

More information

Americans fear the financial crisis has far-reaching effects for the whole nation and are more pessimistic about the economy than ever.

Americans fear the financial crisis has far-reaching effects for the whole nation and are more pessimistic about the economy than ever. CBS NEWS POLL For Release: Wednesday, October 1st, 2008 3:00 pm (EDT) THE BAILOUT, THE ECONOMY AND THE CAMPAIGN September 27-30, 2008 Americans fear the financial crisis has far-reaching effects for the

More information

Chapter 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle

Chapter 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle Chapter 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Ideas Slavery, expansion, cultural differences = SECTIONALISM Repeated attempts at compromise failed and made tension worse Politics no longer split between

More information

Department of Political Science University of Vermont POLS 124: THE PRESIDENCY FALL 2010

Department of Political Science University of Vermont POLS 124: THE PRESIDENCY FALL 2010 Department of Political Science University of Vermont POLS 124: THE PRESIDENCY FALL 2010 Professor John P. Burke Tel: 656-0865 Office: 517 Old Mill e-mail: jpburke@uvm.edu [please make sure the above email

More information

the presidents E503C035A35014F7EAAAEB48935B17E8 The Presidents 1 / 6

the presidents E503C035A35014F7EAAAEB48935B17E8 The Presidents 1 / 6 The Presidents 1 / 6 2 / 6 3 / 6 The Presidents Which President served as a lieutenant colonel in the Spanish-American war? Who was the first Democrat elected after the Civil War? Who introduced Social

More information

Midterm Elections Used to Gauge President s Reelection Chances

Midterm Elections Used to Gauge President s Reelection Chances 90 Midterm Elections Used to Gauge President s Reelection Chances --Desmond Wallace-- Desmond Wallace is currently studying at Coastal Carolina University for a Bachelor s degree in both political science

More information

Prior Experience Predicts Presidential Performance

Prior Experience Predicts Presidential Performance Prior Experience Predicts Presidential Performance ARTHUR M. SIMON and JOSEPH E. USCINSKI University of Miami While many assume that experienced presidents perform better, citizens do not know which prior

More information

By George! In one day. Why is George Washington remembered as the Father of Our Country? Materials. Overview

By George! In one day. Why is George Washington remembered as the Father of Our Country? Materials. Overview P R E S I D E N T S D A Y L E S S O N By George! L E S S O N In one day Why is George Washington remembered as the Father of Our Country? Overview Students play a game to learn about the life and accomplishments

More information

Vermont Presidential Primaries

Vermont Presidential Primaries 1916 Primary Republican 0 Democrat 0 National Progres 0 : Democrat Wilson, Woodrow 3711 Democrat Clark, Champ 23 Republican Hughes, Charles E. 5481 Republican Roosevelt, Theodore 1931 Republican Root,

More information

Table 1. Definition and Measurement of Variables

Table 1. Definition and Measurement of Variables Table 1. Definition and Measurement of Variables VARIABLE VICTORY F F1 F2 DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT Percent of the two-party vote won by the incumbent party candidate, from Fair (2001). Victory (1) or

More information

Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Political Science Commons, and the United States History Commons

Follow this and additional works at:   Part of the Political Science Commons, and the United States History Commons Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations 2008 Presidential leadership from Presidents Washington to Bush and beyond: assessing presidents within

More information

A Historical Perspective on the Inauguration Script

A Historical Perspective on the Inauguration Script A Historical Perspective on the Inauguration Script SHOT / TITLE DESCRIPTION 1. 00:00 Animated Open Animated Open 2. 00:07 Montage of Inauguration footage IT S AMERICA S CELEBRATION OF DEMOCRACY, HELD

More information

Qualifications for Presidency

Qualifications for Presidency Qualifications for Presidency The Presidency & The Executive Branch and the Bureaucracy Natural-born citizen Lived in U.S. for 14 years At least 35 years old Terms Each term is 4 years May be elected to

More information

Analyse the reasons why slavery in the Americas was supported by different social and economic groups. 99

Analyse the reasons why slavery in the Americas was supported by different social and economic groups. 99 Slavery In the 19 th century blacks were allowed greater economic and social mobility in Latin America then in the United States. How do you account for the difference? 1998 Analyse the reasons why slavery

More information

Amid Record Low One-Year Approval, Half Question Trump s Mental Stability

Amid Record Low One-Year Approval, Half Question Trump s Mental Stability ABC NEWS/WASHINGTON POST POLL: Trump s First Year EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE AFTER 12:01 a.m. Sunday, Jan. 21, 2018 Amid Record Low One-Year Approval, Half Question Trump s Mental Stability A year in the presidential

More information

CHAPTER 8 THE PRESIDENCY. Chapter Goals and Learning Objectives

CHAPTER 8 THE PRESIDENCY. Chapter Goals and Learning Objectives CHAPTER 8 THE PRESIDENCY Chapter Goals and Learning Objectives Ask a friend, Who is your Congressman? and you are likely to get a blank stare in return. Ask her, however, Who is the president? and she

More information

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GOVT President & Domestic Policy October 11, Dr. Michael Sullivan. MoWe 5:30 6:50 MoWe 7 8:30

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GOVT President & Domestic Policy October 11, Dr. Michael Sullivan. MoWe 5:30 6:50 MoWe 7 8:30 President & Domestic Policy October 11, 2017 Dr. Michael Sullivan FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GOVT 2305 MoWe 5:30 6:50 MoWe 7 8:30 TODAY S AGENDA Current Events Presidency & Domestic Policy Upcoming Assignments

More information

THE 2008 ELECTION: 1 DAY TO GO October 31 November 2, 2008

THE 2008 ELECTION: 1 DAY TO GO October 31 November 2, 2008 CBS NEWS POLL For Release: Monday, November 3 rd, 2008 3:00 PM (EST) THE 2008 ELECTION: 1 DAY TO GO October 31 November 2, 2008 On the eve of the 2008 presidential election, the CBS News Poll finds the

More information

This journal is published by the American Political Science Association. All rights reserved.

This journal is published by the American Political Science Association. All rights reserved. Article: National Conditions, Strategic Politicians, and U.S. Congressional Elections: Using the Generic Vote to Forecast the 2006 House and Senate Elections Author: Alan I. Abramowitz Issue: October 2006

More information

The Macro Polity Updated

The Macro Polity Updated The Macro Polity Updated Robert S Erikson Columbia University rse14@columbiaedu Michael B MacKuen University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Mackuen@emailuncedu James A Stimson University of North Carolina,

More information

Prof. William D. Adler. and by appointment. The American Presidency

Prof. William D. Adler. and by appointment. The American Presidency POLSC 230 Fall 2006 Sections 001 & 002: M/Th 1:10-2:25pm HN C004 Email: wadler@gc.cuny.edu Prof. William D. Adler Office: 1742 HW Hours: M/Th 12-1pm and by appointment http://adlers.home.att.net/william/

More information

The White House and Press Timeline Compiled January 2017

The White House and Press Timeline Compiled January 2017 The White House and Press Timeline Compiled January 2017 1800s The White House began to take shape as an institution with a professional executive staff. Reporters frequently waited outside Lincoln s Second

More information

The New York Public Library Manuscripts and Archives Division. John P. Diggins Papers MssCol 18353

The New York Public Library Manuscripts and Archives Division. John P. Diggins Papers MssCol 18353 The New York Public Library Manuscripts and Archives Division John P. Diggins Papers 1966-2008 MssCol 18353 Lea Jordan November 2010 Table of Contents Summary... iii Related materials note... iv Biographical

More information

American History Timeline

American History Timeline 1776 May 2: The American Revolution gains support from King Louis XVI of France. July 4: Thomas Jefferson presents the United States Declaration of Independence. 1777 November 15: Articles of Confederation

More information

The Old Way ( ) 9/2/13. The Road to the White House. Nominations Primaries and Caucuses. Road to the White House Overview

The Old Way ( ) 9/2/13. The Road to the White House. Nominations Primaries and Caucuses. Road to the White House Overview The Road to the White House Nominations Primaries and Caucuses Road to the White House Overview Presidential Elections The Road to the White House (A) The Primary System: Nominating Presidential Candidates

More information