List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Notes on the Contributors Preface

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1 Contents List of Tables and Figures List of Abbreviations Notes on the Contributors Preface ix x xii xv 1 Introduction: Researching the European Union 1 Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson The explosion in European Union studies 1 The focus of the book 3 Themes of the book 4 The contents of the book 7 The European Union and European Union studies 11 2 History Aplenty: But Still Too Isolated 14 N. Piers Ludlow From ideas to states and institutions and back again? 14 Broad but too uncritical and isolated? 21 So where now? 27 Conclusion 30 3 Integration Theory 37 Frank Schimmelfennig Introduction 37 Theory development 38 Constructivism 40 Enlargement 45 Future agendas 50 4 The European Union s Institutions 60 Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson An overview of the unfolding of the research and associated literature 60 Conceptually based approaches facilitating an understanding of EU institutions 62 Taking stock of existing knowledge on the institutions 72 v

2 vi Contents PROOF The impact of enlargement on EU institutions 78 Institutions in the Lisbon Treaty 80 Future perspectives for research 82 5 Leadership and Intergovernmental Negotiations in the European Union 92 Derek Beach Introduction 92 The theoretical debate on the importance of leadership 94 The empirical record: leadership during the past 25 years of European integration 104 Directions for future research 112 Conclusions Governance and European Integration 117 B. Guy Peters and Susana Borrás Introduction 117 What is governance? 118 Propositions about European governance 120 Summary and conclusions Democracy and European Union Governance 134 Berthold Rittberger The state of the debate: democratic legitimacy and EU governance 134 Can and should the EU be democratic? Answers and trajectories from different models of democracy 136 New research agendas European Union Law: A Tale of Microscopes and Telescopes 168 Anthony Arnull Changing perspectives 169 Changing content 178 Future challenges 179 Conclusion New Directions in Europeanization Research 189 Claudio M. Radaelli and Theofanis Exadaktylos Classic (but implicit) expectations about Europeanization 190 Definitional issues 192 The domains 194 Explanation 197 A look at bibliometric data 199 Conclusions 208

3 Contents 10 Political Economy 216 Michelle Egan Introduction 216 Early developments and debates in European economic integration 218 Impact of integration on national economies 224 Globalization and regionalism 230 From market embeddedness to constitutional asymmetry 231 Future directions for research 232 Conclusions 239 vii 11 Monetary Union 256 Waltraud Schelkle EMU as a suboptimal currency area 257 Structural reform 262 Economic governance 265 Conclusion Justice and Home Affairs 278 Christina Boswell State of the art 278 Diagnosis 288 Future directions for research 293 Conclusion Feminist Approaches 305 Johanna Kantola Legislating for equal opportunities 306 Positive action 310 Gender mainstreaming 311 Diversity 313 Gendered changes in the policy-making process 315 Beyond employment: violence 317 Actors for gender equality 318 Conclusion The European Union in the World: Future Research Agendas 329 Karen E. Smith Core questions for research on the EU in the world 330 State of the art 335 Agendas for future research 339 Conclusion 343

4 viii Contents PROOF 15 Europe and Globalization 354 Wade Jacoby and Sophie Meunier Globalization and Europe: scope and definition 355 The impact of globalization on Europe 357 The imprint of Europe on globalization 361 Conclusion: globalization and the EU s legitimacy The Future Shape of the European Union 375 Heather Grabbe and Ulrich Sedelmeier Introduction 375 The State of the art: EU enlargement and EU external governance 377 Future research challenges on enlargement: how far and how fast will the EU s geographical shape change? 383 Future research on the EU s functional reach: the limits of external governance through conditionality 389 Conclusion Hastening Slowly: European Union Studies Between Reinvention and Continuing Fragmentation 398 William E. Paterson, Neill Nugent and Michelle Egan Disciplinary and interdisciplinary study of the EU 399 Theoretical reflections 401 Informal processes and the governance turn 406 Empirical lacunae 408 The overdue turn to domestic politics 409 Contentious politics 412 Towards a balance 414 Index 421

5 Chapter 1 Introduction: Researching the European Union Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson The explosion in European Union studies The European Union (EU) has become the subject of intense academic interest in recent years. This has been because it has grown greatly in importance since the mid-1980s. There have been three main dimensions to this growing importance. First, and most obviously, the EU has extended its membership: from ten member states in 1985 to 27 in Having hitherto been strictly a West European organization, the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 paved the way for the EU coming to cover most of the European continent west of Russia. It is, moreover, a covering that is not yet complete, with a long list of potential further members, many of which will involve very difficult decisions for the EU. Second, the EU has greatly extended its policy reach. Across most spheres of public policy it now has some sort of direct involvement, and in a significant number of crucially important policy areas including market regulation, agriculture, fishing, and monetary policy for eurozone members the nature of that involvement is extensive. Perhaps the most novel and challenging extension of competences has been in the area of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA), which traditionally has been seen as being at the heart of state sovereignty but now is an arena of very extensive EU activity. Third, in a series of treaty reform rounds starting with 1986 Single European Act (SEA), the EU has strengthened its policy-making capacity, with many of its key decisions now being taken on a largely supranational basis. This increasing importance of the EU has resulted in an ever widening academic clientele. Prior to the relaunch of the European integration project in the mid-1980s, relatively few academics specialized in the study of the EU. Now, however, it is a major academic industry, with most European universities containing EU specialists of various kinds, with many universities in other parts of the world also containing such specialists, and with there having been over the last 20 years or so a veritable proliferation of EU-focused academic publications, conferences and organizations. 1

6 2 Introduction: Researching the European Union Not only has EU-related academic activity greatly increased in volume but it has also become much more variegated in nature. Scholars working within different discipline areas but particularly history, international relations and politics, law, economics and sociology have been attracted in large numbers to EU studies and have offered a variety of important insights into the multifaceted and hybrid nature of European integration. Historians, for example, have worked to capture the early post-war relationships by unravelling the successes and failures of integration through archival research that illuminates the diverse panorama of choices and constraints that faced European governments, their different intentions and the subsequent realities for them of accepting legal, political and economic reforms. Amongst the subjects that have been analysed by political scientists have been the exercise of political power and authority in the EU, the role of institutional developments on the evolution of public policy at EU and member state levels, and the extent to which, and the ways in which, EU decision-making processes are democratic in character. Economists have shifted from an earlier focus on the impact of European integration on economic growth, general welfare gains and economies of scale and scope to focus increasingly on the role of innovation and technology in fostering competitiveness, the tradability of goods and services, and globalization. Sociologists have focused on culture, norms and ideas, rather than material interests, in seeking to explain how the EU and its member states act and operate. And lawyers have emphasized doctrinal analysis and uniform applications of law, as well as contextual features that influence EU legal outcomes. Not only have different disciplines cast light on different aspects of the integration process and of the EU but so has there been a mushrooming of varying approaches to EU studies within disciplines. This is nowhere more clearly demonstrated than within political science where the traditional international relations-based approaches of realism, transactionalism and neofunctionalism that for so many years dominated the framing of debates, the choice of language and empirical analyses have been supplemented by newer approaches, most notably rational choice and constructivism. As issues of group theory, public choice and formal modelling have come to vie with ideational, discursive and governance approaches to understanding the integration process and the nature of the European polity, political science-based EU studies has become increasingly eclectic. This increasing eclecticism is no more clearly seen than in the expansion of comparative politics and policy analysis approaches into EU studies, which has inevitably fostered increasing heterogeneity in ideas, models and methods, and which has called into question traditional distinctions between subdiscipline areas within academic political science (Hix, 1994; Jupille and Caporaso, 1999; Jupille et al. 2003; Franchino, 2006; Hooghe and Marks, 2009).

7 Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson 3 The focus of the book In the early 1970s, Donald Puchala, in what was to become a famous and much-cited article, wrote the following: The story of the blind men and the elephant is universally known. Several blind men approached an elephant and each touched the animal in an effort to discover what the beast looked like. Each blind man, however, touched a different part of the large animal, and each concluded that the elephant had the appearance of the part he had touched. Hence, the blind man who felt the elephant s trunk concluded that an elephant must be tall and slender, while his fellow who touched the beast s ear, concluded that an elephant must be oblong and flat. Others of course reached different conclusions. The total result was that no man arrived at a very accurate description of the elephant. Yet, each man had gained enough evidence from his own experience to disbelieve his fellows and to maintain a lively debate of the nature of the beast. The experience of scholars who have been grappling with contemporary international integration is not unlike the episode of the blind men and the elephant Part of the problem stems from the fact that different researchers have been looking at different parts, dimensions or manifestations of the phenomenon. Furthermore, different schools of researchers have exalted different parts of the integration elephant Added conceptual confusion has followed from the fact that the phenomenon under investigation has turned out to be more complex than anyone initially suspected. (Puchala, 1972: 267 8) Puchala s metaphor of the elephant has been much applied over the years to the study of European integration and of the EU. It is applied here too for it does much to capture the diffuse nature of both the subject matter on which EU scholars focus and the methods and approaches they use in their descriptions and analyses. It is with this diffuseness that this book is concerned: how has the elephant that is, the EU and the associated European integration process been stalked, and what further stalking is required? In essence, the purpose of the book is to establish the state of health of research across key substantive areas within the field of EU studies and to identify where the need for more and different research is most pressing. The contributors were asked to provide analytical surveys of existing academic debates, to consider how earlier debates and critiques have informed, shaped and reacted to new theoretical and empirical developments, and to diagnose where research is weak and to suggest future areas of research. Regarding the latter, one of the goals of the book is to foster research in new and interesting directions.

8 4 Introduction: Researching the European Union In the book we attempt to advance understanding of the phenomenon of integration, both in theoretical and methodological terms. In so doing we draw on a multidisciplinary approach, with contributions and inputs from history, economics, law, political science and international relations, and sociology. Key questions are addressed from both long-established and new perspectives and are explored via the material, ideational and political processes that shape integration and the operation of the EU. By tracing the historiography of analytical developments, mapping out the main debates and providing fresh perspectives for future areas of research, we seek to both bring out core features of current understanding about the European integration process and the nature of the EU and also to identify where understanding is lacking. Amongst the many broad topics explored by the book s contributors are: the impact of the EU upon existing institutional and socio-economic arrangements; the complexity of Europeanization s simultaneously integrating and fragmenting forces; the operation of the market; the reordering of political relations and the restructuring of territoriality; and the configuration of new practices of governance upon different sectors within the European polity. Themes of the book Given that this book is much taken up with mapping research across what are now the very broad plains of EU studies, there is naturally no one overarching central theme or argument running through it. Or, at least, there is no one overarching theme or argument beyond the core belief and assertion on which the book may be said to be based: that there are a great variety of disciplines and approaches that have something useful to say about European integration and the functioning of the EU. This variety in the application of different disciplines and approaches is seen in the way researchers utilize and apply both well-established and newer methodological tools. So within political science, the longsince created sub fields of public administration, comparative politics and organizational analysis all still provide very important frameworks to understand the European institutions, political actors and policy processes, whilst international relations is still the dominant way through which statecraft, interstate bargaining and EU external power relations are conceptualized and analysed. But such traditional approaches, which have their counterparts in other disciplines, have increasingly been joined by newer approaches, which may be said to stem in large part from the vitality of EU studies, which has witnessed the development of strong critiques by scholars from many perspectives about the methods, tools and frameworks that should be used to analyse European integration.

9 Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson 5 So, whether it is via formal modelling and quantitative analysis or cultural analysis and social theory, the study of European integration has evolved in new directions. But, although there is no one overarching central theme to the book beyond the assertion that EU studies has greatly benefited from the application of a variety of different disciplines and approaches, a number of subthemes do recur, though they do not necessarily feature in all chapters. Amongst these themes is the increasing interest displayed by academics in EU governance and its various configurations. This interest has resulted in an emphasis on the different constitutive forms of governance in different sectors, with much attention focused on explaining the emergence of new patterns of rules, processes and outcomes and new relations between state and non-state actors. So, as well as focusing on established and mainstream governance patterns in which the EU s main institutions serve as the primary reference for understanding political developments, academics have also examined more specialized areas such as security governance and economic governance. This has resulted in a focus on the way that a range of institutions, agencies and actors have sought to pursue economic and welfare goals, assert economic interests and cultural values, and expand security and foreign policy objectives. Several chapters of this book consider such governance issues and focus on, for example, key features of EU governance, the relationships between political and economic institutions, and the institutionalization of differing forms of political representation. Attuned to the growing complexity of European integration, the interaction between national, European and global forces in shaping the integration process is another theme of the book. As a number of chapters show, integration which simultaneously internationalizes domestic politics and domesticates international politics has generated significant interest in the top-down and bottom-up impacts of integration, and has encouraged greater attention to the impact of domestic politics on the European polity and the role of the European polity in shaping both domestic and international political developments. A consequence of Europeanization and globalization has been to thrust the role and functions of the state into the centre of political controversy, which has promoted academic interest in how state-centred paradigms have been adjusted and modified to incorporate the shift in functional and territorial boundaries. As territoriality reflected in central concepts such as state-centred nationalism, state borders and state sovereignty has been altered, and more particularly fragmented, so has there been an increasing focus on the external roles and influence of the EU. The global impact of European political economy and foreign policy, and whether they are capable of wielding significant interventionist, persuasive and regulatory power on the world stage, have been the subject of extensive academic comment and analysis. Particular attention has been

10 6 Introduction: Researching the European Union given to how, and to what extent, external policy actions have facilitated territorial expansion through enlargements, economic leverage and an ability to use the European market as a platform to foster broader foreign policy objectives and ideas. The end of the Cold War created a space for a greater European role in the provision of security, and these efforts have also been the subject of much academic enquiry. These, and related issues, are addressed in several chapters of the book. As domestic autonomy has changed, and arguably been weakened by the pressures of Europeanization and globalization, the advancement of market mechanisms and economic reforms, and the spread of democratic and liberal norms the contributors to the book offer a fresh look at such matters as the changing nature and roles of EU political institutions and the process of instituting a European market economy. They consider fundamental questions of political citizenship, identity and participation in the European polity. And they demonstrate how the state that commanded considerable strength in different policy domains has been transformed by transnational networks, norms and rules which strongly influence choices at the national level and foster denser cooperation and rule making at the international level (Slaughter, 2004). Such processes have generated new social and political dynamics that have restructured territoriality and national boundaries through new governance mechanisms in which production, exchange and property rights have been transformed, collective security cooperation has been enhanced and societal mobilization has significantly altered rules, norms and structures deriving from earlier paths of state formation and nation-state consolidation. The existence and consequences of resistance to Europeanization also feature in the book, with several chapters pointing to the contentious politics that have arisen around efforts to deepen European integration. As Europeanization has led to an unbundling and reorganization of aspects of national economies and political systems, so has it also led to efforts to protect the familiar and to resist, or at least be cautious about, continued integration. The varying degrees of resistance to and caution about integration is, of course, a key reason why the EU s institutional and decisionmaking systems are so complex and multifaceted. This complexity and multifacetedness which are manifested in such features of the EU as its changing treaties and treaty structures, its sheer number of policy-making processes, its multilevel governance character in some policy areas and its increasing differentiation (policy activity without all member states fully participating) are explored in several chapters of the book. The explorations emphasize that the complexity and multifacetedness result in problems of directional coordination and coherence which, in turn, impact on efforts to exercise coherent political control. The complexity and multifacetedness impact also on the

11 Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson 7 transparency, accountability and efficiency of the political system, thereby raising concerns about democratic control (Scharpf, 1999). Yet, as recent debates illustrate, some aspects of the complexity, such as multilevel governance, may ironically it may be thought actually help the EU s democratic quality by enhancing deliberation and allowing states to achieve policy coordination, reciprocal benefits and credible commitments through delegating and pooling sovereignty (Keohane et al., 2009). How integration has proceeded in differing ways and to differing degrees between policy sectors is another theme of the book. A number of reasons account for this, not least, as was suggested in the previous paragraph, that decision-making in a multilevel polity, where the lower levels exercise considerable power, inevitably faces problems of fragmented decision-making and coordination. Another important reason is that the organizational configuration of the European polity with its powerful executive, legislative and judicial institutions, and its mixed bag of highly influential political actors means that the institutional system provides no shortage of opportunities for the polity to take on a sharply contested form. Variation across different economic policy domains, for example, highlights that integration has not been driven only by the logic of uniform market principles but reflects also the salience of social solidarity and the preservation of sectoral and national diversity in the economic sphere within Europe (Schmidt, 2002; Menz, 2005; Hancké et al., 2007). Similarly, while collective security has been enhanced, there remain distinct national strategic cultures and different approaches to the management of internal security. A final theme of the book that should be stressed is the way in which book chapters demonstrate that the chronicling and understanding of European integration must consider the nature of, and the intersections and interactions between, both the old and the new. As regards chronicling, the character of, for example, new modes of governance, new forms of production and new issues in the public affairs arena are all important in their own right, but so too is their impact on established practices and patterns. As regards understanding, academics have sought to analyse issues and problems through new frameworks and perspectives, but they have also continued to use and borrow from older models and approaches. The contents of the book A very wide range of topics are covered in the chapters of this book. Whilst space limitations have necessarily not permitted every institution, political actor or policy to be fully analysed, and not every theoretical, empirical or methodological approach to be explored in depth,

12 8 Introduction: Researching the European Union the principal issues and debates that have attracted academic attention in recent years are, we believe, all given due consideration. In Chapter 2, Piers Ludlow focuses on the historiography of European integration, indicating how scholars have generated new avenues of historical research that are increasingly cross-national in character. Bolstered by an emphasis on state calculations and strategic interests, the early work on individual states has been supplemented by greater attention to internal developments in a variety of European policies. Yet despite the breadth and variety of historical research, and the focus on ideas, institutions and identity, Ludlow argues that we need to blend methodological insights from law, economics and politics with studies of the historical past and link the historiography of the integration process with broader questions about how much European integration has shaped or altered patterns of economic cooperation, electoral politics and social mobilization, and security cooperation. Frank Schimmelfennig, in Chapter 3, examines the evolution of integration theory, which derives largely from international relations and political science. He focuses on the emergence of rational approaches that have served to generate new questions on the EU s institutional evolution and policy developments, and he compares this to constructivism, with its focus on social learning, deliberation and norms. He concludes with a survey of new avenues for theoretical research on the varying institutional arrangements that have emerged as part of the transformation of European governance and suggests that this requires a greater exchange between integration theories and comparative politics. Chapter 4 is on the EU institutions, with Neill Nugent and William Paterson focusing particularly on the conceptual and theoretical work on the main institutions. They survey the main debates in international relations on institutional power and influence, and highlight the growth of research using rational, sociological and historical institutionalist approaches. They make the point that newer conceptual approaches have not been slow to borrow from neighbouring approaches, including organizational culture, transaction cost economics and bureaucratic politics, to explain institutional dynamics. Derek Beach, in Chapter 5, examines the role of leadership, drawing on literature in public administration and organization studies, to understand the dynamics of supply and demand of leadership in European negotiations. He focuses on the constraints upon leadership, through empirical cases of intergovernmental negotiations, to highlight the role of informational advantages, trust and entrepreneurship in fostering collective institutionally agreed outcomes. In Chapter 6, Guy Peters and Susana Borrás examine the complexity of governance, emphasizing the multiplicity of processes and institutions involved in European decision-making. They highlight how the multilevel segmented nature of policy-making poses constraints on

13 Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson 9 coherence and coordination across the public sector. While highlighting performance problems, they also point to the need for thinking about the importance of democratic accountability. The advent of new forms of collaborative governance has altered traditional policy styles and organizational structures so that the styles of governing in Europe have to be stretched to meet a multitude of actual needs. Berthold Rittberger, in Chapter 7, undertakes an ambitious and systematic analysis of the debate about the EU s democratic quality. In his account, he looks at the standard version before turning to the sceptical view associated with communitarian and republican theorists. This is followed by a consideration of the more positive view of the deliberative theorists and an analysis of the regulatory state school. In the final sections of his chapter he takes issue with deliberative democracy and concludes with a powerful argument on the lack of systematic empirical knowledge and the failure to test theoretical claims. Chapter 8, by Anthony Arnull, lays out the character of legal scholarship and its effect on the field of European law, as well as the impact of different legal traditions on the context and study of European law. While acknowledging the role of political science in theorizing the evolution of the legal structure, and stressing the critical role that the courts have played in market-making, Arnull highlights the methodological divisions, the continuing requirement for doctrinal analysis and the increasing specialization that play a role in European legal analysis. Claudio Radaelli and Theofanis Exadaktylos, in Chapter 9, focus on Europeanization. They point to the diffusion of Europeanization research across both international relations and comparative politics, noting that scholarship on European integration has always dealt with the transformation of state processes. As such, Europeanization as a concept, method and explanation has evolved into a more nuanced understanding of the reshaping of identities, interests and institutions of political representation at both the national and European level. The causal measurement of the usage and pressures stemming from Europeanization is, they argue, critical for determining whether the importance of the concept as a key mechanism in promoting adaptation and change is to be fully understood. In Chapter 10 Michelle Egan focuses on the political process of instituting a market economy, the operations of the market and the efforts to balance efficiency goals with broader social equity goals that are increasingly constrained by European rules regarding regulation, liberalization and market competition. She analyses the increasing political salience of market integration within domestic politics, and how distinctive institutional configurations of capitalism make the deepening of market integration more difficult. Egan s chapter on the political economy of market integration ties in with Chapter 11 by Waltraud Schelkle, who focuses on macroeconomic

14 10 Introduction: Researching the European Union policy, especially monetary policy, to highlight the structural problems faced by maintaining fiscal policy within member states. In her chapter, Schelkle outlines the need for both fiscal policy coordination and welfare reform, and the political and economic challenges created by these competing agendas in the context of the current fiscal crisis and economic climate. Christina Boswell in Chapter 12 outlines how an amorphous set of policies constitute JHA. While scholars have examined developments within immigration and asylum, judicial cooperation and law enforcement, and border controls and management, she argues that they have not engaged in enough cross-sectoral analysis or linked JHA policy development sufficiently to broader debates on neo-institutionalism, constructivism or critical theory. The framing of discourse in this area is crucial in understanding the legitimation problems, the modes of governing and the organizational constraints that cooperation faces in the area of internal security. In Chapter 13 Johanna Kantola focuses on how feminist scholars perceive European integration as well as how European integration has impacted and affected women in terms of access, equality, labour markets and social exclusion. She traces the framing of gender issues within the EU and feminist critiques of European actions in the contexts of market citizenship, social values and civil society. Karen Smith in Chapter 14 highlights the expansion of research in European external relations. She notes that whilst attempts to meet the challenge of explaining the motives of foreign policy cooperation mainly derive from international relations, the challenges of implementing and evaluating the effects of such policies draw upon research in trade, development, and peace and conflict resolution. She also emphasizes that studies of foreign policy can engage with broader integration debates on Europeanization to assess the impact on the foreign policy cultures and orientations of member states, as well as being useful in engaging in debates on the implementation and the effectiveness of coordinated action or the consequences of lack of action. In Chapter 15 Wade Jacoby and Sophie Meunier consider the relationship between globalization and integration. They highlight how globalization constitutes a set of ideas that centre on heightened market integration, which has led to a primary focus on the territorial effects of globalization on states or regions. They examine the relationship between Europeanization and globalization in terms of deregulation, liberalization and privatization to tease out the causal relationship between the two processes and to analyse both the impact of globalization on different European sectors and the impact of European market integration in shaping global rules and norms. They also analyse the diffusion of ideas and the rhetoric of globalization to determine the

15 Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson 11 causal effects of globalization on European politics and how European states are attempting to manage globalization. The future shape of the EU is the subject of Chapter 16, by Heather Grabbe and Ulrich Sedelmeier. They take stock of the transformation of functional and territorial boundaries in understanding the external governance role of the Union. Focusing on Europeanization beyond the nation-state, the chapter illustrates the cross-temporal and crossregional effects of enlargement on state capacity and domestic governance. The complexity of building market institutions and the interplay of sociological, political and economic factors in sustaining enlargement negotiations serve to illustrate the challenges still facing the European polity. In the final chapter, we, as the book s editors, draw out a number of general points that emerge from the chapters. Perhaps the most important of these points is that although there has been an enormous amount of research undertaken on the EU in recent years and, indeed, one can talk of a partial reinvention of EU studies through such developments as the governance turn, the policy turn, the constructivist turn and the quantitative turn some areas and approaches have been relatively neglected and/or underdeveloped. An example of such an area is the theoretical work on EU policies that are not part of the EU s first pillar. The chapter also explores the relationship of EU studies to cognate areas and the implications of this relationship for the debate about whether the EU is best studied in an interdisciplinary mode or by applying disciplinary tools. Looking to the future of EU research, a number of potentially important and fruitful areas are identified. The European Union and European Union studies: both advancing, largely successfully, but with some failures As we examine the EU after five decades of its existence, it is indisputable that the academic study of its development and nature has achieved a great deal. The chapters of this book demonstrate the achievements, with explanations given of the very considerable insights we now have in aspects of the integration process, ranging from EU governance to the impact of globalization. But the chapters also show that much further research is necessary, and that in some respects of which the relative paucity of interdisciplinary work is perhaps the most obvious and important instance EU studies may be said to have partially failed. In seeking to evaluate what research on European integration has accomplished, where it has lagged and where it should go, the book covers a lot of ground. It does so by looking at both empirical realities

16 12 Introduction: Researching the European Union and theoretical debates from many perspectives and by focusing on many key aspects of the integration process. For example, attention is given to why and how the assumption that the single market would foster economic growth and development through eliminating restrictions to the movement of goods, capital, labour and services did not anticipate the recurrent economic crises that have occurred or the impact of globalization on European competitiveness. Enlargement is also considered, with attention given to how it can be seen as the EU s attempt to come to terms with the realities of a post-cold War world, to how the EU has played an unprecedented role in shaping states and markets in Central and Eastern Europe, and to how the transformation of relations with Central and Eastern European states through the ambitious enlargement agenda has served as a catalyst for deeper integration in areas of immigration, border enforcement and internal security. The challenges of institutional and political actor adaptation are examined too, with a focus on, amongst other things, how European governments have changed the way they deal with one another as they have shifted from nation-states to member states. Another important area that is analysed is the extension of the EU s foreign profile, from its limited intergovernmental origins to the current position whereby the EU is often able to advance a common economic and political agenda when dealing with third countries in bilateral and multilateral forums. Rather like the mixed record of EU studies, the EU s own record also shows successes and failures, and in the book instances of both are examined. So, for example, whilst major institutional reforms have been made over the years, for many practitioners and commentators the difficulty in pushing through in the 2000s a treaty reform that had as its main purpose making the Union more coherent, effective and visible to both its citizens and to other states must be viewed as a major failure. Economically, the EU has been successful in its efforts to reduce transaction costs and foster economic coordination. Further, trade and investment have increased, mergers and acquisitions have surged, and there has been an unprecedented degree of social and economic integration most notably in the form of monetary union. But as the European economic strategy has shifted from that of market liberalization and market access to the language of competitiveness, impact assessment, growth and market-based alternatives, so has success been less clear, and so has, in the opinions of many, insufficient attention been paid to social solidarity and welfare goals. Security policy has also been less developed than many would have liked to see, with efforts to create an intergovernmental defence and security policy having been marked by difficulties in translating sentiment into credible policy commitments. On these and other matters, academic commentators, including some contributors to this book, reach significantly different conclusions. They do so in large part as a result of approaching their subjects in different

17 Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent and William E. Paterson 13 ways, covering different time scales and focusing on different issue areas. Such differences encapsulate some of the problems European studies has as a subject area. But, it is nonetheless a subject area that has made great advances over the years, as this book s chapters demonstrate. References Franchino F. (2006) The Powers of the Union: Delegation in the EU (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Hancké, B., Rhodes, M. and Thatcher, M. (eds) (2007) Beyond Varieties of Capitalism: Conflict, Contradictions and Complementarities in the European Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Hix, S. (1994) The Study of the European Community: The Challenge to Comparative Politics, West European Politics 17(1): Hooghe, L. and Marks, G. (2009) A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus, British Journal of Political Science 39(1): Jupille, J. and Caporaso, J.A. (1999) Institutionalism and the European Union: Beyond Comparative Politics and International Relations, Annual Review of Political Science 2: Jupille, J., Caporaso, J.A. and Checkel, J.T. (eds) (2003) Integrating Institutions: Rationalism, Constructivism, and the Study of the European Union, special issue of Comparative Political Studies, 36(1 2). Keohane, R., Macedo, S. and Moravscik, A. (2009) Democracy Enhancing Multilateralism, International Organization 63(1): Menz, G. (2005) Varieties of Capitalism and Europeanization National Response Strategies to the Single European Market (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Puchala, D. (1972) Of Blind Men, Elephants and International Integration, Journal of Common Market Studies 10(3): Scharpf, F. (1999) Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic? (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Schmidt, V. (2002) The Futures of European Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Slaughter, A.M. (2004) A New World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

18 Index Abel, R. 174 abortion 318 acceptance/trust 102 3, accession candidates 197 conditionality see conditionality negotiations 382, 388 see also enlargement accountability 137, , 286, actors constructivism 41 elite 44, 52 for gender equality institutional approaches based on behaviour of 64 9 adjustment costs 381, Africa 239 agencies 126 agenda-cycling 96 agenda failure 98, 101 agenda-management 105, 111 agenda-setting gender mainstreaming 312 aggregative perspective 136 see also communitarianism; republicanism Albania 383, 385 Alter, K Amsterdam Treaty 105, 106 gender equality 308, , 313, 320 anchoring, intellectual 361 anti-discrimination legislation area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ) 279 ASEAN 365 Asia 239 asylum see immigration and asylum Austria 314 automatic stabilizers 265, 269 Balkan countries 338 and EU membership 383 4, 387, 387 8, 390 1, 393, 394, 395 Barav, A Barcelona Process 388 bargaining enlargement and EU bargaining power 48 9 MLG and 122 wage bargaining 266, 268, 269, 270, 271 Bartolini, S. 53 4, 153 5, , 405, 413 baseline model 197 8, 208 bilateral contacts 79 bilateral studies 21 biographical historiography Bix, B. 172, 180 border control 284 borders Bossuat, G. 17 bottom-up research design 197 8, 200, 203, 204 5, 210 bounded rationality leadership models 94, , 104, 113 Breen, R BRIC (Brazil Russia India China) economies 367 broadening (sectoral integration) 37 Brok, E. 375 brokerage 98, 101 2, Brusselization 333, 345 Bulmer, S. 407, Búrca, G. de 174 business cycles Calmfors, L. 263, 266 Cameron, A. 361 Caporaso, J.A Cappelletti, M. 173 category mistake causal analysis 197 9, 208 bibliometric data causal overdetermination Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 22, 229, 230, 314, 395 benefits of accession process 390 constructivism 43 economic integration and national economies 226 enlargement: and identity issues 386 7; integration theory 45 6, 47 8, JHA 283 women s organizations 321 CFSP Forum 329 childcare Christian Democracy 21 civil law 168 legal scholarship in civil law countries civil society 145 7, code, legal 177 co-decision procedure 66, 152 Cold War 27 end of, and enlargement

19 422 Index Commission 61 existing knowledge about 72 4 fiscal surveillance 269 impact of enlargement 79, 80 supply of leadership Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 24 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 52, 128, 329, 330 see also EU foreign policy system common law 168, 177 communitarianism and republicanism 140 2, 151 community-building 41, comparative politics 82 3, 412 comparative regionalism 238 9, 406 competition state model competitiveness 238 complex causation 198 9, 199, 200, 202, 203, complexity 6 7 in EU negotiations comprehensive rationality leadership models 94, 97 8, 104, 113 Conant, L. 181 concept formation 199, 202, 203, conceptualizations of the EU conditionality 365 accession , 386; limits of external governance through consociational systems 160 constitutional pluralism 175 Constitutional Treaty 146, 157, 403 constitutive issues , 413 constructivism 331, 382 3, enlargement 45, 46 8, 49 50, external governance integration theory 40 4, 50; evidence 42 4 leadership 94, 95 vs rationalism 42 4, 50 and sociological institutionalism 69 consumer protection 128 contentious politics cooperation procedure 152 coordinated market economics (CME) 225, 226 coordinated wage bargaining 266, 268, 269, 270, 271 Copenhagen School 280 Corbett, R. 66 core periphery tension 414 corruption , 237 cost benefit calculations 378, 379, 381 2, 386, Council of Ministers (Council of the EU) 61 European Council as adjunct to 77 existing knowledge about 75 6 impact of enlargement 79 presidency and leadership , rational institutionalism 65, 67 voting arrangements 81 Council Secretariat , 114 Cownie, F. 182 Craig, P. 174 criminal law 285 critical security literature 279 Croatia 49, 383, 391 cross-border operational cooperation 292 cross-pillar issues 340 Curtin, D. 408 Daphne Initiatives 317, 318 De Gaulle, C. 402 deglobalization delegation costs 103 4, deliberative democracy 135, 136, 142 8, 151 democratizing potential of civil society institutional engineering and linking normative and empirical democratic theory public sphere and democratic legitimacy Delors Committee 107 democracy 9, communitarianism , 151 deliberative 135, 136, 142 8, 151 and governance 123 4, 126 7, , historical perspective liberal 137 8, 151 need for the EU to be democratic new research agendas ; challenge of politicization ; linking normative and empirical theory participatory 124, 145 7, 156, 158 9, 160 regulatory state , 151 republicanism 140 2, 151 democratic deficit 122, 123 4, 134, 333 category mistake standard version democratization, conditions for deterritorialization 356 Deutsch, K. 41, 398 Devuyst, Y differentiated integration 52, 54, 376, 393 4, 406 disciplinary studies 2, 4 5, see also under individual disciplines distributional problems 48 9 diversity divorce 318 doctrinal tradition , 180 2, 184 domestic politics see national politics Driffill, J. 266 Duxbury, N , 172 3, 180

20 Index 423 dynamism in integration theory 50 1 Dyson, K Eastern Partnership 384, 389, 394 economic chain of causality economic governance EMU 256 7, economic growth economic integration 9, , 411 constitutional asymmetry early developments and debates future research directions geography and markets globalization and regionalism impact on national economies Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 9 10, 12, 221, , 393, constructivism 42 3 economic governance 256 7, Europeanization 190, 191 and globalization 362 OCA theory 256, , 270 prospects for integration theory structural reform 256, 262 5, 271 Edwards, H. 172, 180 effects of causes 199, 200, 203, Eijk, C. van der 159 elections, European Parliament electricity elite actors 44, 52 embedded liberalism 219 empirical constitutionalism 118 empirical research engaging with theory and JHA linking with normative democratic theory weaknesses Employment Equality Directive employment security enlargement 1, 12, 404 current agenda domestic politics 411 and EU foreign policy system 337 and EU institutions 78 80, 83 and EU law 183 Europeanization research 206 EWL and 321 future demand for accession future shape of the EU 11, 375 6, 377, 377 9, 383 9, historiography integration theory 40, 45 50, 53; decisions 48 50; state preferences 46 8 JHA rhetorical entrapment 69 supply side equal opportunities legislation equal pay 305, equal treatment 307, equilibrium 82 3 Eriksen, E. O. 142 Espaces Européennes transnational project 22 ethical community Etzioni, A EU foreign policy system 10, 12, , 405 collective action by member states: limits to 333 4; rationale for future research agendas impact on international system 335, 339, 343 impact on member states 334 5, 339, institutional development 332 3, 336 7, 341 policy-making 332, 337 9, EU law see law EU Liaison Committee of Historians 20, 22 EU studies 1 13, contentious politics disciplinary and interdisciplinary study empirical weaknesses EU and explosion in 1 2 informal processes and the governance turn integration theory see integration theory themes 4 7 turn to domestic politics euro see economic and monetary union (EMU) Eurogroup 269 European Arrest Warrant 287 European Central Bank (ECB) 266, 267, 268 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 15 European Commission see Commission European Council 61 existing knowledge 76 8 Presidency 80 European Court of First Instance 179 European Court of Human Rights 377 European Court of Justice (ECJ) 26, 175 6, 179 appointments 183 European Economic Area (EEA) 53, 376 European Economic Community (EEC) 15, 16 European Employment Strategy (EES) , 323 European External Action Service 336 European Foreign Affairs Review 329 European Free Trade Association (EFTA) 45, 46 7, 48 European Integration Online Papers 354