Content n 1. No human endeavour can move forward without dedicating a part of its efforts to research and innovation

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1 n 1 THE FUND S NEWSLETTER DECEMBER 2014 Content EDITORIAL ENCOURAGING RESEARCH The 2014 call for projects and scholarship applications in 3 questions The 2014 French Red Cross Fund s Research Awards 4-5 PROJECTS FOCUS International aid in Laos: a humanitarian cartography From emergency intervention to sustainable humanitarian action in Haïti DIALOGUE THE DOCTORAL TRIBUNE GENERAL INFORMATION No human endeavour can move forward without dedicating a part of its efforts to research and innovation In the last several years, it has become trivial to state the fact that the world of humanitarian action is experiencing profound changes. Of course, challenging what we believe in is always difficult, but it also represents an opportunity to interrogate both the foundation of one s goals and the values which guide one s actions. And yet, overwhelmed by field operations, as urgent as they are delicate, in favour of vulnerable populations, the humanitarian field has done little to engage in research and in ethical reflection. Although everyone would agree that one must act like a man of thought and think like a man of action, in reality there are few, if any, bridges between those who are immersed in action and those who are dedicated to reflection. It is for this very reason to develop research and form links between those who are concerned with the suffering of others and possess the desire to relieve it that the French Red Cross has created an endowment fund dedicated to such goals. No human endeavour can move forward without dedicating a part of its efforts to research and innovation, including the humanitarian field. Considering the stakes, we have accepted this challenge! The Fund s team is now in place, and is eager to engage in dialogue with you through its website and through The Fund s Newsletter, and to keep you informed about its activities and its results. Jean-François MATTEI President IN THE WORDS OF PROFESSOR JEAN-JACQUES ELEDJAM, PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH RED CROSS: As the largest French humanitarian organization, the Red Cross cannot neglect the current need for a strong organisation dedicated to research and education. The creation of the French Red Cross Fund expresses a shared desire to provide a broader space for academic research and to create a space for debate conducive to innovation. We believe that both are essential to enriching our understanding of the evolution of international solidarity and to preparing its present and future protagonists to better serve people in need. 1

2 ENCOURAGING RESEARCH The 2014 Call for Projects and for Scholarship Applications, in Three Questions WHAT WAS THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS FIRST-EVER CALL FOR PROJECTS AND FOR SCHOLARSHIP APPLICATIONS? Many countries, previously the beneficiaries of international aid, are now in charge of the humanitarian interventions which take place within their own territories. Others, still dependant on international aid, have expressed a growing desire to become more autonomous and to enter into a phase, more or less advanced, of humanitarian transition. How does this desire for autonomy manifest itself? Which particular issues and local specificities come into play? In order to address these questions and to encourage reflection and innovation, the French Red Cross Fund put its first call for projects and for postdoctoral research into motion in 2014*. WHICH THEMES WERE INCLUDED? Under the overarching theme of Realities and prospects of a humanitarian transition in aid beneficiary countries», four thematic sub-axes were also identified: 1. Knowledge of the local humanitarian fabric : actors and dynamics. 2. From emergency interventions to sustainable humanitarian action: between humanitarian action and social action International and national aid workers: which lessons, which way forward, and to what effect? 4. Apprehension of ethical principles in humanitarian action. The Fund has identified several high priority countries for research within the framework of this call for projects and for scholarship applications: Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali, Senegal, Haiti, and Laos. WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONS OF ELIGIBILITY TO SUBMIT AN APPLICA- TION FOR THE FRENCH RED CROSS FUND CALL FOR PROJECTS AND FOR SCHOLARSHIP APPLICATIONS? Candidates may respond either to the call for scholarship applications for postdoctoral research or to the call for projects if they are part of a research team. The French Red Cross Fund finances francophone research. Those who carry out a project (in a team or as a post-doc) and their scientific activities must be part of an academic or research institution. There are no eligibility conditions with regards to nationality. The Fund favours, however, applications from researchers who reside in one of the priority geographic zones. The 2014 Application Cycle: the Projects Accepted Following great deliberation by the Fund s selection committee in June 2014, six research grants of 20,000 each were awarded for the following proposals: 1. The Humanitarian Fabric in Ivory Coast: Actors and Dynamics Post-doctoral research undertaken by Adou DJANE, attached to the Swiss Centre for Scientific Research in Ivory Coast (Centre Suisse pour la Recherche Scientifique en Côte d Ivoire, CSRS). 2. From Emergency Interventions to Sustainable Humanitarian Action. Redistributing Operational Roles among Humanitarian Actors, Local Partners and Beneficiary Populations in Mali and in Burkina Faso Research team lead by Jacky BOUJU attached to the Institute of the African Worlds (l Institut d Etude des Mondes Africains, IMAF) in France. 3. Humanitarian Actors in Ivory Coast and Intervention Strategies Research team lead by Jérôme Konan KOUAKOU attached to the Centre for Development Research (Centre de recherche pour le Développement, CRD) at Alassane Ouattara University, Bouaké, Ivory Coast. 4. From Emergency Interventions to Sustainable Humanitarian Action: Between Humanitarian Action and Social Action (Haiti) Post-doctoral research undertaken by Odonel PIERRE-LOUIS, attached to the Direction of Postgraduate Studies (Direction des Etudes Postgraduées, DEP) of the Haïti State University. 5. Organisational Issues Associated with Humanitarian Action: Actors Networks, Strategic Dynamics and Normative Systems (Senegal and Burkina Faso) Research team lead by José Carlos SUAREZ HERRERA attached to the KEDGE Business School of Marseille. 6. International Aid in Laos: A Dynamic Cartography of Actors, Systems and Governance Mechanisms Postdoctoral research undertaken by Danielle TAN, attached to the Institute for East Asian Studies (l Institut d Asie Orientale, IAO) in Lyon Call for Projects and for Scholarship Applications 26 JANUARY Launch of the call 5 MARCH Deadline for pre-enrolment 5 APRIL Deadline for application END OF JUNE Announcement of selected projects check out and download the application form on 2

3 ENCOURAGING RESEARCH The 2014 French Red Cross Fund s Research Awards The objective of the French Red Cross Fund s Research Awards is to valorise fundamental or applied francophone research which offers innovative or audacious perspectives on humanitarian action. All disciplines and nationalities are eligible, and each of two awards total 5,000. The 2014 Awards were given on September 9th to Clara Egger and Thomas Fouquet. Clara Egger, doctoral candidate in Political Science, received the award for her work on humanitarian action and military missions in crisis contexts (Afghanistan, Kosovo, Somalia). 1. What is your background, and how did it lead you to do your current work? My background is fairly atypical for a researcher. I earned a professional master s degree at Sciences Po in Grenoble in international and humanitarian security. In my second year, I witnessed participatory observation research methods as part of an advocacy communications position in a network of NGOs. I dedicated the following year to social development work in a low-income neighbourhood in Grenoble. I felt like a certain number of NGOs were out of touch with the population. It was then that I began an Action-Research project with Caritas-France. During trainings given by partner NGOs from the Global South, I became aware of certain remarks and critiques. That s what convinced me to do a dissertation, but decidedly one based in the field. 2. What can you tell us about your project? I work on peace missions in conflict zones (Kosovo, Somalia, Afghanistan). The formal/informal dichotomy in cooperation is particularly interesting to me. Today, there is a political injunction to negotiate in crisis terrains. It s nearly a dogma: cooperation, effectiveness and peace are inseparable. However, in the field, actors do not necessarily agree. Their presence in cooperation meetings is practically required: financially, it s a question of survival. Nonetheless, as I point out in my thesis of resistance, actors attempt to find alternative ways of working: building other alliances or other networks, but without making publicising it. They cooperate, clearly, but they do it discreetly. This will be central in the Afghanistan of the next few years, for example. The democratic injunction or the liberal peace, which rhyme with peace, democracy and the market economy, do not add up in many countries. 3. What will be your next step? I m keeping my options open and I haven t closed any doors. I love research and working with the people that I meet. It has given me the opportunity to have some incredible experiences. I also really like teaching. I would like to continue doing it, here in France, but also in Africa and in the Middle East. I could also work for an NGO as long as I could maintain my freedom of expression. Thomas Fouquet, PhD in anthropology, received the award for his work on the links between humanitarian action, social mobilisations and expressions of citizenship in Africa. 1. What is your background, and how did it lead you to do your current work? I m an anthropologist and an associated researcher at the Institute of the African Worlds (Institut des Mondes Africains, IMAf). I did my dissertation in social anthropology at EHESS after having studied at Paris X Nanterre. I also spent several years at the National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilisations (l Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, INALCO) where I improved by knowledge of the Wolof language. The common thread throughout my experiences since the 90s is my interest in the urban youth in West Africa, particularly in Senegal and in Dakar. I study the critical expressions which emergent among these urban youth, stuck between local constraints and global aspirations. 2. What can you tell us about your project? I began work on a study on the Senegalese collective Y en a marre ( Fed up ) (YEM) in The movement was created in January 2011, in the context of increasingly massive rejection of those in power and of their management of domestic affairs. However, it s not the collective s political engagement strictly speaking that interests me so much as the fact that the various initiatives which YEM is currently taking on bear a certain resemblance to the prerogatives of aid operators. YEM banks on its foundation in the local setting to encourage and assist in involving the population in Senegal s development. Besides taking frequent stands, particularly through the media and through official releases, its action is solidly structured around a collection of citizen projects. Through the lens of YEM, I m interested in popular initiatives which lean towards the taking charge of humanitarian action and development by certain actors from the so-called civil society. 3. What will be your next step? I hope to continue my career as a researcher, either in a university setting or as part of a research institution (CNRS, IRD, etc.). At the same time, I feel it s important to continue creating as much dialogue as possible with humanitarian and development professionals. We certainly have a lot of things to talk about, and our viewpoints, as well as our modes of action could therefore absolutely be considered to be complimentary. 3

4 PROJECTS FOCUS International Aid in Laos: A Humanitarian Cartography Danielle Tan, PhD in Political Science, will begin her project this year, entitled International Aid in Laos: A Dynamic Cartography of Actors, Systems and Governance Mechanisms («L aide internationale au Laos : une cartographie dynamique des acteurs, des dispositifs et des mécanismes de gouvernance»). She has agreed to share with us what her project on the Laotian humanitarian sector is all about. HOW WERE YOU RECEIVED BY THE LAOTIAN AUTHORITIES? Thanks to the relationship I have with Bern University, the second field visit will officially be the occasion for introducing myself to the Laotian authorities. My strategy consists of making contact with two intermediaries: the INGO Network (Internet Directory of Non-Government Organizations in the Lao), which coordinates the international structures, and the new LHD (Learning House for Development), which brings together the local organisations (Non-Profit Associations), what could be characterised as an embryonic civil society. It will be up to me to collaborate with both local and international actors, and to make contact with strategic ministries, particularly the MPI (Ministry of Planning and Investments). HOW HAS FUNDING FROM THE FRENCH RED CROSS FUND HELPED YOU MOVE FORWARD WITH YOUR WORK? Rather fundamentally, as until now I had always assumed all of my own research expenses myself by working on the side or by subletting my apartment for example to pay for my plane tickets. The assistance I ve received from my laboratory has not been truly sufficient. Thanks to the Fund, I finally have funding to do my research. CAN YOU DESCRIBE YOUR PROJECT, WHICH WAS SELECTED BY THE FRENCH RED CROSS FUND FOR A POST-DOCTORAL GRANT? The project aims to build a dynamic cartography of actors, systems, and governance mechanisms currently in place in Laos. By using GIS (Geographic Information System) tools, I hope to provide a big-picture, exhaustive, transversal and interactive look of the humanitarian fabric of Laos. Using field studies, my objective is to document local and international humanitarian actors, to analyse the evolution of their activities, their modes of functioning, their interactions with other development actors as well as their relationships with local and national authorities. This new tool will allow the different international aid actors to gain a better understanding of the environment in which they are operating and, in the long term, help them in defining their strategies. HOW DID YOU FIRST TRIP TO THE FIELD GO? The first trip into the field was interesting as it allowed me to lay the foundation of the project. I needed to meet my partners and to put an Action-Research methodology in place in order to fine-tune and rectify certain points in accordance with the needs of the actors. I took a 360 look at the context, and little by little I identified the interlocutors with whom I would like to collaborate, particularly with the University of Bern which applies the same logic of mapping, decision-making, and fundamental research on precise projects. The main asset of this first field visit was that I was able to identify partners who share my vision and who seem pertinent to my research. HOW DO YOU RECONCILE, IN THE LONG TERM, YOUR DE- DICATION TO THE HUMANITARIAN AND DEVELOPMENT FIELDS WITH THAT OF RESEARCH? HOW DO YOU ENVI- SION YOURSELF MANAGING TO STRADDLE THE TWO IN THE FUTURE? It s a good question. In the research world, there are two options: obtain a spot in the CNRS or become a university lecturer. However, the opportunities for being recruited are quite limited. Doing a project with a grant from the Fund is a rare opportunity to study the subjects which truly interest me. Previously, I had always collaborated on big projects. This is the first time that I m working on my own subject, using my own approach. We ll see where it will lead me next. This research is funded by the French Red Cross Fund. Danielle Tan 4

5 PROJECTS FOCUS From Emergency Intervention to Sustainable Humanitarian Action in Haiti Odonel Pierre-Louis is a doctor of Political Philosophy. His current project deals with the passage from emergency intervention to sustainable humanitarian action and the relationships between humanitarian action and social action in the Haitian context, where he is from. WHAT IS YOUR VIEW ON THE HUMANITARIAN SECTOR IN HAITI TODAY? In Haiti, NGOs (or rescue institutions as I call them) are generally broken down into two categories: emergency and development. To me, this is not a very pertinent division. Rescue institutions engaged in so-called emergency interventions are, in practice, also doing development. What was urgent becomes permanent. The practices applied to emergency assistance are determined in a rather vague way, allowing development organisations supposedly emergency relief actors to glean funding. HAS THE LOCAL OR NATIONAL FABRIC OF CIVIL SOCIETY NOT BEEN SUFFICIENTLY REINFORCED TO TAKE HOLD OF THE SITUATION? No, I don t believe so. This is why I hypothesise that the humanitarian transition has not yet taken place in Haiti. AND YET, IN THE DISCOURSE, THERE IS A REAL DESIRE TO NOT REPRODUCE THE ERRORS OF THE PAST, AND TO TAKE CHARGE OF LEADING THE ACTIONS CURRENT- LY BEING DEVELOPED IN HAITI. Those who are in institutions for the good of others, the humanitarianists, in Haiti, have shown us that oftentimes we end up doing the opposite of what we intended to do. Therein lies the paradox. In the end, the International Haiti Reconstruction Committee, a structure which was erected to collect funds, did not work. The actors are not acting out of bad faith, but we are still witnessing a failure with regards to what we had hoped to do. Ergo, no humanitarian transition: it doesn t work. When you talk to potential humanitarian aid beneficiaries, they will often tell you: No, we haven t seen the NGOs. Occasionally we ve received a kit, a jerry can of oil, a bag of rice. But that s not what humanitarian aid is! This comes out very clearly in the interviews which I managed to carry out for my dissertation: the women and men that I met have a truly shocking vision of what one might call humanitarian aid. SO, YOU VE SPOKEN WITH MANY INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANISATIONS? Yes, during my dissertation research I interviewed many different people. My current project consists of revisiting the study on which my doctoral research is based, in order to gage whether the situation has evolved, in one way or another. It is already apparent in my research that the situation is fundamentally stuck. The greatest difficulty that we face is the multidimensional character of the problems which dominate Haiti today. Where to begin? Health, education, potable water, etc.? Through thorough analysis and observation, I would like to review all of these sectors, in order to identify factors which cause obstacles and, hopefully, bring to light paths to resolution or to improvement. Here again, the fact that I did this kind of work within the framework of my dissertation offers me a point of comparison. PROFESSIONALLY SPEAKING, WHAT ARE YOUR HOPES FOR THE FUTURE? I plan to continue in this vein. The object of my research is based on multiple themes. And I don t believe I ll have the time to do everything. Little work has been done on humanitarian action in the field of philosophy. It is only now that philosophers are looking into survival and the quality of life of the world s people. The research centre directed by Alain Renault touches on these fields, which require a cross-cutting approach. There is a whole ensemble of principles behind humanitarian action. One cannot simply look at the actions and ignore the principles. This is why I chose to give them special attention in my research. Without the grant from the French Red Cross Fund, I still would have carried out my research but with a lot more difficulty. While working on my dissertation, I collaborated with two psychologists and two sociologists. But, I funded myself with my own money. Now I will be able to recruit a team to collect the data, which will facilitate the field work significantly. This research is funded by the French Red Cross Fund and the City of Strasbourg. Odonel Pierre-Louis 5

6 DIALOGUE Actuality The Fund s Matinales As a part of its scientific mission, three times per year the Fund invites an expert (either French of foreign) to present new findings from his research on a theme related to mutations in the humanitarian sector. Approximately 15 guests, representing the full range of humanitarian actors, are invited to each gathering over breakfast at the Fund s headquarters. The Matinales provide a space for informal dialogue to stimulate debate in a selective group and build ties between actors around specific topics. The first cycle of the Matinales, consisting of two session (9th April and 19th November 2014), dealt with the certification of international NGOs. It was lead by Luciano Loiacono, Head of Quality and Accountability for Handicap International. The National Humanitarian Conference (CNH) Paris 29th March 2014 The conference, introduced by Laurent Fabius (Minister of Foreign Affairs), was the continuation of the first edition of the conference, held in November 2011 in preparation for the defining of the 2012 Humanitarian Strategy*. Two themes, central to current reflexions in the French humanitarian sector, were discussed: how to improve the conditions of intervention for humanitarian actors in countries faced with complex crises; and how to accompany the major, ongoing changes in the humanitarian world and help French organisations reorient themselves. With the goal of creating dialogue between public authorities and stakeholders in the humanitarian field (NGOs, collectivities, businesses, foundations), the Fund was asked to participate in its capacity as a research centre dedicated to humanitarian aid. Jean-François Mattei, who was invited to give the closing synopsis of the conference in collaboration with Véronique de Geoffroy (Groupe URD), made it a point to remind the participants of the importance of ethics. Although it wasn t addressed, I feel this is an indispensable reference point and deserves to be mentioned. These principles, of which the first is autonomy the beneficiaries become partners and their methods of deliberation, would allow for building a real guide for action. The fact that ethics have, until now, not been placed at the forefront of the discussion has doubtless contributed to the confusion between morals and ethics, between humanitarian principles and ethical principles, and to the fallacious idea that ethics is first and foremost a tool for the medical field. *For more information, please go to The World Humanitarian Summit (WHS) Regional Consultation on West and Central Africa Abidjan 19TH-20th June 2014 The Secretary General of the United Nations will convoke the first World Humanitarian Summit of its kind in Instanbul in The objective of the Summit is to find new ways to address humanitarian needs in the rapidly evolving world. This three-year initiative is managed by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). * The objective of the WHS is to formulate a new agenda for global humanitarian action. The chosen themes include: humanitarian effectiveness, reducing vulnerability and managing risk, transformation through innovation, and serving the needs of people in conflict. The first regional consultation, organised by OCHA in preparation for the WHS took place in Abidjan last June. As a continuation of discussions with the regional OCHA platform in Dakar, the Fund was invited to participate as a think tank which could contribute francophone reflections on humanitarian action. Seven other regional conferences will take place leading up to the 2016 summit. * Round Table discussion: What Research for What Humanitarian Aid? Paris 9th September 2014 The French Red Cross Fund participated in the 7th edition of the Convergences World Forum by organising a round table discussion entitled What Research for What Humanitarian Aid? Accompanying the Transition in Humanitarian Assistance. Four personalities with different profiles were given the floor, before an auditorium of over 100 people, to delve into the relationship between humanitarian action and scholarly research: Michael Neuman, researcher for the Centre de réflexion sur l action et les savoirs humanitaires (CRASH) of the Médecins sans frontières (MSF) Foundation, Fatou Maria Dramé, deputy director of the Regional Research and Partnerships Programmes of ENDA Santé in Senegal, Isaac Massage, humanitarian coordinator for West Africa for OXFAM America et Jean-François Mattei, president of the Fund. The discussion allowed the participants to broach the way that NGOs from the Global North and the Global South (Oxfam America, ENDA Santé) integrate research into their operational activities and to discuss CRASH s initiatives, which bear the goal of giving a critical look at MSF s practices, and finally, to explore how raising ethical questions can help in taking a step back and in sharing common experiences. The Dakar Seminar 5th-6th November 214 The Fund recently held its first seminar in Dakar. Bringing together over 50 aid personalities and experts around seven round table discussions, it was an opportunity to make connections and to create dialogue between local and international actors, with the goal of clarifying the realities and the perspectives of the national humanitarian fabric, the modes of humanitarian transition and the application of relevant ethical principles. A detailed synopsis of the talks and discussions will be made available in the next edition of this newsletter (spring 2015). 6

7 THE DOCTORAL TRIBUNE In the words of Céleste Fournier The French Red Cross Fund aims to strengthen the ties between theory and practice. The goal of this tribune is to give exposure to the work of doctoral candidates who conduct research on themes touching all facets of humanitarian action. For this first tribune, we met with Céleste Fournier, a student at HEC Montreal. She studies the paths taken by humanitarian workers through the lens of human resources. Céleste Fournier A mission s success depends less on individuals technical skills than on their capacities to adapt and learn in an extreme situation Since the 1990s, the humanitarian field has entered into a process of professionalisation. New organisational practices have accompanied the development of university curricula destined to train students in the professions of international solidarity. They receive training which prepares them, in a technical manner, for the realities with which they will be faced. They come out, supposedly, as professionals who will perform well in the field. petence is crucial, so to maintain the quality of the healthcare they provide. In order to retrace their backgrounds in great depth and understand their learning and adaptation mechanisms, I hope to interview them at three key moments: before their departure, during their mission and upon their return. Lastly, as one never learns completely on one s own, I feel it is fundamental to observe group dynamics in the field for several weeks. In terms of human resources management, the stakes are quite high. First, the identification of key skills will allow organisations to improve their human resources processes, especially in recruitment and selection. Second, it will allow for the development of pre-departure trainings, better-adapted to the issues of the field, and for the development of methods of support and assistance during missions. The implementation of such improvements could have a considerable impact on maintaining nurses in their jobs and, by consequence, reducing their turnover rate and its associated costs. In my view, there is another way of looking at things though it has received little attention in the literature which is that a mission s success depends less on the technical skills which individuals acquire before departure, than on their capacities to adapt and learn in an situation which is considered extreme. This is largely due to the particularities of this kind of work: the widening of roles and tasks, cultural distance, solitude, isolation and limited technical means. From a human resources management standpoint, a field mission constitutes a situation with a very steep learning curve during which the individual must modify his or her ways of doing things and mental schemas, favour certain learning, adaptation and even un-learning strategies and, in the end, develop diverse skills specific to the given field experience. My objective is to offer greater understanding of these learning paths. I decided to focus on nurses, for two main reasons: they have a pivotal role within medical teams and represent a wide reservoir of potential respondants. In addition, reducing their potential areas of non-com- Contact: celeste.fournier@hec.ca Any doctoral candidate working on the mutations in the humanitarian field through an original angle can propose a presentation of their ongoing work (in French or in English) by sending it to projets@fondscrf.org. The most pertinent contributions may be published in the doctoral tribune of The Fund s Newsletter. 7

8 GENERAL INFORMATION 2014 Fonds Croix-Rouge française THE FRENCH RED CROSS FUND The French Red Cross Fund is an endowment fund dedicated to research and ethical reflections in the humanitarian field. Created in 2013 upont the initiative of the French Red Cross, it seeks to instigate, fund and reward research projects which put the principles, practices and purposes of the evolving landscape of humanitarian action into perspective. THE FUND S NEWSLETTER The Fund s newsletter a bilingual newsletter with two issues per year aims at presenting the Fund s research themes through its various activities. Subscribe to this newsletter and check out past issues on the Fund s website. PUBLISHING DIRECTOR Jean-François MATTEI EDITORIAL BOARD Wolf-Dieter EBERWEIN Thomas FOUQUET Julie JARNO Jean-François MATTEI Philippe RYFMAN Virginie TROIT Caroline VITAGLIONE GRAPHIC DESIGN Agence Ledouze CONTACT OUR PARTNERS PHOTOS CREDIT Fonds Croix-Rouge française Hôpital Henry Dunant 95 Rue Michel-Ange PARIS Tél : Fax : Agence Ledouze Virginie TROIT Croix-Rouge française Croix-Rouge française Fondation Mérieux EU/ECHO contact@fondcrf.org FONDS Croix-Rouge Ville de Strasbourg Fondation Véolia IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) Principauté de Monaco ENGLISH VERSION Allison Cressy 8