DOWNLOAD PDF ECONOMIC PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS IN THE THIRD WORLD

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1 Chapter 1 : Global Economic Prospects Economic Progress and Prospects in the Third World combines an elegant and persuasive summary of development progress over the last 40 years with detailed case. Commonalities and differences between Syria and Pakistan Political and Economic Prospects for Pakistan and Syria The political and economic prospects for third world countries like Pakistan and Syria are neither encouraging nor can be called dysfunctional. As in case of majority of the third world countries, both Syria and Pakistan are two of the most troublesome states not only for their neighboring countries but for the regional and international stability as well. While extended authoritarian rule of Hafez al-assad crippled the free economy of Syria, so did the extended military rule in Pakistan. Nonetheless, recent developments in Pakistan indicate towards increased stability of institutions and state but Syria to date goes through an extended civil war. With such backdrop to this paper, the researcher will explore different factors that have impacted the progress of third world countries like Syria and Pakistan. Section II of this paper will describe different elements having a direct or indirect impact on stability of these countries. These factors include level of political stability in both the countries. Factors such as degree of prosperity, influence of political culture and the role played by the historical perspective of both these countries will be discussed in section II. Intervening factors such as military rule, insurgency, colonial and neo-colonial influence, and the impact of transnational bodies such as the UN and IMF on politics and economy of each of these countries will also be made part of this section. Section III of this paper will highlight the commonalities and differences between Syria and Pakistan. Style of leaderships in both the countries will be followed by a description of role of political parties in nation building. The paper will be concluded in section IV by restating the main points of this paper. Pakistan is a much large country with respect to all the aforementioned factors. Syria on the other hand is comprised of an area equaling, Km2 and a population size of 22 million approximately. The country got independence from Ottoman Empire in whereas independence from France was achieved in The legislature of Pakistan consists of upper and lower house, President as the head of State whereas Prime-Minister is the head of government. Being a bicameral parliamentary democracy, Pakistan has been unfortunate in being subjected to repeated military takeovers in recent and distant past. Syria on other hand is unicameral state having Peoples Council of Syria composed of members elected for four years term. President is name-appointed by the parliament. Despite having stark differences in the aforementioned fields, both the countries are Islamic and have been administered in similar styles during the past. Level of political stability Pakistan: Political stability in Pakistan has been somewhat existent during the last one decade. Although Pakistan went through a military takeover in that lasted for three years before general elections were held in under the military ruler, the successive elections in and have granted significant political stability to Pakistan. There is least threat of a civil-war like situation as experienced by Syria although the number of insurgency and terrorism related killing are equally high in Pakistan as well as Syria. The country has a transitional democracy, identical to democratic transitions in Turkey and Thailand Stephen,, where military is now stepping back into its mandated role of protecting borders and security only. The most significant source of political stability has been the influence of foreign powers like the U. And coalition forces that may not allow deterioration of political stability as it may harm their operations in neighboring Afghanistan. Syria has remained at the center of Islamic Empire and has gone through repeated invasions, occupations, and foreign rule by Mongols and Turks. The country has had repeated tenures of political instability and is currently going through one of these extended years of instability whereby President Basher al-assad clings on to power through coercive measures. The power within the political apparatus has been long held by Alawite elite faction of Syrian population. Since the Arab Spring events in adjoining countries such as Libya and Egypt, a continuous civil-war like situation prevails in Syria. By and large, Syria is now highly unstable both politically and economically as the entrenched president Assad refuses to seize fire against rebels. Level of economic Page 1

2 prosperity Pakistan: If compared with the initial economic development conditions of Pakistan, the country has made significant improvement in developing infrastructure and network to aid the economic prosperity. The country has faced many impediments in the prosperity to reach its downtrodden in form of military takeovers, corruption of civil governments, and unwillingness of political leaders to take charge of political and economic development of the country. Although the country did not get successful in turning its huge potential of economic progress based in its diverse land and sea composition and human as well as natural resources, it still has maintained a visible presence in the international markets. The state of Pakistan has thus far proved to be inefficient but the population in general has proved to be resilient. Agriculture is the main source of income for majority of the population and the country has made significant development in defense technologies, nuclear weapons, heavy manufacturing, and textile industries. Syria has largely remained dependent on oil exports and this has caused much inherent inefficiency in the management of economy by the ruling elite. The level of economic prosperity in Syria has significantly dropped during the last two years of civil war that has cost more than lives. The Syrian economy has contracted by 7. There is an economic collapse nearing Syria due to war-ridden years. The national currency of Syria is also getting devalued vs. The main impediment in any significant economic prosperity have been the sanctions enforced by the U. With frequent power outages and blockage of internet, the country has not seen any significant project of infrastructure development or economic progress. The much of intellectual capital of country in form of business people, lawyers, doctors, and industrialists have fled to adjoining countries in recent past. It is not the war that has totally gripped the economic progress but the economic structure of Syria as well. The state-dominated economy is hardly allowed to run freely and competition is not encouraged amongst private investors. Having poor property rights and a stifling international competition in manufacturing and service sector, the economic prosperity of Syria has been put on hold due to the war. Role played by history Pakistan: The role of history in current economic and political prospects of Pakistan is significant. The country never had a smooth democratic government running the affairs of the state. After coming into existence in as an independent Muslim state, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the first military rule was enforced in that lasted around 10 years. Thus, the political leadership that surfaced during the tenure was nurtured by the military rulers. The country enforced two constitutions before abandoning them for a more agreed upon and politically drafted constitution of In, the military ruler again usurped the civilian powers and assumed the government. Political leaders such as Z. A Bhutto were hanged and human rights being curbed. Page 2

3 Chapter 2 : Economic progress and prospects in the Third World ( edition) Open Library Economic progress and prospects in the Third World by Singer, Hans Wolfgang,, E. Elgar edition, in English. Download this Research Paper in word format. Thus, weak institutions, frequent military takeovers, and corruption in government ranks, both civilian and military has resulted in present state of affairs of Pakistan. The Assad family has held the power in Syrian since last four decades and this has caused significant deterioration in institutional and other forms of governance Zisser, With independence from the French forces in, Syria remained internally polarized and externally vulnerable to the tensions of Middle East. Her confrontation with Israel and support for Hezbollah has considerable historical background. Thus, the issues today being faced by Syria are a continuation of its acts of historical omissions and commission by ruling elites. Influence of leadership on both Syria and Pakistan has been largely negative in its nature. Pakistan has only produced leaders who have generally remained oblivious of their responsibility towards their population. Internal differences due to population diversity and external pressures both military and diplomacy related has caused Pakistan to progress very slowly on economic and political aspects. Pakistan still remains a procedural democracy as opposed to a consolidated democracy. Syria also has been unfortunate in having Assads as leaders. These leaders have not paid heed to changing realities of commerce and technology and only remained entrenched in their ruling the country through coercive use of power. Other intervening factors There have been numerous intervening factors in Syria and Pakistan as is the case with third world countries. The geo-political situation of both these countries, specifically Syria Nasrallah has usually invited significant foreign intervention, both from colonial and non-colonial powers in the region. The influence of U. Use of religion by extremists groups and religious political parties has played a considerable role in stifling the social and economic progress of Pakistan. Syrian however has remained a largely secular state under the Assad family. Insurgency has also caused widespread loss of life and property in Pakistan as well as Syria. While Pakistan today struggles with fighting Islamists and Baloch scenarists, the Syrian regime is fighting the Islamist rebels and anti-state elements struggling to end the rule of Assad. This has caused sustained human and capital flight from both these countries since the year Colonial and neo-colonial powers: The role of colonial powers in influencing the economy and power politics of third world countries has been immense. Third worldism is associated with struggle against the proxies of colonial powers and the inherent gap between first world and the third world countries Berger, While Britain and U. Hardly there have been few years of good relation between Syria and the U. Military rule has been significantly detrimental for the economic and political progression of Pakistan. Syria also underwent successive military takeovers in the beginning life of the country but was replaced with authoritarian rule of Assad family since s. The military rile in Pakistan also decreased the pace of social independence and caused the military to establish deep economic interests in managing power. The use of manufacturing institutions was used to increase social and economic clout of military in the civil domain. Commonalities and differences between Syria and Pakistan Differences: This indicates that despite having a war like situation from last two years, the fewer population level allowed the country to have better HDI measure than Pakistan. The other difference is in the perception and use of religion in state of affairs. Pakistan state has hardly convicted the Islamist terrorists and fails to contain Al-Qaeda and Taliban attacks on military and civil personnel. On the other hand, Syrian government has come hard over the Islamist parties and terrorists linked to acts of violence. The most important commonality between the two third countries, Syria and Pakistan remains the failure of state and governance system alike. Pakistan while having numerous resources, both capital and human, is unable to provide socially safe environment along with opportunities of prosperity and progress. Syria also fails in same categories and could not convince the general population regarding the use of government structure and political and military elites of both countries have failed their states to a point to no return in short-term. III- Conclusion The economic and political prospects for the third world countries are challenging and remain contingent to performance of Page 3

4 governments and the potential influence of foreign governments and colonial powers on internal matters of these countries. Pakistan and Syria are two such third world countries facing myriad of chronic issues related to economy and political stability. While both countries have Sunni dominated population, the increased level insurgency related killings has caused economic prosperity to halt. Sustained human and capital flight is faced commonly by both these countries. Bibliography Berger, Mark T. History, destiny and the fate of Third Worldism. Accessed July 11, Assessing stability in Syria. Page 4

5 Chapter 3 : Political And Economic Prospects For Research Paper - Words Economic Progress and Prospects in the Third World: Lessons of Development Experience Since [Hans Wolfgang Singer, Sumit Roy] on blog.quintoapp.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Overall, the continent achieved average real annual GDP growth of 5. But growth slowed to 3. The economies of Egypt, Libya and Tunisia did not grow at all between and, in stark contrast to average annual growth among the three economies of 4. Productivity growth also declined in these two sets of economies. The annual rate of productivity growth in the Arab Spring countries fell from 1. Despite this deterioration in the performance of key economies, the rest of Africa was able to maintain stable rates of GDP and productivity growth over the past five years. Real GDP grew at an annual rate of 4. Productivity grew at a compound annual rate of 1. First, the continent has a young population with a growing labour force â a highly valuable asset in an ageing world. In recent times, it has had some success in creating jobs â 21 million new stable formal, wage-paying jobs over the past five years, and 53 million over the past Stable jobs grew at a rate of 3. This is still far from the job-creation trajectory Africa needs to fuel future growth, but it is progress. Second, Africa is still urbanizing and much of the economic benefit lies ahead. Productivity in cities is three times as high as in rural areas and, over the next decade, an additional million Africans will live in cities, according to the United Nations. This urban expansion is contributing to rapid growth in consumption by households and businesses. Household consumption grew at a 4. But companies will need to gather detailed market intelligence on where the most promising consumer markets are. Third, African economies are also well positioned to benefit from rapidly accelerating technological change that can unlock growth and leapfrog the limitations and costs of physical infrastructure in important areas of economic life. East Africa is already a global leader in mobile payments. Reinforcing the positive outlook for growth is a continuing rise in infrastructure investment. Spending on infrastructure has doubled over the past decade, and now stands at 3. Not all smooth sailing Foreign investors have taken note of such positive fundamentals. Large companies in utilities, transportation and healthcare have achieved double-digit revenue growth in local currency terms between and Despite the continued potential of African economies, policy-makers undoubtedly will need to grapple with significant challenges ahead. In, Africa as a whole was running a small current-account surplus of 0. As we write this, several African countries are in talks for financial assistance, including Angola with the IMF and Nigeria with the Chinese government. Political instability is also more prevalent. The number of violent incidents measured by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program has jumped from in to in The challenges in some parts of the region have taken their toll. Five years ago, most of Africa was booming â 25 of the top 30 economies had accelerated their growth from the previous decade. We have measured three aspects of stability: Three distinct groups of countries emerges from this analysis. This group includes countries such as Angola, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Zambia, all of which have clear potential but need to diversify their economies away from resources, to improve their security, or stabilize their macro-economies. The way forward The imperative now is for policy-makers and businesses to work together to accelerate economic reforms and strengthen the fundamentals that underpin growth. One priority will be to diversify exports and national revenue sources to eliminate the volatility that arises when resource prices change dramatically. This will require countries to increase pension provisions, expand access to banking and financial services, and deepen their capital markets. Better planning around urbanization is critical to unlock the full growth opportunity and to make African cities competitive. A stronger focus on expanding power supply and electricity is needed to solve what is the number one challenge to the business environment. The IMF still forecasts that Africa will be the second-fastest growing region in the world between and with annual growth of 4. This article is part of our Africa series. You can read more here. Chapter 4 : Research Paper: Political and Economic Prospects for the Third World â 8 Pages Page 5

6 Economic Progress and Prospects in the Third World: Lessons of Development Experience Since starting at $ Economic Progress and Prospects in the Third World: Lessons of Development Experience Since has 1 available editions to buy at Alibris. Chapter 5 : World Economic Outlook (WEO) Economic Progress and Prospects in the Third World: Lessons of Development Experience Since by H. W. Singer. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library/used-book markings blog.quintoapp.com book has hardback covers. Chapter 6 : World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations CULTURE, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Part II PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS OF THE CULTURAL APPROACH progress for the Third World by including all of humanity in the. Chapter 7 : Whatâ s the future of economic growth in Africa? World Economic Forum Consequently, the population of Nigeria, currently the world's 7th largest, is projected to surpass that of the United States and become the third largest country in the world shortly before Page 6