Medialization, Media Logic and Mediarchy. Nordicom Review 11(2): Bah, Abu Bakarr Democracy and Civil War: Citizenship and

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1 References Interviews Interview #1, Senior Finnish diplomat, Political Department, Unit for UN and General Global Affairs, Finnish MFA, August 31, Interview #2, Finnish diplomat, Department for Africa and the Middle East, Finnish MFA, September 1, Interview #3, Finnish diplomat, Department for Africa and the Middle East, Finnish MFA, September 29, Interview #4, Senior Swedish diplomat, Department for Africa, Swedish MFA, October 13, Interview #5, Senior Finnish Diplomat, Finnish UN delegation, October 13, Interview #6, Swedish Diplomat, Department for North Africa and Middle East, Swedish MFA, October 13, Interview #7, Senior British diplomat, unit for West Africa, FCO, December 7, Interview #8, Senior British diplomat, Department for Africa, FCO, December 8, Interview #9, Senior British analyst, FCO, December 8, Interview #10, Senior Swedish diplomat, Security Policy Department, Swedish MFA, January 15, Interview #11, Swedish diplomat, Department for North Africa and Middle East, Swedish MFA, January 21, Interview #12, Swedish diplomat, Swedish EU delegation, January 27, Interview #13, Senior Swedish diplomat and Senior policy advisor to the Swedish foreign minister, Swedish MFA, January 28, The Author(s) 2017 D. Brommesson, A.-M. Ekengren, The Mediatization of Foreign Policy, Political Decision-Making and Humanitarian Intervention, The Palgrave Macmillan Series in International Political Communication, DOI /

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5 References 197 Crosbie, Thomas Scandal and Military Mediatization. Media War & Conflict 8(1): Deitelhoff, Nicole, and Klaus Dieter Wolf Business and Human Rights: How Corporate Norm Violators Become Norm Entrepreneurs. In The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance, ed. Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Demker, Marie Idéer, normer, identiteter och diskurser i utrikespolitiken. In Sverige i världen, ed. Douglas Brommesson and Ann- Marie Ekengren. Malmö: Gleerups. Djerf-Pierre, Monika, Mats Ekström, Niklas Håkansson, and Bengt Johansson The Mediatization of Political Accountability: Politics, The News Media Logic and Industrial Crises in the 1980s and Journalism Studies 15(3): Eide, Elisabeth, and Risto Kunelius, eds Media Meets Climate: The Global Challenge for Journalism. Gothenburg: Nordicom. Elder, Neil, Thomas Alastair, and David Arter Consensual Democracies? Governments and Politics of the Scandinavian States. Oxford: Robertsons. Entman, Robert M Representation and Reality in the Portrayal of Blacks on Network Television & News. Journalism Quarterly 71(3): Folz, Rachel Does Membership Matters? Convergence of Sweden s and Norway s Role Conceptions by Interaction with the European Union. In Role Theory in International Relations Approaches and Analyses, ed. Sebastian Harnisch, C. Frank, and H.W. Maull, Oxon: Routledge. George, Alexander L., and Andrew Bennet Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: MIT Press. Giddens, Anthony Modernity and Self-Identity. Cambridge: Polity. Gowing, Nik Real-Time Television Coverage of Armed Conflicts and Diplomatic Crises: Does it Pressure or Distort Foreign Policy Decisions? Cambridge: Joan Shorenstein Barone Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Time to Move On: New Media Realities-New Vulnerabilities of Power. Media War & Conflict 4(1): Gregory, Shaun The French Military in Africa: Past and Present. African Affairs 99(396): Hallin, Daniel C., and Paolo Mancini Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Harnisch, Sebastian Role Theory: Operationalization of Key Concepts. In Role Theory in International Relations Approaches and Analyses, ed. Sebastian Harnisch, C. Frank, and H.W. Maull, Oxon: Routledge. Hedling, Elsa. Forthcoming. The Mediatization of European Foreign Policy. PhD Diss. Lund: Lund University.

6 198 References Hjarvard, Stig From Bricks to Bytes: The Mediatization of a Global Toy Industry. In European Culture and the Media, ed. Ib Bondebjerg and Peter Golding. Bristol: Intellect Books The Mediatization of Society. A Theory of the Media as Agents of Social and Cultural Change. Nordicom Review 29(2): Soft Individualism: Media and the Changing Social Character. In Mediatization. Concept, Changes, Consequences, ed. Knut Lundby. New York: Peter Lang The Mediatization of Culture and Society. London: Routledge. Holzgrefe, J.L The Humanitarian Intervention Debate. In Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, ed. J.L. Holzgrefe and R.O. Keohane. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hough, Peter Understanding Global Security. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. Houghton, David Patrick Reinvigorating the Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making: Toward a Constructivist Approach. Foreign Policy Analysis 3(1): Hudson, Valerie Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations. Foreign Policy Analysis 1(1): ICISS The Responsibility to Protect. Ottowa: International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). Ipinyomi, Foluke Is Côte d Ivoire a Test Case for R2P? Democratization as Fulfillment of the International Community s Responsibility to Prevent. Journal of African Law 56(2): Isotalus, Pekka, and Merja Almonkari Mediatization and Political Leadership: Perspectives of the Finnish Newspapers and Party Leaders. Journalism Studies 15(3): Jentleson, Bruce W The Obama Administration and R2P: Progress, Problems and Prospects. Global Responsibility to Protect 4(4): Joyce, Daniel Human Rights and the Mediatization of International Law. Leiden Journal of International Law 23: Kepplinger, Hans Mathias Mediatization of Politics: Theory and Data. Journal of Communication 52(4): Kirwin, Matthew The Security Dilemma and Conflict in Côte d Ivoire. Nordic Journal of African Studies 15(1): Koivula, Tommi, and Joonas Sipilä Missing in Action? EU Crisis Management and the Link to the Domestic Political Debate. Cooperation and Conflict 46(4): Krotz, Friedrich The Meta- Process of Mediatization as a Conceptual Frame. Global Media and Communication 3(3): Mediatization: A Concept with Which to Grasp Media and Societal Change. In Mediatization. Concept, Changes, Consequences, ed. Knut Lundby. New York: Peter Lang.

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8 200 References Olausson, Ulrika Global Warming: Global Responsibility. Media Frames of Collective Action and Scientific Certainty. Public Understanding of Science 18(4): Palosaari, Teemu Still a Physician Rather than a Judge? The Post-Cold War Foreign and Security Policy of Finland. Swiss Political Science Review 19(2): Pamment, James The Mediatization of Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 9(3): Peirce, Charles Sanders Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Pfetsch, Barbara, et al Political Communication Cultures in Western Europe: Attitudes of Political Actors and Journalists in Nine Countries. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Polkinghorne, Donald E Narrative Knowing and the Human Sciences. Albany: State University of New York Narrative Configuration in Qualitative Analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education 8(1): Rieker, Pernille Europeanization of Nordic Security: The European Union and the Changing Security Identities of the Nordic States. Cooperation and Conflict 39(4): Robertson, Alexa Narrativanalys. In Textens mening och makt, ed. Göran Bergström and Kristina Boréus. Lund: Studentlitteratur. Robinson, Piers The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy and Intervention. New York: Routledge The CNN Effect Revisited. Critical Studies in Media Communication 22: The CNN Effect Reconsidered: Mapping a Research Agenda for the Future. Media War & Conflict 4(1): Schrott, Andrea Dimensions: Catch-All Label or Technical Term. In Mediatization: Concept, Changes, Consequences, New York: Peter Lang. Schulz, Winfried Reconstructing Mediatization as an Analytical Concept. European Journal of Communication 19(1): Mediatization and New Media. In Mediatization of Politics Understanding the Transformation of Western Democracies, ed. Frank Esser and Jesper Strömbäck. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Serrano, Monica The Responsibility to Protect: Libya and Côte D Ivoire. Amsterdam Law Forum 3(3): Simonen, Katariina Qui s excuse s accuse An Analysis of French Justifications for Intervening in Côte d Ivoire. International Peacekeeping 19(3): Straus, Scott It s Sheer Horror Here : Patterns of Violence During the First Four Months of Côte d Ivoire s Post-Electoral Crisis. African Affairs 110(440):

9 References 201 Strömbäck, Jesper Four Phases of Mediatization: An Analysis of the Mediatization of Politics. The International Journal of Press/Politics 13(3): Mediatization and Perceptions of the Media s Political Influence. Journalism Studies 12(4): Mediatization of Politics. Towards a Conceptual Framework for Comparative Research. In Sourcebook of Political Communication Research, ed. Erik Bucy and R. Lance Holbert. London: Taylor and Francis. Strömbäck, Jesper, and Frank Esser Shaping Politics: Mediatization and Media Interventionism. In Mediatization. Concept, Changes, Consequences, ed. Knut Lundby. New York: Peter Lang Introduction. Making Sense of the Mediatization of Politics. Journalism Practice 8(3): 247. Strömbäck, Jesper, and Lars Nord Do Politicians Lead the Tango? A Study of the Relationship between Swedish Journalist and their Political Sources in the Context of Election Campaigns. European Journal of Communication 21(2): Strong, James More Spinn d Against than Spinning? Public Opinion, Political Communication, and Britain s Involvement in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Ph.D. thesis, The London School of Economics and Political Science, London. Thesen, Gunnar Political Agenda Setting as Mediatized Politics? Media Politics Interactions from a Party and Issue Competition Perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics 19(2): Toungara, Jeanne Maddox Ethnicity and Political Crisis in Côte d Ivoire. Journal of Democracy 12(3): Trenz, Hans-Joerg Understanding Media Impact on European Integration: Enhancing or Restricting the Scope of Legitimacy of the EU? Journal of European Integration 30(2): Van Ealst, Peter, Kees Brants, Philip Van Praag, Claes De Vreese, Michiel Nuytemans, and Arjen Van Dalen The Fourth Estate as Superpower? Journalism Studies 9(4): Weiss, Thomas G RtoP Alive and Well After Libya. Ethics & International Affairs 25(3): Zoubir, Yahia H Libya in US Foreign Policy: From Rogue State to Good Fellow? Third World Quarterly 23(1): Zürn, Michael, and Jeffrey Checkel Getting Socialized to Build Bridges: Constructivism and Rationalism, Europe and the Nation-State. International Organization 59(3):

10 Index 1 A African Union (AU), 71, 80, 86, 91, 92, 96, 100, 106, 150 Arab spring, 1, 37, 118, 138, 144, 158, 160 AU. See African Union (AU) B Bellingham, Henry, 107 Benghazi, 2, 118, 119, 122, 134, 135, 160, 161, 165 Bildt, Carl, 44, 98, 141, 144, 145, 145n6, 146, 147, 149, 150 Blair, Tony, 38, 154 C case study, 179 climate change, 61 3, 66, 67, 99 Clinton, Hillary, 81, 138, 157 CNN effect, 5, 23, 23n4, 24, 25 consensus norm, 38 Côte d Ivoire, 1 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 34 7, 41 5, , 119, , 184 7, 189 D Dagens Nyheter (DN), 43, 83, 84, 90, 91, 134 6, 138, 139, 142, 146, 175 E Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 78, 80, 86, 92, 93, 96, 97, 100 2, 106, 107, 110 ECOWAS. See Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Europeanization, 39 1 Note: Page numbers with n denote notes The Author(s) 2017 D. Brommesson, A.-M. Ekengren, The Mediatization of Foreign Policy, Political Decision-Making and Humanitarian Intervention, The Palgrave Macmillan Series in International Political Communication, DOI /

11 204 INDEX F Finland decision-making on Operation Unified Protector, 119, 125, 129, 133, 141, 149, 165, 167 Foreign policy, 6, 8 10, 37 41, 43, 48, 51, 63, 65 7, 75, 76, 87, 88, 90, 109, 110, 120, 127, 128, 131, 132, 166, 167, 169, 170, 180, 183, 185, 189 Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA), 8, 19, 21, 33, 187, 190 Foreign policy decision-making Foreign policy roles FPA. See Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) France decision-making on Operation Unified Protector, 119, 125, 133, 141, 149, 165, 167, 186 Licorne force, 82 G Gaddafi, Muammar, 1 3, 10, , 122 5, 127, 129, 131n5, , 142, 145 8, 150, , 165 7, 169, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 Gbagbo, Laurent, 1, 3, 36, 78 82, 82n2, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91 4, 96, 97, , 178 Gripen, 126, 127, 133, 142, 148, 149, 167, 168, 186 Guardian, the, 2, 3, 83, 85, 100 5, 121, 151 9, 175, 177 Guéï, Robert, 78 H Hague, William, 104, 106 9, 124, 153, 155, 158, 161, Halonen, Tarja, 128, 129, 129n4, 130 HBL. See Hufvudstadsbladet (HBL) Hornet, 126, 130 Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, 76, 76n1, 77 Hufvudstadsbladet (HBL), 43, 43n4, 83, 85, 121, 121n3, 122 7, 175 humanitarian crises, 1, 7, 23, 35, 51, 58, 60 humanitarian intervention, 24, 69, 174, 185, 186 human rights, 1, 2, 6, 35, 39, 40, 48, 51, 55, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 69, 87, 93 5, 97, 98, 102 5, 107 9, 126, 145 7, 150, 152, 161, 162, 178, 179, 181, 184 I ICISS. See International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) Independent, the, 43, 83, 85, 100, 102 5, 151 9, 175 in-depth studies, 7, 178 intensification, 13, 43, 49, 49n2, 61 internalization, 4 International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), 6, 7, 185 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 82 internationalism, 39, 40 interpretivist, 42 intervention. See humanitarian intervention interviews interview guide, 43 5 L Libya, 1 4, 6, 7, 7n4, 9, 10, 34 7, 41 5, 75, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 93, 95, 97, 104 6, 108, 109, , , 184, 186 9

12 INDEX 205 M media logic North Atlantic and liberal model, 180 North/Central European or Democratic Corporatist model, 180 media systems, 40, 41, 175 Mediatization mediatization identity, 21, 33, 67 resonance, 22, 33 scope conditions of, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13 28, 33 5, 47, 48, 48n1, 49, 50, 60 3, 66 7, 69, 183, 187, 190 uncertainty, 33 N narrative analysis, 42 O Obama, Barack, 81, 100, 124, 154 Operation Unified Protector (OUP), 119, 119n1, 122, 125 7, 129, 129n4, 130, 132, 133, 141, 142, , 156, 158, 165 8, 179, 181, 186 OUP. See Operation Unified Protector (OUP) Outtara, Alassane, 2, 3 P personalization, 13, 43, 49n2, 61, 65, 94, 111, 112, 127, 143, 156, 157, 159, 178, 179, 184 polarization, 13, 22, 49, 49n2, 65, 92, 96, 111, 112, 136, 154, 159, 166, 178, 179 policy dimension, 26 8, 51 political logic, 7, 25, 43, 50 3, 55, 58, 59, 63, 68, , 125, 127, 128, 132, 133, 143, 150, 159, 166, 168, 170, 178, 182 7, , 262 process dimension, 26 8, 50, 52 process tracing, 41, 42 R rebells (rebell army), 2, 10, 78, 94, 119, 120, 125, 133, 138, 139, 142, 143, 155 9, 168, 169, 179, 183 Reinfeldt, Fredrik, 126, 141 Responsibility to protect (RtoP), 1, 5 7, 9, 10, 34 6, 82, 104, 128, 129, 131, 132, 140, 147, 164, 167 role theory, 18, 19, 33, 187 RtoP. See Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) S Sarkozy, Nicholas, 101, 138, 140, 152, 155, 165 simplification, 13, 22, 49, 49n2, 111 stereotypization, 13, 43, 49n2, 111, 112 strategic game, 13, 22, 65 Stubb, Alexander, 123, 126, 129, 130 SvD. See Svenska Dagbladet (SvD) Svenska Dagbladet (SvD), 43, 83, 84, 90, 134, 135, 140, 175 Sweden decision making on Operation Unified Protector, 133, 141, 148, 149, 166 8, 179, 186 Foreign policy, T Tripoli, 2, 122, 135 7, 144, 161

13 206 INDEX U UK decision making on Operation Unified Protector, 125, 156, 158, 165, 167, 186 Foreign policy, 109, 184, 185 UN. See United Nations (UN) UNGA. See United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) United Nations (UN), 1, 3, 5 7, 9, 35, 36, 40, 43, 47 72, 75, 76n1, 78, 80 2, 84 7, 89, 90, 92 5, , 108, 109, 111, 119, 123 8, 131, 133, , 143, 145 8, 150, 152 4, 157, 159, 161, 162, 164 6, 174, , 184, 186, 187, 189 United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), 6, 9, 33 5, 47 72, 117, 174, 187 United Nations Mission in Côte d Ivoire (MINUCI), xiii, 78 United Nations Operation in Côte d Ivoire (UNOCI), xiii, 36, 78, 80 2, 93, 98, 111 United Nations Security Council (UNSC), xiii, 1, 2, 6, 9, 10, 35 8, 42, 75, 76, 78 82, 84, 87, 93, 95, 103, 111, , 124 6, 128, 131, 132, , 146 8, 151 3, 155, 157, 158, 160 4, 187 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1528, 78 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1609, 78 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970, 162 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, 1, 9, 36, 37, 119, 120, 125, 128, 131, 132, 140, 141, 143, 147 9, 153 5, 157, 158, 160, 163 5, 167 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1975, 1, 9, 36, 75, 80 2, 119 UNOCI. See United Nations Operation in Côte d'ivoire (UNOCI) UNSC. See United Nations Security Council (UNSC) V veto right, 35, 87 Visualization visualization quantitative content analysis, 9, 33 5, 47, 174