Maca JOGAN: SOCIAL GENDER INEQUALITY IN SLOVENIAN POST- SOCIALIST CONSCIOUSNESS Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Vol. L, No. 1, pg.

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1 AUTHORS SYNOPSES UDC: (497.4) Maca JOGAN: SOCIAL GENDER INEQUALITY IN SLOVENIAN POST- SOCIALIST CONSCIOUSNESS Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Vol. L, No. 1, pg Regarding the lasting androcentric order social gender inequality crosses all subsystems of the social structure. During the socialist period, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s, the key institutional bases for its abolition were set up, first of all discrimination against women. This process was otherwise going on in the shadow of threats of the loss of proper femininity, which is said to be threatened the most by socialism. After the end of self-managing socialism and the restructuring of society according to the neo-liberal pattern, in the framework of modernisation and via re-catholicisation efforts have been strengthened with regard to women s renewed domestication and their return to their natural role. The article answers the question of how this revived multidimensional misogyny orientation is expressed in the awareness of the adult population. The data collected by ISSP, EVS (within the Slovenian public opinion poll) investigations from 1991 to 2012 show the (partially also gender different) changing of the collective consciousness regarding gender inequality: from the egalitarian orientation through re-traditionalism in the 1990s to the strengthened prevailing egalitarian orientation with some traditionalist additions at the start of the 21 st century. Keywords: androcentrism, discrimination against women, domestication of women, egalitarian value orientation, social gender inequality, public opinion, (post)socialism, re-catholicization 259 UDC: (497.4)«1995/2009«Milena BEVC: THE EMIGRATION OF SCIENTISTS FROM SLOVENIA IN THE PERIOD BY GENDER Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Vol. L, No. 1, pg We analyse the extent of emigration and profile of emigrants among Slovenian scientists in the period by gender. Our analysis is based on a survey of all research organisations in Slovenia that was conducted in 2004 and Use of the same methodology and questionnaires together with a high response rate enables us to analyse trends: a comparison of the 5-year period following Slovenia s accession to the EU in May 2004 with the 10-year period prior to this event. After the country joined the EU the

2 registered annual number of emigrants rose for both men and women. On the other hand, the profile of emigrants differs in many aspects. However, two common characteristics are visible for both genders: the dominance of emigrants from natural sciences and a decreasing average age. The analysis of emigration is put into the context of the analysis of women s role in science. Keywords: emigration, researchers, gender, women, men, Slovenia, period Anja MOHORKO, Valentina HLEBEC: DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE INTERVIEWING AS A METHOD OF PRETESTING SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Vol. L, No. 1, pg UDC: : Researchers improve the quality of survey questions by pretesting questionnaires before using the items on a chosen sample. One of the pretest methods that has emerged in the last 30 years is cognitive interviewing. Its purpose is to study respondent's mental processes while answering survey questions. In the article, we provide an overview of the development of cognitive laboratory methods and of the techniques of cognitive interviewing; in addition, we analyse and evaluate the classifications of these methods. Following a systematic review, we assess the key disadvantages of the development and use of cognitive laboratory methods. Keywords: pretesting, CASM, cognitive interview, survey methodology, mental processes Matjaž NAHTIGAL: ENHANCED CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Vol. L, No. 1, pg UDC: 321.7:342 The key characteristic of dealing with the financial, economic and social crisis since 2008 is that efforts are being made to solve the crisis on global, European and national levels within the existing limited set of institutions of a representative democracy, market economy and free civil society. A discussion of the alternative institutional possibilities which would

3 comprehensively restructure the constitutional democracy, market economy and free civil society towards a more inclusive, more diverse and more experimental society is not yet on the table. There are regions as exceptions in the first and third world which are recognised as the most advanced regions not only according to the level of their competitiveness, but also according to their social cohesiveness and economic and educational opportunities, as well as their innovation levels. The theoretical basis for the discussion in the context of modern institutional theories is as follows: classical constitutionalism, political parties founded in the nineteenth century and mass Fordist production developed according to the economic principles of the early twentieth century cannot remain an institutional basis for the organisation and functioning of modern democratic societies in the twenty-first century. In order to facilitate more creative, imaginative dialogue at the national level and to strengthen the national development project within the EU context we need a truly independent, autonomous and well-organised civil society. It has to become a partner of political parties. Political parties should be able to develop and excel on the basis of rich and diverse programmatic alternatives. Instead of having a superficial consensus, we should foster and strengthen the discourse on the alternative development pathways and be able to create broad social alliances in striving for such pathways. The past two years were wasted in the national and European constitutional and development context, which is why it will be difficult to redeem this lost period of time. Keywords: constitutional democracy, institutional reconstruction of market economy, civil society, alternative pluralisms 261 Sergej FLERE: TITO S STATE»TOTALITARIAN«? Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Vol. L, No. 1, pg UDC: :321(497.1) In 2011 the Constitutional Court of Slovenia designated the entire political order during , the period of»tito's Yugoslavia«, as»totalitarian«, without limitations as to time or to substance in its qualification; according to this judgment, it also prohibited the use of Tito's name in nominating new streets in Slovenia. The Constitutional Court did not invoke any systematic treatments of totalitarianism, nor did it analyse this phenomenon and its presence in the time period referred to. One cannot deny that in 1945 Yugoslavia was established predominantly as a totalitarian state. However, this paper denies that the order in Yugoslavia after the 1960s

4 was totalitarian, and in particular not with respect to any of the elements laid down by Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski in their classic study (1956). In Yugoslavia during the 1960s, e.g. millions of copies of religious materials were freely published annually, economic firms did not operate within a non-monetary planned economy; although the political system was officially a one-party one, republics (as of 1971 also provinces) acted as autonomous political entities, taking care of their interests and conflicting mutually. Although Tito was appointed president with a life mandate and his cult proliferated, his actual power was limited by the federal nature of the state and opposing federal units. Also, with respect to no other elements noted by the authors there is no reason for Yugoslavia to be designated a totalitarian state as of the middle of the 1960s. Keywords: totalitarianism, Tito, Yugoslavia, federalism, one-party system UDC: : Barbara LUŽAR, Helena KOVAČIČ: THE LEVEL OF TEAM AUTONOMY IN COMPANIES Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Vol. L, No. 1, pg Over the past few years, teamwork has been enforced as a specific way of organising work with many positive impacts on companies. The article examines teamwork and its complexity on the basis of the degree of team autonomy or team independence. An empirical survey conducted in June 2011 shows that a large share of Slovenian companies included in the survey have formally organised teams. The empirical findings also reveal a low degree of teams autonomy in terms of their influence on subject matter, and especially regarding their strategic decisions within the companies. The article ends with some suggestions for further research on teams and their autonomy. Keywords: teamwork, autonomous teams, empowerment, independence

5 UDC: 322(497.4) ) 2008/2011 Gregor LESJAK in Davor LEKIĆ: STATE AND RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES: A CHRONICLE OF RELATIONS BETWEEN 2008 AND 2011 Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Vol. L, No. 1, pg The article documents and summarises events marking relations between the state and religious communities in Slovenia from 2008 to In so doing, it focuses on the perspective of the state. Chosen indicators of the quality of these relations include separate reviews of the actual position of religious communities, the actions and procedures of state institutions and amendments to the main legislation on religion. These materials enable us to distinguish two competing positions. Starting from socially and legally defined egalitarianism in socialist Yugoslavia, the position of exclusivism advocates a differentiation between particular religious communities and between all religious communities and all other social groups and practices. Its main goal is to define differences and special features that give rise to particular privileges. The position of inclusivism, on the contrary, places religious communities in line with other social groups and practices, but so as to protect their common characteristics, which are included in the human right of freedom of religion, belief and consciousness. Although the former position should be considered as traditional in Slovenia, the latter one is still dominant because its advocates managed to rewrite the main law on religion in Keywords: state, religious communities, legal position, Catholic Church 263 Niko TOŠ: PROCESI (DE)SEKULARIZACIJE OZ. (RE) KONFESIONALIZACIJE V EVROPI NA PRELOMU TISOČLETJA Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Let. L, št. 1, str UDK: : (4) Avtor v prispevku obravnava (de)sekularizacijske oz. (re)konfesionalizacijske procese v Evropi na prelomu tisočletja. Posebej prikaže potek teh procesov v vzhodno- in srednjeevropskih državah po sistemskih obratih. Pri tem se opre na teorijo o sekularizaciji, na Inglehartovo teorijo o postmodernizmu in njegovo operacionalizacijo, zgrajeno na dimenziji»tradicionalno-sekularno, racionalno«in»materialno-postmaterialno«. Analiza (povzeta in lastna) potrdi, da sekularizacija označuje prevladujoče stanje in trend v religijskem polju evropskih družb na prehodu v novo tisočletje. Pokaže na

6 pomen družbenega konteksta (religijsko-kulturni izvor, stopnja ekonomske razvitosti, demokratična avtoritarna narava sistema, sistemski obrati, osamosvajanje in nastajanje novih držav) na potek sekularizacije oz. konfesionalizacije in še posebej na vpliv sistemskih obratov na spremembe v religijskem polju evropskih družb oz. držav. Najbolj sekularizirane so visoko razvite in demokratične (moderne) skandinavske družbe protestantskega religijskokulturnega izvora; za manj razvite, formalno demokratične postkomunistične države ortodoksnega religijsko-kulturnega izvora pa je značilno, da sistemski obrati v njih sprožajo religijske obrate: oživljanje etnično-religijske identitete in frontalno rekonfesionalizacijo. Ključni pojmi: procesi modernizacije, demokratizacije, sekularizacije, religioznost, konfesionalizacija, katolištvo, protestantizem, pravoslavje, islam. UDK: 2-78(497.4) 264 Aleš ČRNIČ, Mirt KOMEL, Marjan SMRKE, Ksenija ŠABEC, Tina VOVK: VERSKA PLURALIZACIJA V SLOVENIJI Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Let. L, št. 1, str Članek obravnava dinamiko religijske pluralizacije v Sloveniji. Z izjemo reformacijskega obdobja je versko življenje Slovencev stoletja potekalo skoraj izključno v okviru Rimskokatoliške cerkve. Povojna socialistična societalna sekularizacija je katoliški monopol v marsičem spodkopala, ni pa ustvarila odprtega religijskega tržišča. V tranzicijskem času se je nadaljeval upad katoliške pripadnosti in okrepilo vznikanje novih religijskih gibanj. Ta so večinoma majhna in trenutno brez posebnih izgledov za sociološko pomembnejšo rast. Članek podrobneje obravnava pluralizacijske procese v ljubljanski in goriški regiji. Ključni pojmi: verska pluralizacija, katoliška cerkev, religijsko tržišče, sekularizacija.

7 Samo UHAN, Mitja HAFNER FINK: UČINKI KONTEKSTA V DRUŽBOSLOVNIH ANKETAH: MED INSTRUMENTOM IN RESPONDENTOM Teorija in praksa, Ljubljana 2013, Let. L, št. 1, str UDK: : Prispevek se usmerja na vprašanje kognitivnih predstav, ki jih anketiranci oblikujejo in uporabljajo pri odgovarjanju na anketna vprašanja. V izhodišču analize sta dve hipotezi, in sicer: (1) učinek vrstnega reda vpliva tako na kognitivne predstave o merjeni dimenziji kot tudi na faktorsko strukturo odgovorov; (2) stopnja kognitivne sofistikacije respondentov vpliva na prepoznavo merjenega koncepta in na način odgovarjanja. Predmet analize je koncept negativnega nacionalizma (ksenofobija, protekcionizem), merjen z večdimenzionalno lestvico. Rezultati delno potrjujejo hipotezi: stopnja respondentove izobrazbe (indikator kognitivne sofistikacije) vpliva na prepoznavo merjenega koncepta, na prepoznavo pa ne vplivajo klasični kontekstualni učinki (npr. vpliv vrstnega reda). Potrdimo lahko le možen vpliva vrstnega reda na način odgovarjanja, kar se kaže kot eno- ali dvodimenzionalnost merjenega koncepta. Ključni pojmi: kontekst raziskave, merjenje, lestvice, kognitivne strukture, učinek vrstnega reda. 265