February Discussion Report Talking ASEAN. Middle Power Possibilites at a Moment of Strategic Turbulence in the Asia-Pacific

Transcription

1 February 2017 Discussion Report Talking ASEAN Middle Power Possibilites at a Moment of Strategic Turbulence in the Asia-Pacific

2 Introduction: Recommendation: JAKARTA On Monday, 13 February 2017, The Habibie Center (THC) together with the Canadian Mission to ASEAN held a Talking ASEAN public dialogue entitled Middle Power Possibilities at a Moment of Turbulence in the Asia-Pacific at Fairmont Hotel Jakarta. This particular Talking ASEAN featured as speakers H.E. Marty Natalegawa (former Foreign Minister of the Republic of Indonesia ( )), Dr. Paul Evans (Professor, Institute of Asian Research and Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia), Prof. Dr. Dewi Fortuna Anwar (Chair, Institute for Democracy and Human Rights, The Habibie Center), and Mr. Rene Pattiradjawane (Associate Fellow, The Habibie Center) with Ms. Rahimah Abdulrahim (Executive Director, The Habibie Center) moderating. The objectives of this public dialogue were to: (i) understand what middle powers are and whether states such as Indonesia, Canada as well as regional groupings such as ASEAN qualify as middle powers; (ii) understand the possible role of middle powers in contemporary global politics with a particular focus on Trump s America and the rising influence of China; (iii) explore the challenges and limitations of middle power status and how these can be overcome; and (iv) promote the norms of rule-based regional order especially in the context of ASEAN. This discussion report summarises the key points delivered by each speaker as well as the question and answer session that followed. Some of the key recommendations that emerged from this discussion are: It is important for middle powers to preserve a certain degree of strategic autonomy in facing the dynamics of super powers in the Asia Pacific. ASEAN and Canada should have a closer cooperation and deeper partnership in promoting multilateralism and rule-based international system to defend peace and prosperity in Asia Pacific. RCEP needs to be upgraded and member countries should look at the possibilities of inserting some of the TPP rules as well as including more countries. ASEAN centrality and cohesion must be strengthened to support the organisation s role as middle power. ASEAN should empower its existing forums to maintain regional stability and create more impactful footprint in Asia Pacific. Canada and Indonesia should take up the leadership to promote more second-track involvement and engage more actors in decision making. The aspiration of young generation must be considered, especially to make ASEAN more relevant and ambitious. 1 Introduction - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN

3 OPENING REMARKS Canada sees ASEAN as central to the Southeast Asian regional architecture. H.E. Marie-Louise Hannan Ambassador of Canada to ASEAN

4 The opening remarks were delivered by H.E. Marie-Louise Hannan, Ambassador of Canada to ASEAN. Ambassador Hannan highlighted the importance of middle powers, especially ASEAN and Canada, to cooperate in responding to the new power dynamics in the Asia Pacific. In quoting Pierre Trudeau, former Canadian Prime Minister, she used the analogy of sleeping with an elephant to describe the challenges of having a close proximity to a superpower. She stated that living near the U.S. is like sleeping with the elephant. No matter how friendly the beast is, one is affected by every twitch. According to her, this analogy also fits ASEAN because ASEAN was created to protect its member states from external superpowers. In its formation, the founding members of ASEAN gathered together in a middle power fashion to develop a regional institution. Canada sees ASEAN as central to the Southeast Asian regional architecture. Ambassador Hannan further emphasised that reserving a certain degree of autonomy is important for middle powers to face superpowers. She used Canada as an example. According to her, while Canada has traditionally built an important alliance with the U.S., there were also some disagreements. Canada has the commitment to preserve multilateralism and to work with its partners. These two elements are part of the crucial aspects of how middle powers can be most effective. She explained that the alliance with partners has allowed Canada to disagree respectfully with a superpower, and even nudge the superpower to a certain direction. This is especially important in the current context as the superpowers are working out how to live with one another. She further extended her points by explaining that a middle power role is not fixed, but it is something that must be re-thought continuously in the context of international power dynamics. This is why it is important for the countries to adapt and move along as we try. In this case, middle powers, like ASEAN and Canada, are more important than ever due to the shared commitment to the rule-based international system, which allows the peoples of ASEAN and Canada to live in relative peace and prosperity. For Canada, this means that the country will promote her progressive trade agenda, work in multilateralism through the UN, ASEAN and other forums, as well as defend the belief that there is strength in diversity. Ambassador Hannan closed her remarks by calling for a closer cooperation between ASEAN and Canada to defend peace and prosperity in the Asia Pacific. In celebrating more than 40 years of natural partnership between Canada and ASEAN, she was keen for a more positive role and cooperation that ASEAN and Canada can do together. 3 Opening Remarks - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN

5 Panel Discussion

6 The main challenge for middle powers is to defend the existing order without the U.S. s leadership. Dr. Paul Evans Professor, Institute of Asian Research and Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia

7 Dr. Paul Evans started his remarks by responding to Ambassador Hannan s speech. According to him, when Ambassador Hannan quoted Pierre Trudeau about sleeping with the elephant, it does not quite work because you always have to be alert. Secondly, it s no longer the case because we are no longer sleeping next to one elephant. We are next to two elephants, and the other elephant is China. How do we learn to live with two elephants? China and the U.S. relations present a complicated context in which we live in. Dr. Evans first point was on the global environment. He highlighted that now is a gloomy moment due to the economic downturn, backlash against globalisation, and challenges against democracy. There is a growing populist movement and democratic practices are becoming more illiberal. From the perspective of the liberal world order, this is not a particularly good time. He further explained that this is a gloomy time because of the uncertainty produced by U.S. President Trump s behaviors and campaign rhetoric. There seem to be conflicting signals of where the U.S. is heading. We need to learn how to respond and understand the new President. Despite the uncertainty, Dr. Evans mentioned that there are elements that people can agree on. Those elements are the element of unpredictability and the element of risk. According to Dr. Evans, this is a distinct challenge because we were used to growing up in a world where the U.S. was the creator and the anchor of the liberal order. There had been consistency in its policy approach to globalisation, international institutions and free trade. Although it is unlikely that the order will be eliminated altogether, currently the order is being shaken. Dr. Evans explained that the rise of China is another factor that people need to look at. It is important for us to understand it and learn how to accept it. It was unprecedented that a Chinese leader would speak about the virtues of globalisation that has open trade and open mind due to the country s image of being illiberal and authoritarian. We need to figure out what does this really mean. The second point Dr. Evans delivered was about Canada s position in the current international situation. Although Canada and the U.S. have a special relationship, Dr. Evans explained that now the country is struggling to manage the new unpredictable American administration. According to him, although Canada supports the liberal world order, Canada also has a complicated value agenda. Under the current Prime Minister Trudeau, Canada is progressive Panel Discussion - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN 6

8 economically and socially. It promotes pluralism, multiculturalism, and openness. The international agenda of Canada focuses on getting back on multilateralism, using channels such as the UN. Canada under Trudeau also starting to pursue middle power agenda that is more active, different from the middle power idea in the context of Cold War where countries were trying to find a way to go between the superpowers. Canada does not seek to be a fixer, but to be a creator of progressive institutions, multilateralism, and trade openness. According to Dr. Evans, Canada needs to cooperate with a lot of countries in responding to the uncertain power dynamics and maintain the liberal order. The possibility for the countries to defend the current progress without the U.S. is the main challenge for middle powers. to make an institution without the U.S. Getting on the regional security issue, Dr. Evans explained that ASEAN centrality is important to be maintained. ASEAN has provided several platforms for dialogue to manage several issues and it is important to think about how to bring them together. ASEAN needs to thickens economic relations and bring together other countries. Dr. Evans concluded by saying that we need to stay cautiously optimistic. Middle powers need to answer the challenges more actively. The third point of Dr. Evans remarks were about the Asia Pacific regional agenda to face the two elephants. In the regional context, trade architecture has changed in the last few years as the U.S. pulled out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). This is particularly threatening because it signals the U.S. s waning support for regional institutions, whilst at the same time intends to strengthen its bilateral relations. This signals for a new moment of bilateralism, even if it is not clear whether this is the best rule. According to Dr. Evans, we need to extend and upgrade the existing bilateral trade agreements, especially with countries in the region. Looking at the broader regional architecture, Dr. Evans suggested that the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is one of the potential to be upgraded. We need to look at the possibilities of inserting some of the TPP rules in RCEP, including more countries, and upgrading the standards. It is also possible for China to lead the initiative. Dr. Evans stressed that the priority should be preserving a rule-based world order and to try 7 Panel Discussion - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN

9 China s dynamics must be seen as a challenge and opportunity in the region. Rene Pattiradjawane Associate Fellow, The Habibie Center

10 Mr. Rene Pattiradjawane s remarks focused on China. He argued that China is a new type of emporium that is very unprecedented. No other countries, even Canada, managed to have an outstanding level of economic growth like China. Even though the country s growth is slowing, GDP growth in provinces were manipulated, and the government s capacity to provide employment is declining, China s trade continues to increase, especially compared to the U.S., Europe and Asia. China has an unprecedented ambition to build infrastructure that no other superpowers has ever had. China has the interest to further develop not only its military capacity, but also its prosperity. According to Mr. Pattiradjawane, China s dynamics must be seen as a challenge and opportunity. Indonesia, as explained by Mr. Pattiradjawane, is also in a difficult place right now. The country is too big to be categorised as small power, but too small to be middle power or big power. Mr. Pattiradjawane emphasised that Indonesia s role is to stabilise and not to sleep with the elephants. Indonesia should not make any sudden move that could threaten other countries. It is important for Indonesia not to cause damage to the regional infrastructure in Asia Pacific. although it is true that China presents a different challenge for other countries, it is quite another question whether China is going to take over the leadership in Asia Pacific. China will have to deal with Japan and it is going to be difficult because the two countries have complicated relations historically. He also stated that China would not align with Russia because the two countries still have border problems that need to be resolved. Furthermore, China also would not support Russia s move in Syria and Crimea because the country is trying to avoid a triangle conflict with the U.S. and Russia. If China pursues the triangle conflict, the country would undermine middle powers agenda in preserving rule-based multilateral system and would risk losing their support. In concluding his remarks, Mr. Pattiradjawane stated that it is important to pay attention to China s dynamics as one of the important challenges, not just the dynamics in the U.S. Mr. Pattiradjawane further explained that 9 Panel Discussion - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN

11 The first preoccupation for countries that are not superpowers is to create space for autonomy by not simply following or bandwagoning the super powers, but to be an active player. Prof. Dr. Dewi Fortuna Anwar Chair, Institute for Democracy and Human Rights, The Habibie Center

12 Starting her remarks, Prof. Dr. Dewi Fortuna Anwar stated that turbulence time has actually always been the norm for the countries who live with superpowers. Survival is a reality for us in the region. In order to survive, it is important to figure out how to manage the power relations. Focusing on Indonesia, Prof. Anwar explained that the country has both the ambition and the endowment to be middle power. According to her, the first preoccupation for countries that are not superpowers is to create space for autonomy by not simply following or bandwagoning the superpowers, but to be an active player. Middle powers are countries that also try to change the rule of the game. For Indonesia, this is something new. Under President Joko Widodo, the country seeks to be middle power. Indonesia has shown some behavioural signs as middle power. For example, Indonesia has been building coalitions with like-minded countries. Historically, the country did not even accept the presence of superpowers and initiated the non-bloc movement that actually changed the norm and presented the world with an alternative norm. The main purpose for Indonesia in doing all those activities has always been to preserve its autonomy in international relations. With regards to ASEAN, Prof. Anwar explained that ASEAN is actually a platform to create a strategic autonomy. For middle powers, it is important to ensure the strategic autonomy. According to her, Indonesia could preserve its strategic autonomy in Southeast Asia by promoting ASEAN cohesion to build ASEAN centrality. It is important for ASEAN to remain autonomous and not be divided. The Balkanisation of ASEAN presents one of the main challenges for the institution s strategic development. Despite that, ASEAN has already played the role of middle power, especially in norm creation. ASEAN has created a code of conduct in the region and this will be important in facing China and the U.S. Moreover, ASEAN must ensure its space for autonomy and to carry out its role as the main driver for regional architecture. According to Prof. Anwar, although Indonesia has interests beyond ASEAN, the country must first focus on ASEAN and build its credibility in the region. Prof. Anwar further explained some of the problems within ASEAN that need to be fixed. For example, the ASEAN Charter must be reviewed to accommodate the conservative and progressive agenda. ASEAN must also allow Indonesia to play more role as a middle power at the global level instead of just expecting Indonesia to support the 11 Panel Discussion - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN

13 organisation. Both ASEAN and Indonesia must be careful not be confrontational in their approach to assert more influence. Prof. Anwar further extended that in responding to the turbulence time, it is important to have an inclusive and cohesive regional architecture. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) must be given more attention and it must be promoted to bring more countries. ASEAN must be able to use all the available tools to preserve the regional architecture. Other than that, middle powers also have the potential to act individually. She mentioned that it was Canada and Indonesia that started the workshop on the South China Sea, outside the formal regional architecture. Prof. Anwar called for more involvement from other actors because, according to her, there can never be too many people working on an issue. Not only state-actors, secondtrack and think thanks can also play a bigger role. Canada and Indonesia should take up the leadership to pursue more second-track involvement and engage more actors. In the current era of digital media, it is harder to exclude people from the discussion and middle powers actually have the potential to include more actors in many issues. In closing her remarks, Prof. Anwar highlighted that with the current regionalisation and democratisation, Indonesia is facing a challenge of intellectual leadership. According to her, intellectual power is the main tool for middle power. In regards to this, Indonesia must play a more active role in ensuring ASEAN to remain cohesive and functional as well as to fill in the existing gap in international system. Panel Discussion - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN 12

14 ASEAN s transformation has raised Southeast Asian countries role to become the shaper and molder of the region. H.E. Dr. Marty Natalegawa Former Foreign Minister of the Republic of Indonesia

15 H.E. Dr. Marty Natalegawa started his remarks about middle power by questioning the nature of power. He wondered what middle power actually suggests in the world where there is hardly any distinction between national, global, and regional issues. In the world where change is permanent, how can one begin to have a snapshot of who is middle power and who is big power? He expressed his personal view that he does not believe in middle power. According to him, the term is limiting in terms of aspiration. He questioned why should one country limit its aspiration to become a small power, a middle power or a major power? He emphasised that it is better for the countries to not be pre-occupied with such labels. In explaining middle power and gathering such as MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia), he mentioned that power must be understood in terms of the capacity to give influence. We should look at the dynamic of power instead of the balance of power. Furthermore, he explained that power relation is like a multiple chessboard. Sometimes it can be about economic powers, security power, or idiosyncratic power of diplomats. Power, therefore, is issue dependent and not a onesize-fits-all approach. This is a reminder of the limited applications of middle power as a concept. Power is a fluid concept, and it is better not to limit our roles to a specific term or label. H.E. Dr. Natalegawa s second point focused on ASEAN. According to him, ASEAN has been most effective when it has been more transformative. The organization will be irrelevant if it stands still. He explained that ASEAN actually has played three key contributions. The first is in maintaining the strategic trust, cohesion and unity of intra- Southeast Asian relations. ASEAN unity implies and suggests that there is some synergy between national and regional interests. In promoting rule-based relations, ASEAN relies on past relations and strong institutions. Second, ASEAN s transformation has contributed to raise Southeast Asian countries role to become the shaper and molder of the region. The current geopolitical and geo-economic shift is actually some of the permanent features in the region. In regards to this, ASEAN must find a way to navigate and benefit from the turbulence. Through ASEAN s transformative role, the organisation has been able to do so. Through the East Asian Summit, ASEAN Plus Three, and other forums, ASEAN has placed itself at the center of the region and to include all countries in Asia-Pacific to strengthen the dynamic equilibrium. The third point highlighted ASEAN s transformation Panel Discussion - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN 14

16 from state centric to people centric that is important to ensure inclusivity. H.E. Dr. Natalegawa further explained that ASEAN has begun to lose its ability to be more nuanced. Currently, ASEAN is pressured to have one foreign policy orientation. However, it has always been ASEAN s strength to be able to accommodate to all kinds of foreign policy orientations. The current urgency for ASEAN to have one orientation will be a problem for the organisation. In concluding his remarks, H.E. Dr. Natalegawa emphasised that ASEAN must remain active. Up until now, ASEAN is working because it has been transformative. It must, for example, sustain the East Asian Summit to promote its pacifying capacity for the superpowers in the region by socialising the norm of nonuse of force in the Asia Pacific. He remained optimistic that ASEAN Vision 2020, although undermining the potentials, will not be confining and called for more courage to be more transformative to remain united. 15 Panel Discussion - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN

17 Question and Answer FIRST SESSION H.E. Marie-Louise Hannan The first comment was from H.E. Ambassador Hannan. She asked the panelists to respond to and comment on each other s presentation. H.E. Tan Hung Seng H.E. Tan Hung Seng responded H.E. Dr. Natalegawa s remark that stated ASEAN Vision is underwhelming. He asked, what are some visions H.E. Dr. Natalegawa would like to see to make ASEAN more transformative? If he were a policymaker in ASEAN, what kind of changes he would like to see in ASEAN? Prof. Dr. Hasjim Djalal In expressing his comment, Mr. Djalal recalled that since 1980s, Indonesia and Canada already had the potential to be middle powers in Asia Pacific. Both countries have similarities in diversity issue and maritime interest. As both countries have cooperated nicely in archipelagic principle, he asked what could Indonesia and Canada do with the South China Sea problem? He also asked the panelists how to ensure the sustainability of the middle power role as pacifist countries in maintaining peace? Responses H.E. Dr. Marty Natalegawa In responding the questions and comments, H.E. Dr. Natalegawa explained that ASEAN Vision 2025 has a lot of proposed activities that are actually supporting ASEAN Community. Despite this, ASEAN still need to increase its capacity to manage the potential of crisis in the region through the East Asian Summit. The challenge is how ASEAN could make the East Asian Summit as more than a hello-andgoodbye forum. Currently there is a vacuum of footprint of relevance when it comes to the East Asian Summit. We should address this missed opportunity by empowering the Summit to discuss not only the Summit s organisational Question and Answer - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN 16

18 issues, but also on regional issues. ASEAN must try to manifest its commitment and agreements in a more timely and concrete ways. Furthermore, ASEAN also needs to think creatively and find a way to generate consensus for many issues. Prof. Dr. Dewi Fortuna Anwar In responding to the comments and questions, Prof. Anwar stated that maybe the region does not have enough crises to push it to be more transformative. To this point, it was the Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation, the Cold War and Asian Financial Crisis that had provided urgency for Southeast Asian countries to cooperate and build regional institutions. Do we need real crisis again to push ASEAN forward? Despite this, Prof. Anwar reminded that the objective is in fact to prevent the problems. In regards to Indonesia s role in ASEAN, according to Prof. Anwar the country actually aspires to be a maximalist. The ASEAN Charter has provided the momentum of excitement for the desire to transform ASEAN to be people oriented and to engage different elements of society. It promotes the values of inclusion. The question is, how do we strengthen the institution? The current focus of micro managing the organisation has shifted the focus to pursue the big dream in ASEAN. Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries need to be very strategic with ASEAN. Currently, the young people are becoming very skeptical with ASEAN, not because they do not believe in the organization, but because they want the organization to be more. ASEAN needs to capture the dream of the young people and to not be elitists. Mr. Rene Pattiradjawane Mr. Pattiradjawane responded by explaining that ASEAN is unique compared to other organisation in the world. Other countries need to access the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) to be ASEAN member states or dialogue partners. Since the beginning of ASEAN, the countries have realised that without cooperation there is no way for the region to achieve the progress that we have now. In facing the financial crisis, for example, Indonesia and other ASEAN countries only needed 3-4 years to bounce back. On the other hand, when the Lehman Brothers crisis hit the U.S. and Europe, the countries needed more than 7 years to bounce back, and even today there is no sign of those countries reversing their economic condition. According to Mr. Pattiradjawane, all superpowers are very eager to cooperate with ASEAN countries. However, currently we have two superpowers that can renew the relationship. The challenge for ASEAN is how to balance the influence. For Indonesia and most of the Southeast Asian countries, there will be no way for them to follow one superpower or the other. In this regards, ASEAN has been trying to promote alignment with both superpowers. However, ASEAN still has the tendency to shy away from talking about regional problems. For example, there has not been any initiative to talk about the South China Sea ruling. Dr. Paul Evans Dr. Evans responded by saying that ASEAN needs more funds to achieve its ambitious objectives. The organisation also needs a key performance indicator for effective implementation of initiatives. He emphasised that now is an especially turbulent time at the global level. There is uncertainty of global governance, particularly on some issues including environment. The main challenge is the diminishing American leadership and the problems at regional level that might become crisis. 17 Question and Answer - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN

19 SECOND SESSION Dr. Alexander C. Chandra Dr. Chandra commented on H.E. Dr. Natalegawa s remark on ASEAN Vision Dr. Chandra asked why did he think that ASEAN Vision 2025 underwhelms ASEAN, which is supposed to be more ambitious? Considering that ASEAN still needs to deliver many things in the Vision, is it not important for ASEAN to focus on this? Responses H.E. Dr. Marty Natalegawa Responding to the question, H.E. Dr. Natalegawa emphasised that ASEAN Community is a process. There are, indeed, issues that need to be done but it is more important for ASEAN to think about where the next breakthrough will be rather than just keep looking at what the organisation has not achieved. ASEAN must go through this exercise to identify what are the possibilities and potentials that the organization has. He stressed that it is time for ASEAN to do things. ASEAN should think about what the region will be and empower what we already have. ASEAN must avoid any vacuum of initiative. because many Southeast Asian countries are still in transition. In regards to this, ASEAN should nurture resilience and promote more robust regional cooperation. Southeast Asian countries need to be reassured that ASEAN has the security commitment for the region. The universal values in ASEAN Charter must be promoted to ensure national and regional resilience. Dr. Paul Evans Dr. Evans gave a general remark about the role of liberal governments. According to him, liberal governments, like Canada, is looking for a constructive role that is not just transactional. This shows that being middle power is not about the size, but more about the attitude. However, he was skeptical about the coalition of middle powers. He stated that it is hard for coalition of middle powers to be successful because the countries have different interest. Middle powers need to identify themselves as middle powers and to be more active in international and regional issues. H.E. Marie-Louise Hannan Closing the question and answer session, Ambassador Hannan stressed that Canada has a clear commitment to work together with ASEAN. She was optimistic that there will be more partnership and cooperation on equal basis between ASEAN and Canada. H.E. Dr. Natalegawa also called for more attention to other important bilateral and regional dynamics such as India. Although the U.S. and China dynamic is important, we also need to look out for other regional dynamics. Prof. Dr. Dewi Fortuna Anwar Prof. Anwar agreed that the process of strengthening ASEAN s internal order is a work in progress. This is Question and Answer - Discussion Report Talking ASEAN 18

20 ABOUT ASEAN STUDIES PROGRAM The ASEAN Studies Program was established on February 24, 2010, to become a center of excellence on ASEAN related issues, which can assist in the development of the ASEAN Community by The Habibie Center through its ASEAN Studies Program, alongside other institutions working towards the same goal, hopes to contribute to the realization of a more people-oriented ASEAN that puts a high value on democracy and human rights. The objective of the ASEAN Studies Program is not merely only to conduct research and discussion within academic and government circles, but also to strengthen public awareness by forming a strong network of civil society in the region that will be able to help spread the ASEAN message. With the establishment of ASEAN Studies Program, The Habibie Center aims to play its part within our capabilities to the ASEAN regional development. ABOUT TALKING ASEAN Talking ASEAN is a monthly public dialogue held at The Habibie Center in Jakarta. Covering a wide array of issues related to ASEAN, Talking ASEAN addresses topics of: Economic Integration, Socio-cultural, & Democracy, human rights and regional peace, among others. Featuring local and visiting experts, Talking ASEAN is one of a series of twelve dialogues regularly held each month and open to a target audience consisting of ASEAN officials, foreign ambassadors & diplomats, academics, university students, businesses, and the media. PROJECT SUPERVISOR: Rahimah Abdulrahim (Executive Director) & Hadi Kuntjara (Deputy Director for Operations) HEAD OF ASEAN STUDIES PROGRAM: A. Ibrahim Almuttaqi RESEARCHERS: Fina Astriana, Muhamad Arif, Askabea Fadhilla, Agustha Lumban Tobing, Hana Hanifah, Vierna Tasya Wensatama FINANCE & ADMINISTRATION: Mila Oktaviani LAYOUT & DESIGN: Rahma Simamora, Tongki Ari Wibowo ASEAN Studies Program - The Habibie Center The Habibie Center Building - Jl. Kemang Selatan No.98, Jakarta Tel: Fax: thc@habibiecenter.or.id facebook.com/habibiecenter