SHANG DYNASTY BCE

Transcription

1 9/19/2017

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5 SHANG DYNASTY BCE Create bronze tools, weapons, and walled cities, creating a militaristic tradition. Religious traditions are formed to unite the empire Rulers are guided by the word of their ancestors, known through oracle bones

6 XIONGNU NOMADS TO THE NORTH

7 DO NOW On an index card, consider: When individual course grades are only dependent on the work completed in one class, what authorities influence the work that you do in that particular class? Why?

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10 ZHOU CREATE THE MANDATE OF HEAVEN Zhou claimed that the Gods were angry with the Shang Dynasty because of the cruelty of Shang rulers To rise to power, the Zhou claimed the Mandate of Heaven

11 ZHOU FEUDAL SYSTEM The Zhou Feudal system enforced the localized or bureaucratic rule present in the Shang Dynasty that many classical civilizations adopted Zhou experienced a decline in bloody sacrifices and burials and the priestly ruling class faded Government became more secular and leaders were meant to be models or morality and fairness

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13 DECLINE OF THE ZHOU As Zhou power began to fade, local rulers became disloyal to the Zhou Now looking out for themselves, these local rulers began to complete for control of China China fell into a period of warring states.

14 9/20/2017

15 DO NOW Are you more likely to listen to your parents/teachers/coaches when they are angry, or when they are calm or rational.

16 WARRING STATES PERIOD At the end of the Zhou Dynasty, China fell into the Spring and Autumn period ( BCE), when the country was divided into many small states. As alliances started to form, the conflict deepened and the warring states period began Improved military technology was created, establishing a militaristic reputation for China

17 WARRING STATES CONT. Warring States refers to seven or more small feuding Chinese kingdoms whose careers collectively constitute an era in Chinese history. The Warring States period was one of the most fertile and influential in Chinese history. However, many military traditions and philosophies on rule came from the period, making it the most impactful period in Chinese history.

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19 DAOISM Founded by Lao Zi Stressed importance of balance in nature The Path or the Dao A universal life force that is present in nature Guides all things Human understanding of nature and harmony is achieved by following the Dao, or the way Believed that education and politics are not necessary for harmony Avoid struggles, violence, and take the minimal action necessary to perform a task

20 LEGALISM Founded by Han Feizi Became the political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty Human nature is naturally selfish; humans are by nature evil Rulers needed to be strong and govern through force

21 LEGALISM Laws must be strict and based on rewards and punishments to maintain order Supported harsh penalties Branding and mutilation for minor crimes Stresses that the laws must be equal for all Placed little value on education Ideas needed to be strictly controlled by the government Rulers should burn all writings that are critical of the government War is needed to strengthen the rulers power Which social groups would support Legalism? Why?

22 CONFUCIANISM Confucius ( BCE) put new emphasis on knowledge, honor and correct behavior in society. Confucius, himself, was a teacher and created the philosophy Confucianism, which guided China for more than 2000 years.

23 CONFUCIANISM People are naturally good People should treat each other humanely Importance of education in creating good, stable government Need for educated civil servants Individual must find and accept their proper place in society

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25 ENDING THE WARRING STATES PERIOD Under Shi Huangdi s Legalist rule, the Qin Dynasty began to take over other states in China one by one By 221BC, Shi Huangdi had united the first empire in East Asia (Shi Huangdi=first emporer) Qin is thought to have been derived from China From the Yangzi River Valley to the Northern Plain

26 SHI HUANGDI - BUREAUCRACY Advisor and Prime Minister worked with the Emperor to exploit the people s exhaustion after a long time at war and created a totalitarian government Needs of the state > needs of the individual Brought land-owning aristocrats (and their peasants) under their rule to expand their governing capacity Modeled a feudal system, but their was a free peasantry that owed their allegiance to the state, not their lords or masters.

27 SHI HUANGDI INFRASTRUCTURE Thousands of miles of roads Canals to connect river systems Standardized weights, measures, coinage, law codes, writing, and even axle lengths of carts Irrigation and flood-control projects The Great Wall of China Shi Huangdi merely connected sections of the wall that the Zhou had build centuries before The Qin was a part of its history, not its creator

28 SHI HUANGDI - LEGALISM The will of the leader was supreme Imposed discipline and obedience through the use of rewards and harsh punishments Cracked down on the spread of Confucianism, which preached right and nonviolent conduct from leaders limited their absolute power Legalism would eventually fall to Confucianism upon Shi Huangdi s death in 210 BCE, giving rise to the Han Dynasty in 206BCE Why didn t the legalist principles of the Qin last after Shi Huangdi s death?

29 CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS UNDER THE HAN Over 130,000 employees 18 ranks of employees Civil service exams Wudi set up a Confucian-themed school Formal examinations in Confucianism, history, law, and literature for civil service positions Theoretically a merit-based system But poor could not afford to educate their children In effect until the downfall of China s last dynasty in 1912

30 BUREAUCRACY UNDER THE HAN Benevolent rule rulers rule with the peoples best interests in mind Rulers and members of the bureaucracy have good intentions Taxes supported the government and military Merchants Paid taxes Peasants Gave the government a portion of their annual crops Each year gave a month of labor (for public works projects) or of military service

31 SOCIAL CLASSES UNDER THE HAN Emperor Governors and Kings Nobles, Scholars, and State Officials Peasants (Farmers) Artisans and Merchants Soldiers Slaves

32 HAN WUDI THE MARTIAL EMPEROR AND HIS ARMY Used warfare to expand the Chinese empire Northern steppes Xiongnu steppe nomads from the north and west Commonly raided Chinese villages Traditionally kept at bay through bribery Wudi made allies of the Xiongnu s enemies and sent in 100,000 soldiers Pushed the Xiongnu back Modern-day Korea, Manchuria, Vietnam Conquered and colonized Borders under Wudi nearly what they are today

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34 COMMERCE AND TRADE UNDER HAN WUDI Trade and commerce were not respected but were still very important Government had monopolies Salt mining Iron forging Coin minting Alcohol brewing Government engaged in industry Silk weaving

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36 SILK ROADS UNDER THE HAN Trade routes across Asia To Mediterranean (access to Europe) in the west Chinese silks were sold in the marketplaces of the ancient Roman empire To Yellow Sea and China Sea (access to Japan) in the east Traded silk and other goods Cultural diffusion Trade goods reflected the many cultures across this trading region

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38 TECHNOLOGY UNDER THE HAN Paper Collar harness Plow Wheelbarrow Watermill Invented in 105 CE Books became inexpensive to produce; expanded education Bureaucracy grew and became more efficient Horses could carry heavier loads Best harness available at the time worldwide The Chinese made one with two blades Much more efficient Invented independently (Greeks had invented as well) Central wheel and axle let Chinese wheelbarrows carry very heavy weights Used to power things such as the bellows for smelting iron

39 ROLES OF WOMEN UNDER THE HAN Traditional Roles Confucianism limited women to the home and to subservience to men (fathers, husbands, sons) Women worked hard for their families with little reward Women with Power Some women wielded political power because of court alliances e.g., Empress Lu Nuns Educated Lived apart from families Medicine practitioners Shop managers Writers Paradox? Ban Zhao Helped finish her father s History of the Former Han Dynasty Wrote Lessons for Women Urged women to obey the Confucian social order Also encouraged women to be industrious Went against convention by writing professionally

40 RICH VS. POOR Inheritance law was the root cause of the problem Land divided among male heirs (sons) Reduced the size of plots with each generation Small farmers couldn t support themselves and had to borrow money Became indebted to rich, aristocratic landowners These aristocratic landowners did not have to pay taxes Decreased tax revenue for the government Government pressed peasants even harder for taxes Rich grew richer and poor grew poorer

41 RICH GET RICHER, POOR GET POORER Peasant farmers grew poorer as they could not afford to pay taxes With less land owned by peasants, the government took in less tax revenue, and had to pressure the remaining peasant landowners even harder for tax money Peasants were forced to borrow money from rich aristocratic landowners who didn t pay taxes Rich aristocratic landowners foreclosed on the peasants farms, decreasing the land owned by peasants

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43 ROLES Your group will argue for either Shi Huangdi or Han Wudi 2 of you will read for the good in your assigned leader 2 of you will read for the bad in the opposing leader Shi Huangdi Artifacts: p Thesis Tracker: p. 24 Han Wudi Artifacts: p Thesis Tracker: p. 18

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45 Unemployed President Government Officials Businessmen Scholars Religious Leaders Laborers Bureaucrats Minimum Wage Employees Artisans/Craftsmen CEOs

46 Brahmin:those engaged in scriptural education and teaching, essential for the continuation of knowledge (PRIESTS) Kshatriya:Take on all forms of public service, including administration, maintenance of law and order, and defense (WARRIORS) Shudra:Work as semi-skilled and unskilled artisans and laborers. Untouchable/Dalit: those whose occupations and habits of life involved repulsive or polluting activities Vaishya: engage in productive labor, in agricultural and pastoral tasks, and in trading.

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48 LET S WATCH

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50 LET S WATCH

51 ROLES Mind: What must a monk think to achieve this? Body: How must a monk act to achieve this? Spirit: How must a monk feel in order to achieve this? Leader: How can a leader promote these beliefs and practices through his policies, laws, and leadership practices?

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53 DO NOW What qualities do you for in a president of the United States, of the school board, or even of the knitting club?

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55 DO NOW Write an open-ended question for me to answer.

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57 R Reasoning S Speaking L Listening