Guided Reading and Analysis: The Progressive Era, Amsco Chapter 21 pp Period 6 and 7 Main Ideas:

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1 Name: Class Period: Guided Reading and Analysis: The Progressive Era, Amsco Chapter 21 pp Reading Assignment: Ch. 21 AMSCO Purpose: This guide is intended to provide a space for you to record your notes as you read as well as providing a space and structure for reflection and analysis to combine the new knowledge garnered from the reading and your Historical Thinking Skills. If thoroughly and thoughtfully completed this guide is worth 10 bonus points on the Chapter Reading Quiz. Due Date: / / Directions: 1. Pre-view Flip through the chapter noting titles and subtitles. 2. Question- Read the prompts and questions in the guide before deeper reading 3. Read Read the chapter and take notes Highlighting Key people and events. 4. Summarize and Analyze consider and answer the questions critically. Period 6 and 7 Main Ideas: Key Concept 6.3: The Gilded Age produced new cultural and intellectual movements, public reform efforts and political debates over economic and social policies. Key Concept 7.1: Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system Key Concept 7.2: Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns. Excerpt from How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis Be a little careful, please! The hall is dark and you might stumble over the children pitching pennies back there. Not that it would hurt them; kicks and cuffs are their daily diet. They have little else. Here where the hall turns and dives into utter darkness is a step, and another, another. A flight of stairs. You can feel your way, if you cannot see it. Close? Yes! What would you have? All the fresh air that ever enters these stairs comes from the hall-door that is forever slamming, and from the windows of dark bedrooms that in turn receive from the stairs their sole supply of the elements God meant to be free, but man deals out with such niggardly hand. That was a woman filling her pail by the hydrant you just bumped against. The sinks are in the hallway, that all the tenants may have access--and all be poisoned alike by their summer stenches. Hear the pump squeak! It is the lullaby of tenement-house babes. In summer, when a thousand thirsty throats pant for a cooling drink in this block, it is worked in vain. But the saloon, whose open door you passed in the hall, is always there. The smell of it has followed you up. Here is a door. Listen! That short hacking cough, that tiny, helpless wail--what do they mean? They mean that the soiled bow of white you saw on the door downstairs will have another story to tell--oh! a sadly familiar story--before the day is at an end. The child is dying with measles. With half a chance it might have lived; but it had none. That dark bedroom killed it. In 1890, Jacob Riis shocked middle-class Americans with his photographic essay How the Other Half Lives It shined a light on the misery, vice, disease and filth of the New York City s slums and over-crowded tenement buildings. What impact did the use of photography in this work have with regard to the emerging Progressive movement?

2 AMSCO Ch. 21 pp Analysis and Reflection Notes: Key Concepts and Main Ideas Explain how Granger Laws, the ICC, the Populist Party and the Settlement House movement could be seen as laying the groundwork for the Progressive movement. Compare and contrast the Progressive Era philosophies of reform to the reform philosophies of the Jacksonian (Antebellum) Era. How do the goals of Progressives compare to the goals of Walter Rauschenbusch and the Social Gospel Movement? Origins of Progressivism A. Began in B. Attitudes and Motives 1. What changed? 2. Who were the Progressives? a. Middle-class residents of cities b. Missionary spirit c. Needed leaders to prosper 3. What was the Progressives philosophy? 4. Scientific Management a. Frederick Taylor The origins of the Progressive movement lay primarily in the radical changes in American society during the Gilded Age. At first, farmers and workers responded to those changes. Gradually, states began reforming and eventually the federal government began addressing some more critical political and economic issues. As cities grew, more individuals began to respond to the troubling issues that accompanied rapid industrialization and urbanization b. How could this be applied to other areas? Read Ch. 21 pg. 434

3 Analysis and Reflection: What does it mean to rake muck? What set these journalists apart from previous writers and journalists? Why did President Theodore Roosevelt refer to these journalists and writers as muckrakers? Notes: C. The Muckrakers 1. Journalists and writers 2. Origins a. Henry Demarest Lloyd b. Lincoln Steffens c. McClure s, Collier s and Cosmopolitan 3. Books a. Jacob Riis Key Concepts and Main Ideas In the late 1890s and early years of the 20 th century, journalist and Progressive reformerslargely urban and middle-class, most often female- sought to reform existing social and political institutions at the local state and federal levels by creating new organizations aimed at addressing social problems associated with an industrial society. b. Lincoln Steffens Did T.R. intend this as a compliment or an insult? Why? c. Theodore Dreiser d. Frank Norris How did the journalists respond? 4. Decline of Muckraking Declined after a. b.

4 Read AMSCO Ch. 21 pp Analysis and Reflection Notes Key Concepts and Main Ideas Political Reforms in Cities and States A. Cornerstone of Progressive ideology: democracy 1. Australian, or secret ballot 2. Direct primaries 3. Direct election of U.S. senators 4. Initiative, referendum, and recall Read AMSCO Ch. 21 pp Analysis and Reflection Notes: Main Idea and Key Concepts Which Progressive reform philosophies were put into practice with these reformers? 1. Municipal Reform a. Golden Rule Jonesb. Cleveland Mayor Tom L. Johnson c. Controlling Public Utilities Progressive reformers responded to economic instability, social inequality, and political corruption by calling for government intervention in the economy, expanded democracy, greater social justice and conservation of natural resources.

5 How are the Commission Plan and City Manager Plan different from the political machines of the Gilded Age? d. Commissions and City Managers e. Commission Plan of Govt.: f. City Managers: 2. State Reform Who would you argue did more for their constituents, Progressives or Machine politicians? Why or How so? a. New York- b. California- c. Wisconsin as the laboratory of Democracy - What was the most crucial way(s) that these Progressives differ from Gilded Age leaders? 3. Temperance and Prohibition At what level did Progressive reformers have their greatest impact for lasting change? Be specific and support your answer with specific evidence. 4. Social Welfare

6 5. Child and Women s Labor Reform a. National Child Labor Committee b. Supreme Court Cases c. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Summarize the impact of each of the following events on Progressivism. The Answers should be in complete sentences with specific examples. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company had just reached a settlement with striking garment workers in which victory was claimed by both sides. In 191, the company did not follow the fire code and locked its doors. As a result, 146 workers, mostly immigrant women and teenagers perished in the fire or died after leaping from windows on the 9 th floor of the building. How did cities respond? The Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 occurred when a crippling strike broke out in the anthracite coalmines of Pennsylvania. Many immigrant miners, who had been exploited and accident-plagued, demanded an increase in pay and a reduction in work hours. Though the wealthy mine owners initially refused to meet these demands, they reluctantly complied after President Roosevelt threatened to operate the mines with federal troops. What does this incident illustrate about the Progressive Era?

7 Read AMSCO Ch. 21 pp Analysis and Reflection Notes: Main Ideas/ Key Concepts How did TR s approach to the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 differ from that of most of his Republican predecessors? Political Reform in the Nation A. Theodore Roosevelt s Square Deal 1. Square Deal for labor 2. Trust Busting How might TR s resolution to the Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 be seen as a turning point in the labor movement in the United States? 3. Railroad regulation a. ICC- b. Elkins Act- c. Hepburn Act- 4. Consumer protection Which of TR s progressive reforms had the greatest impact? a. The Jungle- b. Congressional Action- 5. Conservation B. Taft s Presidency 1. More trust-busting and conservation a. Busting U.S. Steelb. Mann-Elkins Act-

8 c. The Bureau of Mines- To what extent did Taft depart from Progressive principles? 2. Spit in the Republican Party as Progressives split with Taft a. Payne-Aldrich Tariff- b. Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy- Which of Taft s actions was most damning in the eyes of Progressives? c. House Speaker Joe Cannon- d. Midterm elections- 3. Rise of the Socialist Party Third Party candidates have a history of influencing national elections. a. Eugene V. Debs- Who would you argue was the most progressive of the Progressive Presidents? How so? To what extent was each of the following politicians successful in reforming the nation? Defend each answer with at least one specific example. TR- Taft- b. Influence in/on Progressive reform- C. The Election of The Candidates and their parties- 2. The Campaign 3. The Results: D. Woodrow Wilson s Progressive Program 1. Tariff Reduction and the Income Tax- In the early 20 th century the term Progressive was applied to the policies and politicians of both of the dominant parties. The primary goals of Progressives were limiting the power of Big Business, increasing democracy among citizens and increase social justice. Wilson- 2. Banking Reform- 3. Business Regulation

9 La Follette- a. Clayton Anti-Trust Act- b. Federal Trade Commission- 4. Other Reforms a. Federal Farm Loan Act- b. Child Labor Act- Read AMSCO Ch. 21 pp Analysis and Reflection Notes Main Ideas/ Key Concepts Which of these approaches was most likely to be favored by white Progressives? Why? African Americans in the Progressive Era A. Two Approaches: 1. Booker T. Washington- 2. W.E.B. DuBois- Even in the midst of Progressive reforms on the part of Local, State and Federal governments African Americans still struggled for Social, Political and Economic equality. B. Urban Migration What factor(s) had the greatest influence on the decline in status of African Americans in the South since Reconstruction? Why did many Progressives, Progressive governors and Presidents ignore the concerns of African Americans in formulating their reforms and legislation? 1. The Great Migration- 2. Motivations 3. The Impact- C. Civil Rights and Organizations 1. Niagara Movement- 2. NAACP- After the setback and disappointment of Reconstruction, African Americans began to organize and argue more effectively for their civil rights during the Progressive Era. 3. National Urban League-

10 Read AMSCO Ch. 21 pg. 445 Analysis and Reflection Notes Main Ideas and Key Concepts Are the parallels between women s and African Americans pursuit of equality still as clear as during the Antebellum period? What are the similarities? Women, Suffrage and the Progressive Movement A. The Campaign for Women s Suffrage- 1. Militant Suffragists- During the Progressive Era women continued to seek greater social, political and economic equality. 2. Nineteenth Amendment- What are the differences? B. Other Issues- 1. Margret Sanger- 2. Further moves toward equality-