An over view of the Non Profit Sector in India and the World

Transcription

1 An over view of the Non Profit Sector in India and the World 1. Volunteerism CA Dr. M.Kandasami FCA, Ph.D The term voluntarism is derived from the Latin word voluntas which means will or freedom. It is that action or activity which is not directed or controlled by the state. It is an activity which is governed by its own members and not by any outside force or external control. Voluntarism has been rooted in the Indian traditions and value-systems that are embedded in religion that prescribes a code of ethics for the individual towards charity and welfare of others. A noteworthy feature of all major religions has been the emphasis they place on charity and sharing wealth with others, especially the poor. In Hinduism serving the poor is considered equivalent to serving God. Philanthropy and individual acts of social service have, historically, been the main forms of voluntary activity in India. Institutionalized social service activities existed largely within the domain of religious institutions: Ashrams and Mutts among Hindus, Waqfs and Khanqahs among Muslims and Gurudwaras and Deras among Sikhs. Throughout the ancient and medieval periods, voluntary activity whether individual inspired or state supported found its natural expression through religious institutions. 2. VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS (VOs) Sweta Mishra, a renowned Academician describing the Voluntary Organization observes that, The Voluntary Organizations (VOs) have become an irresistible global force today. They not only have a definitive place in modern state but they also perform vital functions for its members through the network of these institutions. The voluntary organizations have been providing social service to the poor, needy, neglected, the old-aged, the sick and the down-trodden. They have always been looked upon as saviors of democratic process as they represent the true fire of democratic spirit and also the instrument for accomplishment of developmental goals. Their necessity is felt all the more strongly in emergency situations, like drought, floods, etc., requiring people s involvement and cooperation on a massive scale. 1

2 The voluntary organizations are independent, flexible, democratic, secular, non-profit people s organizations which work for the welfare of the society. It renders noble, selfless community service on voluntary and non-profit basis by resourceful, enlightened, public-spirited, active citizens and social workers. According to William Henry Beveridge Baron (1948), a voluntary organization is an organization in which whether its workers are paid or unpaid, is initiated and governed by its own members without external control. Voluntary Organizations play a vital role in the shaping and implementation of participatory democracy. Their credibility lies in the responsible and constructive role they play in the society. They have been contributing immensely for quite some time towards various development programs. They work at grassroots level even in remote areas and, therefore, their reach is much wider. They are closer to ground realities and know the needs of the communities. Their approach with target group is direct, emphatic and therefore they are able to draw more contextualized plans of action. They also manage to develop intimate contacts with the people and develop confidence among them. Voluntary Organizations (VOs) over the years have come to acquire several titles and nomenclatures such as Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Voluntary Agencies (VAs), Voluntary Development Organizations (VDOs) or Non- Governmental Development Organizations (NGDOs) or Non- Profit Institutions (NPIs) or Non-Profit Organizations (NPOs) and also Government Non-Government Organizations (GONGOs). For the purpose of the present study, the nomenclature NPO is used to refer Voluntary Organizations. 3. NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS (NPOs) GLOBAL SCENARIO Referring to the NPOs at the global level, Helmut K. Anheier (2011) observes the emergence of a global civil society as a powerful entity that works through their inter-continental coalitions, networks and forums. They champion the causes of different vulnerable sections such as slum dwellers, children at risk, women from poorest communities and other vulnerable groups. International Conferences and Summits such as the Copenhagen World Summit on Social Development 1995, Beijing Conference on Women 1995, Micro Credit Summit, Washington 1997 are evidences of the control and power of international NPOs on critical social sectors. 2

3 On the one hand, voluntary sector is making significant contributions at the UN sponsored meetings at global level, and on the other, VOs are also working for the empowerment of the poor at the grassroots level and are providing quick help in the management of disasters. Role of VOs was particularly recognized at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June Thereafter active presence of VOs continued at all important global international fora, such as the Cairo Population Conference 1994 and other international platforms. At the global level, it is expected that voluntary sector would be playing significant role not only in social sectors but also in other sectors. Keeping in view the respect for the independence of VOs and their significant role, the growing voluntary sector is also known as independent sector, third sector, civil-society sector or social economy sector. 4. NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS (NPOs) INDIAN SCENARIO The presence of the British in India influenced the concept of secular voluntary activity. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the work of Christian missionaries in the field of education and health care, especially in remote tribal areas, were examples of dedicated service to the poor and marginalized. The Christian missionaries delivered charity and social service to the poor in an organized manner. The Brahmo Samaj in Bengal, Arya Samaj in north India and the Ramakrishna Mission in different parts of the country also provided outstanding social services. Following closely the earlier pioneers, Mahatma Gandhi promoted secular activities through spinning, promotion of cottage industries, decentralization of power and village economy that promoted meeting immediate physical and livelihood needs. The origin and development of the voluntary sector in India has been shaped by two major influences: one rooted in indigenous traditions and value systems, and the other a product of the interface between the Indian society and the western world. After the Independence, there was awareness that development to be meaningful requires mobilization of resources, public cooperation and creation of social capital. Gradually, professionals from various disciplines joined the voluntary sector to undertake multi-sectoral development work. According to the Report of the Steering Committee on Voluntary Sector for the Tenth Five Year Plan ( ), Planning Commission, Government of India 3

4 (January 2002), India has a rich tradition of voluntary action. Over the years, the voluntary sector in India has expanded considerably covering almost all development related activities. 5. NON PROFIT SECTOR ORGANISATIONS (NPOs) AND THEIR TYPES The International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC), Rev.4 (2008) of United Nations has adopted the International Classification of Non Profit Organizations (ICNPO) for listing the activities of the Non Profit Sector as follows: 4

5 The International Classification of Non Profit Organizations (ICNPO), Major Groups and Subgroups GROUP 1: CULTURE AND RECREATION Culture and Arts Sports Other Recreation and Social Clubs GROUP 2: EDUCATION AND RESEARCH Primary and Secondary Education Higher Education Other Education Research GROUP 3: HEALTH Hospitals and Rehabilitation Nursing Homes Mental Health and Crisis Intervention Other Health Services GROUP 4: SOCIAL SERVICES Social Services Emergency and Relief Income Support and Maintenance GROUP 5: ENVIRONMENT Environment Animal Protection GROUP 6: DEVELOPMENT AND HOUSING Economic, Social and Community Development Housing Employment and Training GROUP 7: LAW, ADVOCACY AND POLITICS 5

6 7 100 Civic and Advocacy Organizations Law and Legal Services Political Organizations GROUP 8: PHILANTHROPIC INTERMEDIARIES AND VOLUNTARISM PROMOTION GROUP 9: INTERNATIONAL GROUP 10: RELIGION GROUP 11: BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, UNIONS GROUP 12: [NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED] Source: Salamon and Anheier, 1996 In India, National Industrial Classification (NIC) is followed which is in accordance with the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). According to NIC, Non Profit Organizations in India are classified and the comparative classification between NIC and ICNPO is as follows: NIC categories used and Corresponding ICNPO Codes 3 Digit NIC Code Description ICNPO Code & Description 941 Welfare services rendered by organizations on a no-profit basis for the promotion of welfare of the community such as relief societies, crèches, homes for the aged, and physically handicapped, etc. 943 Services rendered by Co-operative societies Not Elsewhere Classified 4100: Social Services 4100: Social Services 949 Community services Not Elsewhere Classified Source: Defining the Sector in India by Johns Hopkins University, : Social Services Central Statistical Organization (CSO) of Government of India in the Final Report on Non Profit Institutions in India - Profile and Satellite Accounts in the framework of System of National Accounts (including State-wise Comparison of Profiles), National Accounts Division, Central Statistics Office, Ministry of Statistics 6

7 and Program Implementation, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, March 2012 classifies Societies registered under the Societies Registration Act as follows: Distribution of Societies registered under various activities/purposes/location Number of Societies Activity Activity Rural Urban Total Code N (%) N (%) N (%) 1 Culture and Recreation 2,34,583 (63.42) 1,35,327 (36.58) 3,69,912 2 Education and Research 2,99,858 (48.68) 3,16,085 (51.32) 6,15,954 3 Health 30,553 (51.34) 28,953 (48.65) 59,507 4 Social Services 8,09,920 (61.78) 5,00,949 (38.21) 13,10,911 5 Environment 18,661 (67.53) 8,970 (32.46) 27,632 6 Development and Housing 91,640 (57.76) 67,011 (42.23) 1,58,666 7 Law, Advocacy and Politics 2,508 (39.51) 3,838 (60.47) 6,347 8 Philanthropic intermediaries and voluntarism promotion 9,809 (53.32) 8,586 (46.68) 18,395 9 International activities 1,188 (38.67) 1,884 (61.33) 3, Religion 88,667 (58.22) 63,619 (41.78) 1,52, Business and professional associations, unions 1,33,311 (57.96) 96,701 (42.04) 2,30, Not elsewhere classified 1,09,692 (68.20) 51,144 (31.80) 1,60, Information not available 32,991 (54.20) 27,880 (45.80) 60,874 Total 18,63,381 (58.70) 13,10,947 (41.30) 31,74,420 Source: Central Statistical Organizations, 2012 In rural areas, nearly 62% of the societies are registered in Social Services, followed by 49% in Education and Research, and 63% in Culture and Recreation. Similarly, of all the societies registered in urban areas, nearly 51% of the societies are registered in Education and Research, followed by, 38% of the societies are registered in Social Services, followed by, and 37% in Culture and Recreation. The overall trend of society registration across activities is more or less same for the entire country as well as for rural and urban areas. It is observed that the share of 7

8 societies registered in rural areas is higher than urban areas in almost all activities except Education and Research, Law, Advocacy and Politics and International activities. The year wise distribution for the periods, before 1970, 1971 to 1980, 1981 to 1990, 1991 to 2000, after 2001 to 2008 provided by the CSO is given in the above table. It may be seen that the number of NPIs formed after 1990 has increased manifold. The pattern of increase in the societies over the years is almost same in all the States. There were only 1.44 lakh societies registered till the year 1970, followed by 1.79 lakh registrations in the period 1971 to 1980, 5.52 lakh registrations in the period 1981 to 1990, lakh registrations in the period 1991 to 2000, and as many as lakh societies were registered after 2001 to

9 6. DIVERSITY OF NPO SECTOR Diversity in terms of Legal status In India, VOs / NGOs are registered as societies under the Societies Registration Act, Trusts under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, charitable companies under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 (currently section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013), other bodies registered under the Charitable and Religious Trusts Act, In addition, there are informal groups working at grassroots level without being registered under any legislation but may also be considered as part of voluntary sector. VOs may be working in the field of welfare of disabled; development of other disadvantaged sections like SCs/STs, children and women in education; environment; human rights; and on issues like resettlement and rehabilitation of displaced by big projects, right to information and so on. VOs may take up issues concerning a particular village or a community at the grass root level to the global issues like impact of WTO or global warming. The range of associations or societies may vary from a Resident Welfare Association (RWA) to an advocacy organization. The substantive areas of work of VOs have changed considerably over time. Diversity in terms of Ethnicity Such Traditional Associations exist around a social unit either defined by a tribe, ethnicity or caste. Associations of this variety undertake a wide range of functions in the lives of those citizens. Several important struggles to protect and advance customary rights of tribes over natural resources in different parts of the country have been led by such associations. Diversity in terms of Religion Over the centuries, new sects and religions were born and incorporated into Indian life. Charity, help to the needy, service to the poor and daan (giving) have been uniformly recommended by all these religions and sects in India. Activities are carried out in the areas of education, health care, drinking water, afforestation and social welfare. Diversity in terms of Social Movements 9

10 In the contemporary Indian context, a number of social movements, spearheaded by Social Movement Organizations (SMOs) have emerged as major manifestations of civil society. These movements are of several types such as focusing on the interest and aspirations of particular groups - SCs, STs and women; protests against social evils like liquor, dowry, inheritance and other rights; protests against displacement due to big development projects; campaigns against environmental degradation, fights against corruption and works for rights to information, education and livelihood. Diversity in terms of Membership Membership organizations may be representational set up to represent the opinions and interest of a particular category of citizens e.g. unions of rural labor, farm workers, women workers, consumer associations etc., professional formed around a particular occupation or profession e.g. Association of lawyers (Bar Council), Chartered Accountants, teachers, engineers, managers, journalists and other professionals, social-cultural organized around academic, social or cultural purposes. Diversity in terms of Intermediary Associations These associations function between individual citizens and macro state institutions like the bureaucracy, judiciary and police. These could be of several types, e.g. service delivery, mobilization, support, philanthropic, advocacy and network. Diversity in terms of Programs / Activities The Organization covers a vast set of units in the society having different economic, social and political coloring. The researcher had identified the following types of organizations as far back in the year This research covers the types of organizations based on programs and activities already identified by the researcher as mentioned earlier and related organizations forming part of the Non Profit sector as follows: 10

11 Type of Organizations based on programs / activities Development Organizations Voluntary Organizations, Social Service Societies, Research Institutions, Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Governmental Non-Governmental Organizations (GONGOs) Social Welfare Organizations Orphanages, Hostels, Homes for the aged and the handicapped Educational Institutions Health Organizations, Technical and Vocational Institutions Bilateral Programs Source: M. Kandasami, 1994 Schools, Colleges, Non-formal and Adult education centers Hospitals, Dispensaries, Health Centers, Outreach programs Printing Schools, Workshops, Vocational Training Centers, Tailoring sections, Weaving sections, Carpentry sections, etc. Government to Government programs Conclusion From the above discussions, it is clear that the Non Profit Sector Organisations have already emerged as a major force in the civil society around and world and in India. They also play a pivotal role in several most important areas in the society such as education, health care, social service activities, disaster relief and rehabilitation programmes, human rights, women rights, child rights and social business. Among other professionals, there is tremendous scope for the finance professionals and especially for Chartered Accountants to engage themselves in the sector. The can contribute in various roles as professionals and contribute to the sector for the welfare and development of the society and for national building