Index. All references are to page numbers. assault de minimis non curat lex defence, 32 police officer, on a, 7

Transcription

1 Index All references are to page numbers. A Aboriginal sentencing principles Aboriginal women, 291 basic principles, 282 generally, 282 manslaughter, 291, 293 practical framework, 286 street gangs, 293 addressing the jury, 200 admissions, 130 aggravating factors re sentencing, 264 animal cruelty, 10 appeal accused, by, 216 Crown, by, 213 evidence on, 127 right to, 208 standard of review of, 253 arbitrariness, establishing, 91 arbitrary detention, 88 arrest/detention, rights on, 100 ascertaining age, duty re, 39 assault de minimis non curat lex defence, 32 police officer, on a, 7 B bail, 175 bestiality, 7 bias, reasonable apprehension of, 197 C causation, 1 character, evidence of, 148 charging the jury, 201 Charter challenges re NCRMD/ insanity, 42 implementational duties, 101 informational duties, 101 insanity defence, 42 NCRMD/insanity defence, 42 rights re investigations, 55 remedies, 109 section 7, 42, 55 section 8, 58

2 370 Annual Review of Criminal Law, 2016 section 9, 88 section 10, 100 section 10(a), 100 section 10(b), 101 section 11(b), 105 section 15, 42 section 24(1), 109 section 24(2), 111 victim fine surcharge and, 318 children, exploitation of, 328 circumstantial proof, 136 close in age defence, 30 cocaine, 336 collateral consequences, 268 conduct of trial, 192 confessions, 130 consent bodily force, defence of, 27 honest but mistaken belief, 38 consistent statements, prior, 168 conspiracy, mens rea, 5 constitutionality dangerous offenders, 348 human trafficking offences, 24 constructive murder, 18 Controlled Drugs and Substances Act section 5(3)(a)(i)(A), 275 section 5(3)(a)(i)(C), 275 section 5(3)(a)(i)(D), 269 Criminal Code section 43, 29 section 86(2), 341 section 91(1), 341 section 95(1), 341 section 212(2) and (4), 275 section 239, 279 section 244.2(1)(a), 338 section 515(9.1), 298 section 524(4), 304 section 524(8), 304 section 715, 162 section 753(1), 348 section 753(4.1), 348 criminal organizations offences, 334 criminal procedure addressing the jury, 200 appeal, right to, 208 appeals by accused, 216 bail, 175 bias, reasonable apprehension of, 197 charging the jury, 201 conduct of trial, 192 Crown appeals, 213 curative proviso, 246 deliberations, jury, 203 disclosure, 178 errors of law, 224 generally, 175 indictment, form of, 184 insufficient reasons, 242 jurisdiction, 175 jury, 191, 200, 201, 203 miscarriage of justice, 232 open court principle, 199 plea, 188 post-trial, 208 pre-trial, 175 preliminary inquiry, 177 production, 178 publication bans, 199 remedies, 249 selection, jury, 191

3 Index 371 severance, 187 trial, 191 verdict, unreasonable, 216 cross-examination, 118 curative proviso, 246 D dangerous driving, 12 dangerous and long-term offenders, sentencing of constitutionality, 348 designations, 354 determinate sentence, 361 fitness at hearing, 352 generally, 348 indeterminate sentence, 354 supervision order, 361 de minimis non curat lex defence to assault, 32 defence close in age, 30 consent to bodily force, 27 de minimis non curat lex, 32 due diligence, 52 honest but mistaken belief in consent, 38 insanity see NCRMD/ insanity defence not criminally responsible see NCRMD/insanity defence selling tobacco to a minor, re, 52 spanking, re, 29 deliberations, jury, 203 detention/arrest arbitrary, establishing, 88 rights on, 100 determinate sentence, 361 disclosure, 178 discreditable conduct, prior, 151 discretion to exclude evidence, 144 driving offences, 332 drug offences, 335 due diligence defence, 52 duress, 33 E entrapment, 35 errors of law, 224 evidence appeal, on, 127 circumstantial, 136 cross-examination, 118 exclusionary rules see exclusionary rules exhibits, 117 expert opinion, 163 fresh, 127 generally, 117 methods of proof see proof, methods of presentation of, 117 prior consistent statements, 168 witnesses, 118 exclusionary rules character, 148 discretion to exclude, 144 general approach to hearsay, 155 generally, 144 hearsay, 154, 155 principled exception, 157

4 372 Annual Review of Criminal Law, 2016 prior discreditable conduct, 151 section 715, Criminal Code, 162 similar fact, 148 exhibits, 117 expert opinion evidence, 163 exploitation, child, 328 F Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder, 264 fines circumventing victim fine surcharge, 319 forfeiture, in lieu of, 315 nominal, 319 victim fine surcharge see victim fine surcharge firearms offences, 338 forfeiture, fines in lieu of, 315 fitness at hearing, 352 fresh evidence on appeal, 127 G gun violence, urban, 268 H HIV disclosure, 21 hearsay defined, 154 general approach to, 155 generally, 154 heroin, 335 high-offender designation, 41 honest but mistaken belief in consent, 38 human trafficking offences, constitutionality of, 24 I identification, 113 impaired driving causing harm/ death, 1 indeterminate sentence, 354 indictment, form of, 184 infanticide, 15 intervening acts, 2 investigative stage, 55 J jurisdiction, 175 jury L address to, 200 charging, 201 deliberations of, 203 selection, 191 long-term offenders see dangerous and long-term offenders M mandatory minimum sentences Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, 269, 275 Criminal Code, 275, 276, 279 generally, 269 manslaughter, 291, 293

5 Index 373 mens rea, conspiracy, 5 mental disability defence see NCRMD/insanity defence victim fine surcharge and, 318 miscarriage of justice, 232 mitigating factors re sentencing, 264 morphine, 336 murder constructive, 18 nearly equivalent to, 319 unlawful confinement leading to, 18 N NCRMD/insanity defence applicable to strict liability provincial offences, 45 Charter challenges, 42 generally, 41 high-offender designation, retrospective application of, 41 narcotics consumed by victim, 2 necessities of life, failure to provide, 13 O open court principle, 199 P parole ineligibility, 307 party liability abetting, 3 aiding and abetting, 3 generally, 3 plea, 188 police officers, offences by, 342 policing, investigative stage, 55 possession cocaine for purposes of trafficking, 336 heroin for purposes of trafficking, 335 morphine for purposes of trafficking, 336 proceeds of crime, 336 weapons, unauthorized, 27 post-offence conduct, 140 post-trial procedure, 208 preliminary inquiry, 177 presentation of evidence, 117 pre-sentence credit calculation of, 295 detained for alleged breach, 304 detained for prior conviction, 298 exception per section 515(9.1), 298 exception per section 524(4), 304 exception per section 524(8), 304 generally, 295 pre-trial procedure, 175 principled exception, 157 prior consistent statements, 168 prior conviction, detained for, 298 prior discreditable conduct, 151

6 374 Annual Review of Criminal Law, 2016 privacy, reasonable expectation of, 58 privilege against self-incrimination, 262 probation, 312 proceeds of crime, 336 production, 178 prohibited weapons, 318 proof, methods of admissions, 130 circumstantial, 136 confessions, 130 generally, 130 identification, 133 post-offence conduct, 140 provincial offences due diligence defence, 52 NCRMD/insanity defence, 45 strict liability, 45 publication bans, 199 R reasonable ascertaining age, steps re, 39 expectation of privacy, 58 force used by police, 51 time to trial, 105 reasonableness law re search and seizure, 83 manner of search, 84 reasons, insufficient, 242 remedies Charter, 109 criminal procedure, 249 restitution, 314 riot, taking part in a, 345 robbery, 328 S search/seizure authorised by law, 65 common law powers, 65 generally, 58 privacy, reasonable expectation of, 58 reasonableness of the law, 83 reasonableness of the manner of search, 84 statutory authority, 73 self-defence force used by police must be reasonable, 51 generally, 47-48, 50-51, 264 relevant considerations, 47 self-incrimination, privilege against, 262 selling tobacco to a minor, defence to, 52 sentencing Aboriginal sentencing principles see Aboriginal sentencing principles aggravating factors, 264 appeal re, standard of review of, 253 collateral consequences, 268 dangerous and long-term offenders see dangerous and long-term offenders, sentencing of

7 Index 375 exceeding recommended sentence, 262 factual disputes, resolution of, 260 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder, 264 generally, 253 hearings, 253 long-term offenders see dangerous and long-term offenders, sentencing of mandatory minimums see mandatory minimum sentences mitigating factors, 264 multiple offences, 305 options see sentencing options pre-sentence credit see pre-sentence credit principles, 264 privilege against self-incrimination, 262 procedures, 253 retrospectivity, presumption against, 258 rules, 264 self-incrimination, privilege against, 262 specific offences cocaine, 336 criminal organization offences, 334 driving offences, 332 drug offences, 335 exploitation of child, 328 firearms offences, 338 generally, 319 heroin, 335 morphine, 336 murder, nearly equivalent to, 319 police officers, by, 342 possession for purpose of trafficking, proceeds of crime, possession of, 336 riot, taking part in, 345 robbery, 328 sexual interference, major, 320 sexual offences, 320 trust, adult in position of, 328 worker safety, involving, 343 urban gun violence and, 268 Youth Criminal Justice Act, 364 sentencing options fines in lieu of forfeiture, 315 forfeiture, fines in lieu of, 315 generally, 307 parole ineligibility, 307 probation, 312 restitution, 314 victim fine surcharge see victim fine surcharge sexual assault actus reus, 21 all reasonable steps to ascertain age, duty to take, 39 contact, nature of, 21 generally, 20, 38 HIV Disclosure, 21 honest but mistaken belief in consent, 38 sexual interference, major, 320 sexual offences, 320 sexual touching, 30 similar fact evidence, 148

8 376 Annual Review of Criminal Law, 2016 spanking defence, 29 street gangs, 293 strict liability offences, 45 supervision order, 361 T time, within reasonable, 105 trial procedure, 191 reasonable time, within, 105 trust, adult in position of, 328 U urban gun violence, 268 unlawful confinement, murder via, 18 V victim, narcotics consumed by, 2 victim fine surcharge Charter breach, 318 generally, 318 mental disability, persons with, 318 nominal fines to circumvent, 319 W weapons prohibited, 27 unauthorized possession, 27 witnesses, 118 worker safety, offences involving, 343 Y Youth Criminal Justice Act, 364 verdict, unreasonable, 216